Recurring harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie and other water bodies keep nutrients at the forefront of water quality priorities in the Great Lakes, Upper Mississippi River and elsewhere in the Midwest. Recent regulatory strategies have focused on nonpoint source controls and more stringent point source limits. In response, more treatment utilities will likely consider biological nutrient removal (BNR) technologies along with other alternatives. Since the invention of the Phoredox and Bardenpho processes in South Africa in the early 1970s, understanding of underlying BNR mechanisms has grown significantly, especially for enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR).
This webinar will look at recent developments that have further improved the reliability and cost-effectiveness of EBPR for cold and wet conditions encountered in the Midwest and Great Lakes. Case studies will be discussed demonstrating innovative design features that can turn unintended BNR consequences into positive results, including:
Side-stream EBPR (S2EBPR) – moves anaerobic zones out of the main liquid stream. This configuration is much more reliable and efficient than conventional mainstream anaerobic zones, making EBPR viable in more cases than previously thought possible.
Struvite recovery processes – minimizes nuisance scaling in digestion and dewatering, reduces nutrient return loads to the main liquid stream, improves biosolids dewaterability, and produces a high-quality, eco-friendly fertilizer product.
Step-feed anoxic zones – are a lower-energy denitrification alternative to the traditional Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) approach to offset nitrification oxygen and alkalinity demands and avoid clarifier sludge blanket flotation.
Wet-weather step-feed and biomass transfer – manage peak flows and protect biomass from washout. Auxiliary enhanced high-rate treatment (EHRT) facilities offer even greater resiliency and excellent phosphorus removal.
Membrane based water purification technology(ultra filteration,dialysis and e...Sanjeev Singh
This is made by keeping in mind needy students who want to know water purification technology.This slide contain brief description about membrane,ultra filtration,dialysis,electro dialysis.For further topic check my updates regularly....... .At last i would like to thanks those students who downloaded this slide.
This document discusses microplastic pollution and its potential threat to marine invertebrates and the food web. It defines microplastics and explains how they enter the marine environment. Studies found microplastics present in sediment samples from beaches around the world. Microplastics can be ingested by small organisms and transferred up the food chain, as demonstrated by studies showing zooplankton ingesting microplastics that were then found in mysid shrimp that ate the zooplankton. The document also discusses how microplastics can be taken up by blue mussels and transferred to shore crabs that eat the mussels, entering the intertidal food web.
This presentation discusses several key properties of water including:
1. Water's unique physical properties like its high heat capacity and ability to form hydrogen bonds allow it to exist as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures.
2. Water is an excellent solvent due to its polar nature which allows it to dissolve many other substances.
3. Water's high heat capacity and heat of vaporization enable it to moderate temperature changes and influence climate patterns. Its varying density with temperature also impacts ocean circulation.
Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients that induce excessive growth of algae. This process can be caused by human activities like agricultural runoff containing fertilizers or sewage effluent entering waterways. It leads to negative environmental effects like hypoxia where low oxygen levels harm fish and other wildlife populations. Prevention efforts aim to minimize nonpoint sources of pollution through measures like riparian buffer zones and policies regulating fertilizer and waste management.
The presentation provides a brief background on phosphorus, introduces phosphates, gives examples of forms of phosphates. It further describes how to test for the forms of phosphates as well as how to regulate water phosphate level. It ends with some basic facts "Did you know".
Membrane based water purification technology(ultra filteration,dialysis and e...Sanjeev Singh
This is made by keeping in mind needy students who want to know water purification technology.This slide contain brief description about membrane,ultra filtration,dialysis,electro dialysis.For further topic check my updates regularly....... .At last i would like to thanks those students who downloaded this slide.
