MPLS was developed to address some of the disadvantages of IP and ATM routing. It works by assigning labels to packets at the edge of the network which are then used to forward packets across the core. This label switching allows for faster forwarding than IP routing. MPLS can be used to engineer traffic flows, provide virtual private networks, and transport various layer 2 protocols over an IP or MPLS backbone. While it adds complexity, MPLS improves performance and supports quality of service and network scalability.
An introduction to MPLS networks and applicationsShawn Zandi
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) provides label switched path to deliver packets in networks. This is an introduction course to understand different terminologies and concepts associated with MPLS.
An introduction to MPLS networks and applicationsShawn Zandi
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) provides label switched path to deliver packets in networks. This is an introduction course to understand different terminologies and concepts associated with MPLS.
“MPLS is that it’s a technique, not a service.”
The fundamental concept behind MPLS is that of labeling packets. In a traditional routed IP network,
each router makes an independent forwarding decision for each packet based solely on the packet’s
network-layer header. Thus, every time a packet arrives at a router, the router has to “think through”
where to send the packet next.
It is considered to be the most perfect solution to address the most recently faced problems in present-day networks such as
“Routing, scalability, quality of service engineering management, traffic engineering”
Overview of the MPLS backbone transmission technology.
MPLS (MultiProtocol Layer Switching) is a layer 2.5 technology that combines the virtues of IP routing and fast layer 2 packet switching.
IP packet forwarding is not suited for high-speed forwarding due to the need to evaluate multiple routes for each IP packet in order to find the optimal route, i.e. the route with the longest prefix match.
However, Internet Protocol routing provides global reachability through the IP address and through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Layer 2 packet switching has complementary characteristics in that it does not provide global reachability through globally unique addresses but allows fast packet forwarding in hardware through the use of small and direct layer 2 lookup addresses.
MPLS combines IP routing and layer 2 switching by establishing layer 2 forwarding paths based on routes received through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Thus the control plane of an MPLS capable device establishes layer 2 forwarding paths while the data plane then performs packet forwarding, often in hardware.
MPLS is not a layer 2 technology itself, i.e. it does not define a layer 2 protocol but rather makes use of existing layer 2 technologies like Ethernet, ATM or Frame Relay.
Tutorial about MPLS Implementation with Cisco Router, this first of two chapter discuss about What is MPLS, Network Design, P, PE, and CE Router Description, Case Study of IP MPLS Implementation, IP and OSPF Routing Configuration
this slide contains fundamental concept about VPLS protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.in the next slide, i upload attractive advanced feature about VPLS.
(Some of the pictures in this slide are borrowed from the wonderful site of my good friend Gokhan Kosem)
(www.ipcisco.com)
“MPLS is that it’s a technique, not a service.”
The fundamental concept behind MPLS is that of labeling packets. In a traditional routed IP network,
each router makes an independent forwarding decision for each packet based solely on the packet’s
network-layer header. Thus, every time a packet arrives at a router, the router has to “think through”
where to send the packet next.
It is considered to be the most perfect solution to address the most recently faced problems in present-day networks such as
“Routing, scalability, quality of service engineering management, traffic engineering”
Overview of the MPLS backbone transmission technology.
MPLS (MultiProtocol Layer Switching) is a layer 2.5 technology that combines the virtues of IP routing and fast layer 2 packet switching.
IP packet forwarding is not suited for high-speed forwarding due to the need to evaluate multiple routes for each IP packet in order to find the optimal route, i.e. the route with the longest prefix match.
However, Internet Protocol routing provides global reachability through the IP address and through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Layer 2 packet switching has complementary characteristics in that it does not provide global reachability through globally unique addresses but allows fast packet forwarding in hardware through the use of small and direct layer 2 lookup addresses.
MPLS combines IP routing and layer 2 switching by establishing layer 2 forwarding paths based on routes received through IP routing protocols like BGP or OSPF.
Thus the control plane of an MPLS capable device establishes layer 2 forwarding paths while the data plane then performs packet forwarding, often in hardware.
MPLS is not a layer 2 technology itself, i.e. it does not define a layer 2 protocol but rather makes use of existing layer 2 technologies like Ethernet, ATM or Frame Relay.
Tutorial about MPLS Implementation with Cisco Router, this first of two chapter discuss about What is MPLS, Network Design, P, PE, and CE Router Description, Case Study of IP MPLS Implementation, IP and OSPF Routing Configuration
this slide contains fundamental concept about VPLS protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books and i taught it at IRAN TIC company.in the next slide, i upload attractive advanced feature about VPLS.
(Some of the pictures in this slide are borrowed from the wonderful site of my good friend Gokhan Kosem)
(www.ipcisco.com)
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Mobile Transport Evolution with Unified MPLSCisco Canada
Mobile Service Providers are seeing unprecedented challenges in relation to their Transport architectures with the 3GPP evolution towards IP based Node Bs, LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LTE-Advanced. This presentation will initially discuss the network migration trends and factors that are changing how mobile networks are evolving. A description is provided on Unified MPLS and the current issues that need to be fixed and how this architecture addresses this. A more detailed analysis will then examine the options available for transporting GSM/2G, UMTS/3G traffic and IP/Ethernet Node B deployments and some of factors that need consideration like scalability, resiliency and security. Finally, there is a detailed description of the LTE/LTE - A evolution and the feature requirements made on the transport network. There will be detailed analysis of different LTE models and also some technical enhancements and proposals considered for the implementation of LTE in a Unified MPLS environment.
