Montane forests are found in high-altitude, hilly locations between 1000-3000 meters above sea level. They have a temperate climate with average annual temperatures between 11-14°C and high rainfall. Trees like birch, pine, and fur are common, and animals like Tibetan antelope, yak, and red pandas can be found. Montane forests are located in mountainous regions around the world, including the Himalayas, Alps, and Appalachians.

1. ______________________
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Montane Forests _____________________________

2. Characteristics of Montane forests:-
 They can be found in high-altitude, hilly locations.
 Wet temperate forests can be found at elevations of 1000–2000 metres.
 Alpine vegetation opens up at 3000 metres.
 Gujjar shepherds mainly use these woodlands.
 Birch, pine, fur, and other trees can be found.
 Tibetan antelope, yak, sheep, goats, rare red pandas, and other animals have
been found

3. Type of climate in which the vegetation is found
 Temperate climate
 The average annual temperature is around 11°C to 14°C, the average relative
humidity is over 80%, and the average annual rainfall ranges from 150 cm to 300
cm.
 Rainfall and a temperate environment cause the native plants of Mountain Forest to
alter. The moist temperate forest type can be found between 1000 and 2000 meters
above sea level. Coniferous trees can be found in temperate woods between 1500
and 3000 meters. Higher elevations frequently have temperate grasslands.
 Montane woods are coated in moss-draped shrubs and epiphytes at their highest
altitude limits (orchids, ferns, moss, lichen, and liverworts). Generally speaking, the
canopy height decreases with increasing altitude

4.  These forests can also be found in the Eastern Himalayas region to the east of 88°E
longitude, which includes the hills of Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim, Arunachal
Pradesh, and Nagaland. These forests can also be found in the higher hilly regions of
Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
 Europe (the Alps) is home to temperate montane forests. Caucasus, Carpathians, and
other regions). in the Cascade Range of North America. Klamath-Siskiyou. southern
and western South America, including the Appalachians. The Himalayas and New
Zealand.
distribution of the vegetation in India

5. some more features of montane forests
 The stems of trees in highland forests are thick.
 Under these trees are dense shrubs.
 The leaves are thick and constantly green.
 These trees have vines covering their branches.
 In these forests, trees typically range in height from1,000–2,000 metres
 Rhododendrons, ferns, oak, maple, juniper, deodar, chilgoza, and other notable trees
of the highland temperate forest include these.
 The cone-shaped trees on the highland have sloping branches and needle-like
leaves.
 Conical-shaped trees can be found in the highland. When there is a lot of snow or
rain, the plants may get water and snow buildup. They feature needle- and cone-
shaped leaves to prevent this by allowing snow and rain to fall without harming the
trees.

6. ~ By Arnav , Mahi , Anoushka , Divek & Pradhuman