This document discusses microplastic pollution and its potential threat to marine invertebrates and the food web. It defines microplastics and explains how they enter the marine environment. Studies found microplastics present in sediment samples from beaches around the world. Microplastics can be ingested by small organisms and transferred up the food chain, as demonstrated by studies showing zooplankton ingesting microplastics that were then found in mysid shrimp that ate the zooplankton. The document also discusses how microplastics can be taken up by blue mussels and transferred to shore crabs that eat the mussels, entering the intertidal food web.
This presentation discusses several key properties of water including:
1. Water's unique physical properties like its high heat capacity and ability to form hydrogen bonds allow it to exist as a liquid over a wide range of temperatures.
2. Water is an excellent solvent due to its polar nature which allows it to dissolve many other substances.
3. Water's high heat capacity and heat of vaporization enable it to moderate temperature changes and influence climate patterns. Its varying density with temperature also impacts ocean circulation.
Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients that induce excessive growth of algae. This process can be caused by human activities like agricultural runoff containing fertilizers or sewage effluent entering waterways. It leads to negative environmental effects like hypoxia where low oxygen levels harm fish and other wildlife populations. Prevention efforts aim to minimize nonpoint sources of pollution through measures like riparian buffer zones and policies regulating fertilizer and waste management.
The presentation provides a brief background on phosphorus, introduces phosphates, gives examples of forms of phosphates. It further describes how to test for the forms of phosphates as well as how to regulate water phosphate level. It ends with some basic facts "Did you know".
This document summarizes a student paper on lake restoration. It discusses the functions of lakes, causes of lake pollution including waste dumping and lack of treatment, and the necessity of restoration to maintain lakes as water sources, recreation areas, and for biodiversity. It presents a case study of Rankala Lake, analyzing water quality parameters and finding a water quality index of 99.37, indicating the water is unsuitable for drinking. It concludes more must be done to prevent pollution inflows and remove weeds to restore the lake.
Effluent Treatment Plant in Oil Refineries.pptxHritwikGhosh
The document describes the processes involved in an effluent treatment plant (ETP). An ETP treats industrial wastewater through primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments to remove solids, chemicals, and organic substances before reuse or safe disposal. The major treatment stages include physio-chemical processes like oil separation, biological treatment using activated sludge and biotowers, and tertiary treatments like hardness removal. Sludge generated is thickened for volume reduction through sedimentation tanks and centrifuges. The overall ETP process aims to safely treat industrial wastewater for environmental and public health purposes.
This document outlines a procedure to determine the total phosphate content of a water sample. Phosphorus plays an important role in biochemical processes and eutrophication of surface water. The main sources of phosphorus in wastewater are human excreta, household detergents, and some industrial effluents. The procedure involves preparing a calibration curve using standard phosphate solutions, then measuring the absorbance of the water sample reacted with ammonium molybdate and stannous chloride reagents to determine its phosphate concentration based on the calibration curve. The total phosphate content is calculated based on the volume of the water sample. The results will help assess eutrophication levels in surface waters affected by wastewater discharges.
This document summarizes research on using electrodialysis and reverse osmosis to recover dissolved organic carbon from seawater. The researchers developed a process to concentrate seawater using reverse osmosis, followed by electrodialysis to remove salt, producing a desalinated sample for analysis. Over 15 experiments were conducted using seawater and brackish water samples, recovering 60-90% of dissolved organic carbon. Preliminary results found differences in the recovered high molecular weight fraction compared to previous methods. The combined process allows treatment of large volumes of seawater samples for scientific study of marine dissolved organic carbon.
The document discusses various causes and sources of water pollution. It notes that water pollution occurs when harmful substances are released into water bodies in large quantities, damaging wildlife or habitat. Sources of water pollution include agricultural runoff containing sediment, fertilizers and pesticides; industrial facilities; and mining. The document outlines point sources like industrial facilities versus nonpoint sources like agricultural runoff which are more diffuse. It also discusses various wastewater treatment methods including primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using physical, biological and chemical processes to remove contaminants. The aim of wastewater treatment is to convert waste into stable end products that can be safely disposed while protecting public health.
