The document discusses the structure and function of plasma membranes and other cell organelles. It begins by explaining the key functions of the plasma membrane in controlling what enters and exits the cell and maintaining homeostasis. It then describes the structure of the plasma membrane, including that it is a phospholipid bilayer with polar heads and nonpolar tails. Other organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and others are also defined in terms of their structure and function. The history of cell discovery is provided, noting Hooke, Schleiden and Schwann's early contributions to cell theory.

1. CELL
STRUCTURES
WFHS BIOLOGY FALL 2014

2. FUNCTION OF A PLASMA
MEMBRANE
• THE PLASMA MEMBRANE CONTROLS HOW, WHEN,
AND HOW MUCH SUBSTANCES ENTER AND LEAVE
THE CELLS
• SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY OF THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE ALLOWS SOME SUBSTANCES TO PASS
THROUGH WHILE KEEPING OTHERS.
• A CELL’S SURVIVAL DEPENDS ON MAINTAINING
BALANCE, THIS IS CALLED HOMEOSTASIS.
• THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IS THE CELL STRUCTURE
PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR HOMEOSTASIS

3. STRUCTURE OF THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE
• LIPIDS ARE MADE OF GLYCEROL AND 3 FATTY
ACIDS.
• A PHOSPHOLIPID A PHOSPHATE GROUP AND
ONLY 2 FATTY ACIDS.
• POLAR HEAD AND 2 NONPOLAR TAILS
• THE PLASMA MEMBRANE IS MADE UP OF TWO
LAYERS ARRANGED TAIL-TO-TAIL
• THIS IS CALLED A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER.

4. STRUCTURE CONT.
• POLAR HEAD CLOSEST TO WATER BECAUSE
WATER IS ALSO POLAR
• POLAR SUBSTANCES WILL NOT PASS
THROUGH THE NONPOLAR MIDDLE.
• TRANSPORT PROTEINS MOVE NEEDED
SUBSTANCES THROUGH THE MEMBRANE:
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
• EXAMPLES:
• CELL MEMBRANE
• NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
• MEMBRANE OF ORGANELLES

5. FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
• AS THE INDIVIDUAL MOLECULES MOVE AROUND, A PATTERN,
OR MOSAIC, IS FORMED ON THE SURFACE OF THE PLASMA
MEMBRANE

6. •Polysaccharides are
Polysaccharides are
a. unsaturated fats.
b. carbohydrates.
c. lipids.
d. proteins.

7. CELL MEMBRANE
• DESCRIPTION:
• OUTSIDE COVERING OF CELL MADE OF LIPID
BILAYER
• FUNCTION:
• BARRIER BETWEEN CELL AND ITS ENVIRONMENT
• CONTROLS WHAT SUBSTANCES CAN ENTER OR
LEAVE THE CELL
• PROVIDES SUPPORT AND PROTECTION,
ESPECIALLY IN CELLS WITHOUT A CELL WALL
• ANALOGY

8. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
• DESCRIPTION:
• DOUBLE-LAYER MEMBRANE SURROUNDING
THE NUCLEUS
• FUNCTION:
• SEPARATES NUCLEOPLASM FROM
CYTOPLASM
• ANALOGY

9. CELL WALL
• DESCRIPTION:
• RIGID OUTER LAYER
• OUTSIDE OF CELL MEMBRANE
• FUNCTION:
• SUPPORT
• PROTECTION
• HELPS CELL MAINTAIN ITS SHAPE
• ANALOGY

10. Which of the following macromolecules is a
prominent part of animal tissue that
functions in insulation, helping animals
conserve heat?
Carbohydrates Proteins
Nucleic acids Lipids

11. CYTOPLASM
• DESCRIPTION:
• JELLY-LIKE SUBSTANCE THAT FILLS THE CELL AND
SURROUNDS THE ORGANELLES
• FUNCTION:
• FILLS SPACE BETWEEN ORGANELLES
• CONTAINS MATERIALS NEEDED BY THE
ORGANELLES
• ANALOGY

12. WHAT IS THE CELL THEORY?

13. RIBOSOMES
• DESCRIPTION:
• MADE OF PROTEIN AND RNA
• VERY SMALL, SPHERICAL SHAPED
• FUNCTION:
• MAKE PROTEINS
• ANALOGY

14. FLAGELLA
• DESCRIPTION:
• LONG, THREAD-LIKE EXTENSION OF A
CELL
• FUNCTION:
• HELPS CELL MOVE
• ANALOGY

15. CILIA
• DESCRIPTION:
• SHORT, HAIR-LIKE PROJECTION ON
THE CELL SURFACE
• FUNCTION:
• USED TO SWEEP AWAY THINGS
FROM THE CELL SURFACE OR HELP
THE CELL MOVE THROUGH FLUID
• ANALOGY

