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Similar to MSMC BUS3180 Topic 6 ppt lecture 2.12.14
MSMC BUS3180 Topic 6 ppt lecture 2.12.14
- 1. 1 Developing Leadership Skills TopicOne: Management vs. Leadership Topic Two: Communication Process and Leadership Theories Traits Attending to Tasks & Relationships Topic Three: Leadership Theories Defining Leadership LMX Theory Leadership Making Topic Four: Leadership Skills Leadership Skills Emotional Intelligence Overcoming Obstacles
- 2. 2 Developing Leadership Skills TopicFive: Leadership Skills (no class meeting) Team Presentations (delayed) Creating a vision Setting the Tone Handling Conflict Topic Six: Transformational & Servant Leadership Team Presentations Transformational & Servant Leadership Topic Seven: Authentic Leadership & Women in Leadership Topic Eight: Ethics in Leadership
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- 5. 5 Transformational Leadership Description Process: TLis a process that changes and transforms individuals Influence: TL involves an exceptional form of influence that moves followers to accomplish more than what is usually expected Core elements: TL is concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals Encompassing approach: TL describes a wide range of leadership influence where followers and leaders are bound together in the transformation process
- 6. 6 Types of LeadershipDefined Burns (1978) Focuses on the exchanges that occur between leaders and their followers TRANSACTIONAL TRANSFORMATIONAL Process of engaging with others to create a connection that Focuses on the increases leader’s motivation and own interests morality in both the rather than the leader and the interests of his or follower her followers PSEUDOTRANSFORMATIONAL
- 7. 7 Types of LeadershipDefined Burns (1978) - No new taxes = votes. - Sell more cars = bonus. - Turn in assignments = grade. - Surpass goals = promotion. The exchange dimension is so common that you can observe it at all walks of life. Focuses on the exchanges that occur between leaders and their followers TRANSACTIONAL
- 8. 8 Types of LeadershipDefined Burns (1978) PSEUDOTRANSFORMATIONAL Leaders who are – transforming but in a negative way – self-consumed, exploitive, poweroriented, with warped moral values includes leaders like Adolph Hitler Saddam Hussein Focuses on the leader’s own interests rather than the interests of his or her followers
- 9. 9 Types of LeadershipDefined Burns (1978) Leader is attentive to the needs and motives of followers and tries to help followers reach their fullest potential. Mohandas Gandhi – raised the hopes and demands of millions of his people and in the process was changed himself Process of engaging with others to create a connection that increases motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower TRANSFORMATIONAL
- 10. 10 Transformational Leadership &Charisma Definition Charisma - A special personality characteristic that gives a person superhuman or exceptional powers and is reserved for a few, is of divine origin, and results in the person being treated as a leader (Weber, 1947) Charismatic Leadership Theory (House, 1976) Charismatic leaders act in unique ways that have specific charismatic effects on their followers
- 11. 11 Theory of CharismaticLeadership (House, 1976) Northouse - Leadership Theory and Practice, Sixth Edition © 2012 SAGE Publications, Inc.
- 12. 12 Theory of CharismaticLeadership Later Studies Charismatic (Shamir, House, & Arthur, 1993) Leadership Transforms follower’s self-concepts; tries to link identity of followers to collective identity of the organization Forge this link by emphasizing intrinsic rewards & de-emphasizing extrinsic rewards Throughout process leaders Express high expectations for followers help followers gain sense of self-confidence and self-efficacy
- 13. 13 Model of TransformationalLeadership Bass (1985) Expanded and refined version of work done by Burns and House. It included: More attention to followers’ rather than leader’s needs Suggested TL could apply to outcomes that were not positive Described transactional and transformational leadership as a continuum Extended House’s work by: Giving more attention to emotional elements & origins of charisma Suggested charisma is a necessary but not sufficient condition for TL
- 14. 14 TL motivates followersbeyond the expected by: raising consciousness about the value and importance of specific and idealized goals transcending self-interest for the good of the team or organization addressing higher-level needs
- 15. 15 Transformational Leadership Factors Northouse- Leadership Theory and Practice, Sixth Edition © 2012 SAGE Publications, Inc.