This document discusses dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in drinking water and their importance for aquatic life. It provides a table comparing drinking water quality standards in different countries that includes testing for microbiological, chemical, physical, and radiological parameters. The document discusses the sources and importance of DO, how aquatic organisms rely on it, and consequences of unusual DO levels. It also outlines several common methods for analyzing DO levels, including optical, electrochemical, colorimetric, and titrimetric methods.
Anaerobic treatment of industrail wastewaterNitin Yadav
This report summarizes a study on anaerobic processes for industrial wastewater treatment conducted by 4 students for their Master's degree. It provides an introduction to inorganic and organic industrial wastewater. The literature review covers sources of industrial wastewater and describes aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes. It discusses the types of bacteria involved in the anaerobic process including fermentative, acetogenic, homoacetogenic and methanogenic bacteria. The report also examines factors affecting the anaerobic process and types of anaerobic reactors.
- Detergents are substances that help water cleanse things better by acting as wetting agents and emulsifying agents. There are two main types: soapless detergents made from petroleum and soaps made from animal fats or plant oils.
- Detergents can harm the environment by depleting oxygen levels in water and promoting algal blooms, ultimately killing aquatic life. Their use also poses risks like potential skin irritation.
Treatment Technologies for Ammonia in Liquid Manure: Nitrification/denitrific...LPE Learning Center
This document summarizes research on biological nitrogen removal technologies for liquid livestock manure, including nitrification/denitrification and deammonification processes. It describes the operation of full-scale systems in North Carolina that achieved over 90% removal of ammonia and total nitrogen using nitrification/denitrification. It also discusses single-tank deammonification reactors that removed ammonia from swine wastewater with 100% efficiency while reducing aeration needs by 57% compared to traditional methods. The research isolated specialized bacteria that enabled these nitrogen removal processes to work efficiently even at low temperatures.
Introduction to an innovative electrochemical ammonia wastewater treatment system. The system is compared to traditional biological treatment plants (biological nitrification-denitrification, ammonia strippers, and Annamox). The "Ammonia Splitter" provides reliable, adjustable, temperature and salinity insensitive ammonia wastewater treatment.
Project results are presented from two pilot projects treating municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) centrate and landfill leachate. WWTP centrate is the concentrated reject stream from the biological treatment process.
This document discusses brine waste from various desalination processes. It describes the characteristics of brine from multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), and reverse osmosis (RO) desalination. For each process, it details the seawater intake, discharge of brine containing additives, physical properties of the brine, and types of biocides, antiscalants, antifoaming agents, and corrosion inhibitors added. The document also discusses receiving coastal environments for brine discharge and options for brine disposal, including deepwell injection, evaporation ponds, and zero liquid discharge.
Don't forget to leave a comment! I would like to know if this helped you in any way possible and if there's any mistakes or corrections I can make 'em right.
Water Pollution in Lakes (causes, effects, sources)
Biofiltration is an air pollution control technique which involves bio degradation of contaminants under the action of microorganisms, diffused in a thin layer of moisture known as “BIOFILM”, mainly used for elimination of malodorous gas emissions and low concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
BSI Carbon Neutrality & PAS 2060 Conference & Workshop
CBI Conference Centre, London
- Workshop: Tuesday 18 May 2010
- Conference: Wednesday 19 May 2010
With consumer preferences shifting towards greener products and services, there is a clear need for businesses of all sizes to demonstrate their commitment to carbon neutrality. However, due to a lack of common definition and recognized method of verification, there have been inconsistencies in how the term is used, resulting in a growing cynicism about corporate declarations of carbon neutrality.
BSI’s inaugural Carbon Neutrality Conference will show how a standardized approach can be used to become carbon neutral or develop carbon neutral products and services. There will be a detailed explanation of the new
Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 2060, which lays out the requirements for demonstrating carbon neutrality.