16. NUCLEUS
• DESCRIPTION:
• CORE, CENTRAL PORTION OF CELL
• FUNCTION:
• CONTAINS GENETIC INFORMATION (DNA)
• DIRECTS CELL ACTIVITIES
• ANALOGY

17. NUCLEOLUS
• DESCRIPTION:
• ROUND STRUCTURE WITHIN NUCLEUS
• MADE OF PROTEIN AND RNA
• FUNCTION:
• MAKES RIBOSOMES
• ANALOGY

19. CHLOROPLAST
• DESCRIPTION:
• OVAL OR BEAN SHAPED STRUCTURE WITH
GREEN COLOR
• FUNCTION:
• HELPS CAPTURE SUNLIGHT TO PRODUCE
FOOD (ENERGY) FOR PLANTS
• ANALOGY

21. GOLGI APPARATUS
• DESCRIPTION:
• FLATTENED SACS CALLED CISTERNAE
• FUNCTION:
• MODIFIES AND PACKAGES MATERIALS
CREATED IN THE CELL FOR
TRANSPORT (INSIDE OR OUTSIDE OF
THE CELL)
• ANALOGY

23. LYSOSOME
• DESCRIPTION:
• SMALL SACS
• FUNCTION:
• USE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES TO BREAKDOWN
OLD/WORN-OUT ORGANELLES, VIRUSES OR
BACTERIA, AND/OR FOOD PARTICLES
• ANALOGY

24. MITOCHONDRION
• DESCRIPTION:
• SPHERICAL OR ROD-SHAPED
• INNER AND OUTER MEMBRANES
• FUNCTION:
• CONVERTS SUGARS INTO ATP (ENERGY) FOR
THE CELL
• ANALOGY

26. PLASTID
• DESCRIPTION:
• DOUBLE-MEMBRANE BOUND
ORGANELLE
• FUNCTION:
• INVOLVED IN FOOD STORAGE;
FUNCTION DEPENDS MOSTLY UPON
WHICH PIGMENTS ARE PRESENT
• ANALOGY

27. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• DESCRIPTION:
• SYSTEM OF MEMBRANOUS TUBES AND SACS
WITH RIBOSOMES ON THE SURFACE (MAKING IT
APPEAR ROUGH)
• FUNCTION:
• HELPS MAKE AND TRANSPORT NEW PROTEINS
TO GOLGI APPARATUS OR OUTSIDE OF THE CELL
• ANALOGY

28. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
• DESCRIPTION:
• SYSTEM OF MEMBRANOUS TUBES AND SACS
• FUNCTION:
• MAKES LIPIDS
• CREATES AND STORES STEROIDS
• STORES IONS THAT CELLS MIGHT NEED
• METABOLIZES CARBOHYDRATES
• ANALOGY

29. VACUOLE
• DESCRIPTION:
• SACS: SMALLER IN ANIMAL CELLS, LARGER IN
PLANT CELLS
• FUNCTION:
• STORE A VARIETY OF THINGS SUCH AS
WATER, NUTRIENTS, OR WASTE PRODUCTS
• ANALOGY

30. VESICLE
• DESCRIPTION:
• SMALL SACS
• FUNCTION:
• STORES, TRANSPORTS, OR DIGESTS
MATERIALS WITHIN THE CELL
• ANALOGY

31. EXAMPLES FROM STARR

32. HISTORY OF CELLS
• A CELL IS THE BASIC STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF ALL
LIVING THINGS.
• 1665, ROBERT HOOKE MADE THE FIRST SIMPLE MICROSCOPE
• HOOKE USED THE MICROSCOPE TO LOOK AT A PIECE OF CORK,
WHICH IS THE DEAD CELLS OF OAK BARK. HE SAW SMALL BOX-LIKE
SHAPED STRUCTURES IN THE CORK, WHICH HE CALLED CELLULAE.
NOW WE KNOW THEM AS CELLS.
• 1838, MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN DETERMINED THAT ALL PLANTS ARE
COMPOSED OF CELLS.
• THEODOR SCHWANN DETERMINED ALL ANIMAL TISSUES WERE MADE
OF CELLS

33. PRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORY
• 1. ALL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE
CELLS. AN ORGANISM CAN HAVE ONE OR MANY CELLS. MOST
PLANTS AND ANIMALS HAVE MANY CELLS.
• 2. THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF ORGANIZATION IN LIVING
ORGANISMS. EVEN IN COMPLEX ORGANISMS SUCH AS
HUMANS, THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE.
• 3. ALL CELLS COME FROM LIVING CELLS. CELLS PASS COPIES
OF THEIR GENETIC MATERIAL ON TO THEIR DAUGHTER CELLS.
CELLS CONTAIN HEREDITARY INFORMATION THAT PASSES
FROM CELL TO CELL DURING CELL DIVISION.