- 16. 16 Transformational Leadership FactorsThe 4 “I”s Idealized Influence - Acting as strong role models - High standards of moral and ethical conduct - Making others want to follow the leader’s vision Inspirational Motivation - Communicating high expectations - Inspiring followers to commitment and engagement in shared vision - Using symbols & emotional appeals to focus group members to achieve more than self-interest
- 17. 17 Transformational Leadership FactorsThe 4 “I”s Intellectual Stimulation Stimulating followers to be creative and innovative Challenging their own beliefs and valuing those of leader and organization Supporting followers to try new approaches develop innovative ways of dealing with organization issues Individualized Consideration Listening carefully to the needs of followers Acting as coaches to assist followers in becoming fully actualized Helping followers grow through personal challenges Ex. Showing optimism helps employees become more engaged in their work (Tims et al., 2011)
- 18. 18 Transactional Leadership Factors ContingentReward The exchange process between leaders and followers in which effort by followers is exchanged for specified rewards Management by Exception Leadership that involves corrective criticism, negative feedback, and negative reinforcement Two forms Active - Watches follower closely to identify mistakes/rule violations Passive - Intervenes only after standards have not been met or problems have arisen
- 19. 19 Nonleadership Factor Laissez-Faire The absenceof leadership o A hands-off, let-things-ride approach o Refers to a leader who o abdicates responsibility o delays decisions o gives no feedback, and o makes little effort to help followers satisfy their needs
- 20. 20 Bennis & Nanus(1985) Four Leader Strategies in Transforming Organizations Clear TL’s vision of organization’s future state social architect of organization Create trust by making their position known and standing by it Creatively deploy themselves through positive self-regard
- 21. 21 Kouzes & Pozner(1987, 2002) Model consists of 5 fundamental practices Model the Way Inspire a Shared Vision Challenge the Process Enable Others to Act Encourage the Heart Northouse - Leadership Theory and Practice, Sixth Edition © 2012 SAGE Publications, Inc.
- 22. How Does theTransformational Leadership Approach Work? Focus of Transformational Leadership Strengths Criticisms Application
- 23. 23 Transformational Leadership Overall Scope Describeshow leaders can initiate, develop, and carry out significant changes in organizations Focus of Transformational Leaders TLs empower and nurture followers TLs stimulate change by becoming strong role models for followers TLs commonly create a vision TLs require leaders to become social architects TLs build trust & foster collaboration
- 24. 24 Strengths Broadly researched. TLhas been widely researched, including a large body of qualitative research centering on prominent leaders and CEOs in major firms. Intuitive appeal. People are attracted to TL because it makes sense to them. Process-focused. TL treats leadership as a process occurring between followers and leaders. Expansive leadership view. TL provides a broader view of leadership that augments other leadership models. Emphasizes follower. TL emphasizes followers’ needs, values, and morals. Effectiveness. Evidence supports that TL is an effective form of leadership.
- 25. 25 Criticisms Lacks conceptual clarity Measurementquestioned Dimensions are not clearly delimited Parameters of TL overlap with similar conceptualizations of leadership Validity of MLQ not fully established Some transformational factors are not unique solely to the transformational model TL treats leadership more as a personality trait or predisposition than a behavior that can be taught No causal link shown between transformational leaders and changes in followers or organizations TL is elitist and antidemocratic Suffers from heroic leadership bias Has the potential to be abused
- 26. 26 Application Provides a generalway of thinking about leadership that stresses ideals, inspiration, innovations, and individual concerns Can be taught to individuals at all levels of the organization Able to positively impact a firm’s performance May be used as a tool in recruitment, selection, promotion, and training development Can be used to improve team development, decisionmaking groups, quality initiatives, and reorganizations The MLQ and Sosik and Jung (2010) guide help leaders to target areas of leadership improvement
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- 28. 28 Servant Leader Description ServantLeadership – is a paradox: both service and influence Interest in Servant Leadership Most scholarship has been prescriptive, until recently Past 10 years have clarified the concept and its assumptions Focuses on leadership from the point of view of the leader and his/her behaviors Servant leaders put followers first
- 29. 29 Servant Leader Description GreenleafDefinition: “Servant leadership begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead…The difference manifests itself in the care taken by the servant – first to make sure that other people’s highest priority needs are being served. The best test…is: do those served grow as persons; do they, while being served, become healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, more likely themselves to become servant? And, what is the effect on the least privileged in society; will they benefit, or, at least, will they not be further deprived?” Sometimes treated as a trait, but viewed as a behavior in this chapter
- 30. 30 Greenleaf Center forServant Leadership Advocating for building consensus in groups rather than using coercive leadership Inspired by Hesse’s novel, Journey to the East, where the travelers discovered the true leader of their group was the servant Leaders have a social responsibility for the “have-nots” Leaders shift authority to those who are being led
- 31. 31 10 Characteristics ofa Servant Leader 1. Listening - acknowledging the viewpoint of followers and validating these perspectives. 2. Empathy – “standing in the shoes” of another person and attempting to see the world from that person’s point of view. 3. Healing – in helping followers become whole, servant leaders are themselves healed. 4. Awareness – understanding oneself and the impact one has on others.