A series of case studies will show how major brands (including Parcelforce, Ben & Jerry’s and Kingsmill) are taking a standardized approach to reducing their carbon output. Dimple Tailor of BSI Conferences believes that attendees will find these case studies particularly useful: 'The prospect of becoming carbon neutral can seem quite daunting, especially among smaller businesses. Hearing success stories from such a wide range of industries will hopefully bolster their resolve and equip them with the ideas to develop their own carbon reduction plans.’
Key speakers include:
> David Kennedy,The Committee on Climate Change
> Ant Wilson,AECOM
> Tirma Garcia-Suarez,Unilever
> Jonathan Shopley,International Carbon Reduction & Offset Alliance (ICROA)
> Jamal Gore,Carbon Clear
Karen Fisher, Senior Consultant atERM, will deliver a pre-conference workshop on Tuesday 18 May. Attendees of the workshop will discover how carbon footprint information can be calculated and communicated effectively using existing standards, such as PAS 2050.
Discover more at: http://shop.bsigroup.com/carbonneutrality
This document discusses wet air oxidation as a process for treating concentrated chemical waste streams. It begins with an overview of chemical process industry and various waste treatment approaches. Wet air oxidation is described as a subcritical thermal oxidation process that occurs in an aqueous medium between 100-250°C and 5-20 atm of oxygen pressure. Key advantages are its ability to handle concentrated and toxic wastes while allowing for water recycling. The document outlines reaction mechanisms, kinetics, catalyst use and integration with other processes. Design considerations and a systematic approach for implementing water treatment and recycling are also presented.
The Phosphorus Problem: Treatment Options and Process Monitoring Solutions | YSIXylem Inc.
The document discusses phosphorus (P) in water resources and treatment options for removing excess P. It notes that P is essential for life but excess amounts can cause algal growth. It outlines different sources of P in surface water and regulations for P limits in wastewater discharges. The main treatment options discussed are biological P removal, which uses microorganisms, and chemical P removal, which uses iron or aluminum additions. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring processes like orthophosphate, DO, and ORP to effectively remove P either biologically or chemically.
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment systemKalpesh Dankhara
The document discusses biological wastewater treatment, specifically for removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nitrogen. It covers the types of pollutants found in wastewater, biological treatment methods, microorganisms involved, and the activated sludge process. Key aspects of the activated sludge process discussed include aeration basins, clarifiers, mixed liquor suspended solids, food to mass ratio, recycle and waste sludge streams, and sludge retention time.
The document discusses ActifloTM Softening technology for water treatment. It combines dynamic mixing, enhanced precipitation, flocculation, lamella settling, and sludge recirculation in a single treatment line. The key benefits are its compact design and high water treatment rates of 60-80m3/h, much faster than conventional softening methods. Pilot trials at a nuclear power plant demonstrated effective softening and turbidity removal at flow rates of 60m3/h. Further development work will aim to validate design parameters and organic matter removal capabilities.
This document summarizes a student paper on lake restoration. It discusses the functions of lakes, causes of lake pollution including waste dumping and lack of treatment, and the necessity of restoration to maintain lakes as water sources, recreation areas, and for biodiversity. It presents a case study of Rankala Lake, analyzing water quality parameters and finding a water quality index of 99.37, indicating the water is unsuitable for drinking. It concludes more must be done to prevent pollution inflows and remove weeds to restore the lake.
Effluent Treatment Plant in Oil Refineries.pptxHritwikGhosh
The document describes the processes involved in an effluent treatment plant (ETP). An ETP treats industrial wastewater through primary, secondary, and tertiary treatments to remove solids, chemicals, and organic substances before reuse or safe disposal. The major treatment stages include physio-chemical processes like oil separation, biological treatment using activated sludge and biotowers, and tertiary treatments like hardness removal. Sludge generated is thickened for volume reduction through sedimentation tanks and centrifuges. The overall ETP process aims to safely treat industrial wastewater for environmental and public health purposes.
