The document discusses several types of movement across plasma membranes, including simple diffusion, osmosis, active transport, facilitated diffusion, filtration, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Simple diffusion involves molecules moving randomly from areas of higher to lower concentration without cell energy. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Active transport uses carrier proteins and cell energy to move molecules against a concentration gradient. Facilitated diffusion also uses carrier proteins but does not require energy. Filtration uses hydrostatic pressure to force small molecules across membranes. Endocytosis brings material into cells through mechanisms like pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Exocytosis is the movement of material out of cells through the fusion

1. MOVEMENT
ACROSS PLASMA
MEMBRANE

2. TYPES OF MOVEMENT
 Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Facilitated diffusion
Filtration
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

3. SIMPLE DIFFUSION
 Molecules moves randomly from the area of higher concentration to
lower
 No cell energy is required for this process
 Molecules only moves in response of concentration gradients

4. Such as frog inhale air containing oxygen, which moves into the
lungs and then diffuse into the bloodstream

5. A beaker consist of water molecules, few drops of red dye inserted
into the beaker the molecules of both water and dye diffused with
each other and attains the state of equilibrium.

6. OSMOSIS
 Water molecules move from the area of higher concentration to
lower concentration through selectively permeable membrane
such as in frog water molecules moves into a frog RBC when con.
of water molecules outside the RBC present in more quantity than
inside of cells of RBCs.

8. FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Carrier protein present on the plasma membrane which helps in
transport of molecules
These proteins temporarily bind with the plasma membrane which
facilitated the molecules to cross the plasma membrane.
Some other protein channels play the major role in the transport of
molecules across membranes.

9. For example glucose in the gut of a frog combine with carrier
protein to pass throughout the gut cells into the blood stream

11. ACTIVE TRANSPORT
 Specific carrier proteins helps in the transport of molecules across the
membrane
 These specific proteins binds with the molecules or ions to help them
to cross the membrane against the concentration gradients
 Molecules movement against concentration gradients.
 Energy is required for this process.

12. Such as Sodium ions move from inside the neuron of the
sciatic nerve of a frog to the outside of the neuron

14. FILTRATION
 Hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules across selectively
permeable membrane from area of higher concentration to
lower concentration

15. For example frog blood pressure force water and dissolved
waste into the kidney tubules during urine formation

17. ENDOCYTOSIS
The bulk movement of material into a cell by formation of
vesicles is called endocytosis

18. TYPES OF ENDOCYTOSIS:
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediate
endocytosis
Phagocytosis

19. PINOCYTOSIS
Plasma membrane enclose small amount of fluid
droplets in vesicles and take them into a cell is
called as pinocytosis
Such as kidney cells of frog take in fluid to maintain fluid
balance

21. PHAGOCYTOSIS
Plasma membrane form a vesicles around a solid particles or
other cells and draw it into the phagocytic cell is called as
phagocytosis.
WBC of a frog engulf and digest injurious bacteria

23. RECEPTOR-MEDIATE ENDOCYTOSIS
Extracellular molecules bind with specific receptor proteins on a
plasma membrane, causing a membrane to invaginate and draw
molecules inside the cell is called receptor-mediate endocytosis.
Such as intestinal cells of frog take up large molecules from the
inside of the gut

25. EXOCYTOSIS
The movement of material out of a cell. A vesicles with particles
fuse with the plasma membrane and expel particles or fluid from
cells across the plasma membrane is called as exocytosis.
Such as the sciatic nerve of a frog release a chemical
(neurotransmitter)

27. THANK YOU