Report for Network Subject at my college at May,2017 and we were suppose to present the operation of MPLS inside the core network of the service provider while the costumer is using a VPN connection
Similar to Multi Protocol Label Switching. (by Rahil Reyaz) (20)
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
3. THE DRIVING FORCE
While IP and ATM provided a variety of advantages for
packet forwarding, their disadvantages could not remain
ignored. Some of their disadvantages included:
IN IP:
Connectionless.
Large IP header.
Routing in network layer(slower than switching).
Designed to obtain the shortest path.
5. MPLS BASICS
MPLS allows most data packets to be forwarded at Layer 2 -- the switching level
-- rather than having to be passed up to Layer 3 -- the routing level. For this
reason, it is often informally described as operating at Layer 2.5.
6. Cont.
•MPLS stands for "Multiprotocol Label Switching".
• In an MPLS network, incoming packets are assigned a
"label" by a "label edge router (LER)".
• Packets are forwarded along a "label switch path (LSP)"
where each "label switch router (LSR)" makes forwarding
decisions based solely on the contents of the label.
• At each hop, the LSR strips off the existing label and
applies a new label which tells the next hop how to forward
the packet.
• Label Switch Paths (LSPs) are established by network
operators for a variety of purposes, such as to guarantee a
certain level of performance, to route around network
congestion, or to create IP tunnels for network-based virtual
private networks.
7. Cont.
• In many ways, LSPs are no different than circuit-switched
paths in ATM or Frame Relay networks, except that they are
not dependent on a particular Layer 2 technology.
• An LSP can be established that crosses multiple Layer 2
transports such as ATM, Frame Relay or Ethernet.
• Thus, one of the true promises of MPLS is the ability to create
end-to-end circuits, with specific performance characteristics,
across any type of transport medium, eliminating the need for
overlay networks or Layer 2 only control mechanisms.
9. MPLS COMPONENTS AND PROTOCOLS
LSR - Routers that support MPLS are called Label Switch Router
LER - LSR at the edge of the network is called Label Edge Router (a.k.a Edge
LSR)
Ingress LER is responsible for adding labels to unlabeled IP packets.
Egress LER is responsible for removing the labels.
Label Switch Path (LSP) – the path defined by the labels through LSRs between
two LERs.
Label Forwarding Information Base (LFIB) – a forwarding table (mapping)
between labels to outgoing interfaces.
Forward Equivalent Class (FEC) – All IP packets follow the same path on the
MPLS network and receive the same treatment at each node.
10.
11. How does it work?
IP IP #L1 IP #L2 IP #L3 IP
LSR LSR
LER LER
IP
Routing
IP
Routing
Label
Switching
Label
Switching
Add label at the
ingress LER
remove label at
the egress LER
14. Ingress Label FEC Egress Label
6 138.120.6.0/24 9
A packet can be mapped to a particular FEC based on the
following criteria:
•destination IP address,
•source IP address,
•TCP/UDP port,
•class of service (CoS) or type of service (ToS),
•application used,
•…
•any combination of the previous criteria.
Forward Equivalent Class
(FEC) Classification
15. Forwarding Equivalence Classes (FEC)
•FEC = A group of packets that are treated the same way by a router.
•The concept of FECs provides for flexibility, scalability, and traffic engineering.
•In legacy routing, the ToS field is used to determine FEC at each hop. In MPLS
it is only done once at the network ingress.
IP1
IP2
IP1
IP2
LSRLSRLER LER
IP1 #L1
IP2 #L1
IP1 #L2
IP2 #L2
IP1 #L3
IP2 #L3
IP3
IP4
IP3
IP4
IP3 #L4
IP4 #L4
IP3 #L5
IP4 #L5
IP3 #L6
IP4 #L6
16. SOME MPLS BENEFITS
Traffic Engineering - the ability to set the path traffic will take through the
network, and the ability to set performance characteristics for a class of traffic
VPNs - using MPLS, service providers can create IP tunnels throughout their
network, without the need for encryption or end-user applications
Layer 2 Transport - New standards being defined by the IETF's PWE3 and
PPVPN working groups allow service providers to carry Layer 2 services
including Ethernet, Frame Relay and ATM over an IP/MPLS core
Elimination of Multiple Layers - Typically most carrier networks employ an
overlay model where SONET/SDH is deployed at Layer 1, ATM is used at
Layer 2 and IP is used at Layer 3. Using MPLS, carriers can migrate many of
the functions of the SONET/SDH and ATM control plane to Layer 3, thereby
simplifying network management and network complexity. Eventually, carrier
networks may be able to migrate away from SONET/SDH and ATM all-
together, which means elimination of ATM's inherent "cell-tax" in carrying IP
traffic.
17. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Improve packet-forwarding performance in the network.
Supports QOS for network differentiation.
Supports network scalability.
Integrates IP and ATM in the network.
Builds interoperable networks.
Disadvantages:
An additional layer is added.
Need for router to understand MPLS.