This document outlines a procedure to determine the total phosphate content of a water sample. Phosphorus plays an important role in biochemical processes and eutrophication of surface water. The main sources of phosphorus in wastewater are human excreta, household detergents, and some industrial effluents. The procedure involves preparing a calibration curve using standard phosphate solutions, then measuring the absorbance of the water sample reacted with ammonium molybdate and stannous chloride reagents to determine its phosphate concentration based on the calibration curve. The total phosphate content is calculated based on the volume of the water sample. The results will help assess eutrophication levels in surface waters affected by wastewater discharges.
This document summarizes research on using electrodialysis and reverse osmosis to recover dissolved organic carbon from seawater. The researchers developed a process to concentrate seawater using reverse osmosis, followed by electrodialysis to remove salt, producing a desalinated sample for analysis. Over 15 experiments were conducted using seawater and brackish water samples, recovering 60-90% of dissolved organic carbon. Preliminary results found differences in the recovered high molecular weight fraction compared to previous methods. The combined process allows treatment of large volumes of seawater samples for scientific study of marine dissolved organic carbon.
The document discusses various causes and sources of water pollution. It notes that water pollution occurs when harmful substances are released into water bodies in large quantities, damaging wildlife or habitat. Sources of water pollution include agricultural runoff containing sediment, fertilizers and pesticides; industrial facilities; and mining. The document outlines point sources like industrial facilities versus nonpoint sources like agricultural runoff which are more diffuse. It also discusses various wastewater treatment methods including primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using physical, biological and chemical processes to remove contaminants. The aim of wastewater treatment is to convert waste into stable end products that can be safely disposed while protecting public health.
This document discusses dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in drinking water and their importance for aquatic life. It provides a table comparing drinking water quality standards in different countries that includes testing for microbiological, chemical, physical, and radiological parameters. The document discusses the sources and importance of DO, how aquatic organisms rely on it, and consequences of unusual DO levels. It also outlines several common methods for analyzing DO levels, including optical, electrochemical, colorimetric, and titrimetric methods.
Anaerobic treatment of industrail wastewaterNitin Yadav
This report summarizes a study on anaerobic processes for industrial wastewater treatment conducted by 4 students for their Master's degree. It provides an introduction to inorganic and organic industrial wastewater. The literature review covers sources of industrial wastewater and describes aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes. It discusses the types of bacteria involved in the anaerobic process including fermentative, acetogenic, homoacetogenic and methanogenic bacteria. The report also examines factors affecting the anaerobic process and types of anaerobic reactors.
- Detergents are substances that help water cleanse things better by acting as wetting agents and emulsifying agents. There are two main types: soapless detergents made from petroleum and soaps made from animal fats or plant oils.
- Detergents can harm the environment by depleting oxygen levels in water and promoting algal blooms, ultimately killing aquatic life. Their use also poses risks like potential skin irritation.
Treatment Technologies for Ammonia in Liquid Manure: Nitrification/denitrific...LPE Learning Center
This document summarizes research on biological nitrogen removal technologies for liquid livestock manure, including nitrification/denitrification and deammonification processes. It describes the operation of full-scale systems in North Carolina that achieved over 90% removal of ammonia and total nitrogen using nitrification/denitrification. It also discusses single-tank deammonification reactors that removed ammonia from swine wastewater with 100% efficiency while reducing aeration needs by 57% compared to traditional methods. The research isolated specialized bacteria that enabled these nitrogen removal processes to work efficiently even at low temperatures.
Introduction to an innovative electrochemical ammonia wastewater treatment system. The system is compared to traditional biological treatment plants (biological nitrification-denitrification, ammonia strippers, and Annamox). The "Ammonia Splitter" provides reliable, adjustable, temperature and salinity insensitive ammonia wastewater treatment.
Project results are presented from two pilot projects treating municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) centrate and landfill leachate. WWTP centrate is the concentrated reject stream from the biological treatment process.