- 32. 32 10 Characteristics ofa Servant Leader 5. Persuasion – creates change through gentle, nonjudgmental argument. 6. Conceptualization – the ability to be a visionary for an organization. 7. Foresight – the ability to predict what is coming based on what is occurring in the present and what has happened in the past.
- 33. 33 10 Characteristics ofa Servant Leader 8. Stewardship – carefully managing the people and organization one has been given to lead. Holding the organization in trust for the greater good of society. 9. Commitment to the Growth of People – treating each follower as a unique person with intrinsic value beyond what he/she contributes to the organization. 10. Building Community – allowing followers to identify with something greater than themselves that they value.
- 34. 34 10 Characteristics ofa Servant Leader 8. Stewardship – carefully managing the people and organization one has been given to lead. Holding the organization in trust for the greater good of society. 9. Commitment to the Growth of People – treating each follower as a unique person with intrinsic value beyond what he/she contributes to the organization. 10. Building Community – allowing followers to identify with something greater than themselves that they value.
- 35. 35 Model of ServantLeadership Servant Leader Behaviors (7) 1. Conceptualizing Thorough understanding of the organization 2. Emotional healing Recognizing others’ problems and taking the time to address them 3. Putting followers first
- 36. 36 Model of ServantLeadership Servant Leader Behaviors (7) 4. Helping followers grow and succeed Knowing followers’ professional or personal goals 5. Behaving ethically Doing the right thing in the right way 6. Empowering Allowing followers the freedom to be independent, make decisions on their own, and be self-sufficient
- 37. 37 Model of ServantLeadership Servant Leader Behaviors (7) 7. Creating value for the community Intentionally Encourage giving back to the community followers to volunteer for community service
- 38. 38 Model of ServantLeadership Outcomes (3) - Follower performance and growth Recognizing followers’ contributions and helping them realize their human potential Favorable impact on subordinate in-role performance Followers themselves may become servant leaders - Organizational performance Positive relationship between servant leadership and OCB Team effectiveness enhanced by increasing members’ shared confidence they could be effective - Societal impact Ex. Mother Teresa and Sisters of Charity Ex. Southwest Airlines
- 39. 39 How does ServantLeadership work? Strengths Criticisms Application
- 40. 40 How does ServantLeadership work? SL is different from many other leadership theories. It is concerned with putting followers first and the outcomes that are likely to emerge. SL works best when leaders are altruistic and have a strong motivation to help others. It is important for followers to be receptive to this style of leadership. SL results in community and societal change.
- 41. 41 Strengths Makes altruism thecentral component of the leadership process. Provides a counterintuitive approach to the use of influence. Leaders should share control. SL is not a panacea. It may not be effective when subordinates are not open to being guided, supported, and empowered. Research has resulted in a sound measure of SL – the SLQ.
- 42. 42 Criticisms Because the nameappears contradictory, SL may be seen as whimsical, or not really “leadership.” Researchers are unable to reach consensus on a common definition or theoretical framework for SL. The prescriptive overtone suggests that good leaders “put others first” and conflicts with other principles of leadership such as directing, concern for production, etc. It can also sound moralistic, which may deter some researchers. Conceptualizing is not unique to servant leaders. It is unclear why it is included in this model.
- 43. 43 Application SL can beapplied at all levels of management and in all types of organizations. SL has been used extensively in a variety of organizations for more than 30 years. Organizations should be careful to select employees who (a) are interested in building long term relationships with followers and (b) have strong ethics. SL is taught at many colleges and universities and is used by numerous independent coaches, trainers, and consultants.