This document discusses brine waste from various desalination processes. It describes the characteristics of brine from multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), multi-effect distillation (MED), and reverse osmosis (RO) desalination. For each process, it details the seawater intake, discharge of brine containing additives, physical properties of the brine, and types of biocides, antiscalants, antifoaming agents, and corrosion inhibitors added. The document also discusses receiving coastal environments for brine discharge and options for brine disposal, including deepwell injection, evaporation ponds, and zero liquid discharge.
Don't forget to leave a comment! I would like to know if this helped you in any way possible and if there's any mistakes or corrections I can make 'em right.
Water Pollution in Lakes (causes, effects, sources)
Biofiltration is an air pollution control technique which involves bio degradation of contaminants under the action of microorganisms, diffused in a thin layer of moisture known as “BIOFILM”, mainly used for elimination of malodorous gas emissions and low concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
BSI Carbon Neutrality & PAS 2060 Conference & Workshop
CBI Conference Centre, London
- Workshop: Tuesday 18 May 2010
- Conference: Wednesday 19 May 2010
With consumer preferences shifting towards greener products and services, there is a clear need for businesses of all sizes to demonstrate their commitment to carbon neutrality. However, due to a lack of common definition and recognized method of verification, there have been inconsistencies in how the term is used, resulting in a growing cynicism about corporate declarations of carbon neutrality.
BSI’s inaugural Carbon Neutrality Conference will show how a standardized approach can be used to become carbon neutral or develop carbon neutral products and services. There will be a detailed explanation of the new
Publicly Available Specification (PAS) 2060, which lays out the requirements for demonstrating carbon neutrality.
A series of case studies will show how major brands (including Parcelforce, Ben & Jerry’s and Kingsmill) are taking a standardized approach to reducing their carbon output. Dimple Tailor of BSI Conferences believes that attendees will find these case studies particularly useful: 'The prospect of becoming carbon neutral can seem quite daunting, especially among smaller businesses. Hearing success stories from such a wide range of industries will hopefully bolster their resolve and equip them with the ideas to develop their own carbon reduction plans.’
Key speakers include:
> David Kennedy,The Committee on Climate Change
> Ant Wilson,AECOM
> Tirma Garcia-Suarez,Unilever
> Jonathan Shopley,International Carbon Reduction & Offset Alliance (ICROA)
> Jamal Gore,Carbon Clear
Karen Fisher, Senior Consultant atERM, will deliver a pre-conference workshop on Tuesday 18 May. Attendees of the workshop will discover how carbon footprint information can be calculated and communicated effectively using existing standards, such as PAS 2050.
Discover more at: http://shop.bsigroup.com/carbonneutrality
This document discusses wet air oxidation as a process for treating concentrated chemical waste streams. It begins with an overview of chemical process industry and various waste treatment approaches. Wet air oxidation is described as a subcritical thermal oxidation process that occurs in an aqueous medium between 100-250°C and 5-20 atm of oxygen pressure. Key advantages are its ability to handle concentrated and toxic wastes while allowing for water recycling. The document outlines reaction mechanisms, kinetics, catalyst use and integration with other processes. Design considerations and a systematic approach for implementing water treatment and recycling are also presented.
The Phosphorus Problem: Treatment Options and Process Monitoring Solutions | YSIXylem Inc.
The document discusses phosphorus (P) in water resources and treatment options for removing excess P. It notes that P is essential for life but excess amounts can cause algal growth. It outlines different sources of P in surface water and regulations for P limits in wastewater discharges. The main treatment options discussed are biological P removal, which uses microorganisms, and chemical P removal, which uses iron or aluminum additions. It emphasizes the importance of monitoring processes like orthophosphate, DO, and ORP to effectively remove P either biologically or chemically.
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment systemKalpesh Dankhara
The document discusses biological wastewater treatment, specifically for removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nitrogen. It covers the types of pollutants found in wastewater, biological treatment methods, microorganisms involved, and the activated sludge process. Key aspects of the activated sludge process discussed include aeration basins, clarifiers, mixed liquor suspended solids, food to mass ratio, recycle and waste sludge streams, and sludge retention time.
The document discusses ActifloTM Softening technology for water treatment. It combines dynamic mixing, enhanced precipitation, flocculation, lamella settling, and sludge recirculation in a single treatment line. The key benefits are its compact design and high water treatment rates of 60-80m3/h, much faster than conventional softening methods. Pilot trials at a nuclear power plant demonstrated effective softening and turbidity removal at flow rates of 60m3/h. Further development work will aim to validate design parameters and organic matter removal capabilities.
The document discusses using Actiflo PAC combined with membrane ultrafiltration (UF) for enhanced natural organic matter (NOM) removal from high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) water sources in western France. Key points include:
1) Actiflo PAC provides two-stage clarification and NOM polishing to replace ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration.
2) Pilot testing at various sites showed the process achieved over 99% removal of turbidity, algae, and DOC, and reduced trihalomethane (THM) formation compared to GAC.
3) A full-scale 66 MLD plant near La Rochelle using this process produces water meeting regulations with
Current human activities have led to the pollution of the environment, which has aroused as a global threat. In particular, the inefficient treatment of every-day products in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is an important source of contaminants; especially when untreated sewage sludge and reclaimed water are valorised for agricultural porpoises. The present work describes the development of two bioremediation processes mediated with Trametes versicolor in order to treat different types of sludge. Additionally, one physical post-treatment has been proposed and studied so as to improve the final quality of a WWTP effluent. In both cases, the removal of pharmaceuticals (PhACs) in each stream has been assessed.
Envirometal project and waste water treatment in pharmacuetcalteklay godefa
waste water treatment in pharmcuetical industry and envirometal impact with soluttion and preventive methods.it is actually linked with practicall and theortical and the problem that cause during waste water treatment with its solutio.it is mainly in pharmacutical industry found in adigrat town .
This document summarizes a method for purifying water using Moringa oleifera seeds. It introduces Moringa oleifera as a plant that can purify water through natural means. The purification method involves taking contaminated water, mixing in crushed Moringa oleifera seeds, stirring, and allowing sediment to settle. The clear water can then be separated and is safe for washing, bathing, and drinking.
The document discusses Moringa oleifera, also known as the drumstick tree or horseradish tree. It grows in tropical and subtropical areas and contains a dense nutritional profile, containing vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and other beneficial compounds. Research has shown Moringa supports health in many ways, such as strengthening the immune system, supporting blood sugar and circulation, and providing anti-inflammatory and anti-aging benefits. It is considered a highly nutritious plant that can help address nutritional deficiencies.
The document discusses the Moringa tree (Moringa oleifera), highlighting its numerous uses and nutritional benefits. It notes that all parts of the Moringa tree - from its leaves to roots - can be used for nutrition, medicine, water purification, and more. Studies have found Moringa leaf powder to have several times the nutrition of common foods. The document advocates spreading knowledge about Moringa's potential to address issues like malnutrition and calls for more field research on its human health, agricultural, and industrial applications.
Use of Moringa oleifera in water treatmentJac Emanuel
Water treatment in cities and villages can be made easy by application of natural methods which are affordable and easy.
One of them is the use of Moringa oleifera as water treatment agent rather than commercial sold chemicals
This document outlines the objectives, units, teaching scheme, and reference material for an elective course on industrial waste treatment. The key topics covered include sources and characterization of industrial wastewater, various in-plant waste reduction methods, water quality monitoring, stream classification, sludge disposal, treatment flow diagrams, major industry wastewater treatment, and water pollution control acts and standards. The course aims to provide a thorough understanding of industrial wastewater generation and basic knowledge of treatment options and legislation. Site visits to various industries are included in the term work.
Green engineering aims to minimize pollution and risks to human health and the environment through more sustainable product and process design. It follows principles like using life-cycle thinking, conserving ecosystems, and ensuring materials and energy are safe and benign. Green engineering also strives to prevent waste and engage stakeholders. Traditional chemical processes can be modified to be greener by reducing pollution control costs and recycling wastes. Going green through technologies like solar, geothermal, and carbon capture can help reduce emissions and reliance on fossil fuels.
The document discusses hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas, including its natural sources and industrial uses. It notes that H2S is produced during organic decomposition without oxygen and can be found in wells. While a well may contain 25% H2S, the concentration that disperses into the air is much lower, measured in parts per million. The document outlines safety standards and regulations for sour gas wells in Alberta, including setback distances and monitoring, and details the 1982 Lodgepole blowout, finding low H2S levels even near the well. It provides context on H2S odor and toxicity at different concentrations.
This document discusses chemical precipitation for phosphorus removal from water and wastewater. It describes how calcium, aluminum, and iron are commonly used to chemically precipitate phosphorus in the forms of orthophosphate, condensed phosphates, and organic phosphates. Optimal pH ranges and solubility products for various phosphate precipitates are provided. Factors affecting chemical dosing requirements like pH, alkalinity, and initial phosphorus concentration are also summarized.
This document discusses sustainable wastewater treatment. It begins by defining wastewater and its sources. It then describes different types of wastewater and various treatment methods including physical, chemical, and biological unit operations and processes. Common wastewater treatment systems including preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment are also outlined. Finally, it discusses sustainable treatment types such as lagoons/wetlands and anaerobic digestion and their advantages for wastewater treatment and reuse.
Nutrient cycles describe the movement of nutrients through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. Nutrients are absorbed by plants and animals from the environment, enter the soil through decaying matter, and are recycled through uptake by plants, decomposition, and other pathways. The rate and pathways of nutrient cycling vary between biomes, with forests generally having slower cycling than rainforests due to differences in climate and litter decomposition rates.
Systematic analysis of algalbio-fuel production integrated with domestic wastewater treatment in Armenia. The presentation evaluates using algae to treat wastewater and produce biofuels. It discusses using algae cultivation technologies like open ponds and photobioreactors, and the processes of algae harvesting, oil extraction, and biodiesel production. Future work could involve using photo bioreactors for decentralized wastewater treatment and biodiesel production. In conclusion, algae is a potential solution that can make wastewater treatment cost-competitive while producing biofuels to reduce carbon emissions.
This document discusses biofertilizers, which are microorganisms that help plants grow by increasing nutrient availability. It describes how biofertilizers fix atmospheric nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, and produce plant hormones. Specific microorganisms are identified for their roles in nitrogen fixation (rhizobia, cyanobacteria, azospirillum), phosphorus solubilization (pseudomonas, bacillus), and plant growth promotion (pseudomonas). The document concludes that biofertilizers improve soil health and crop yields in a sustainable way without residual effects like chemical fertilizers.
Biotechnology in Industrial Waste water Treatmentshuaibumusa2012
This document discusses biotechnology in industrial wastewater treatment. It provides an overview of industrial wastewater characteristics and various treatment technologies including primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Secondary treatment includes anaerobic and aerobic processes like trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade pollutants and can be done on-site (in situ) or by removing contaminated material (ex situ). Factors like microorganisms, temperature, pH, nutrients influence bioremediation effectiveness. The document concludes that bioremediation is an effective wastewater treatment approach when proper conditions are maintained.
The document presents research on using Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant for water treatment. It found that M. oleifera seed extract is a viable alternative to alum. Testing showed that shelled and blended M. oleifera seeds achieved 63.9% turbidity removal at 70 mg/L for water with 50 NTU turbidity. Oil-extracted seeds performed even better, removing 78.7% turbidity at 50 mg/L. While M. oleifera required higher dosages than alum, it is considered more environmentally friendly and suitable for household water treatment in developing areas. The research concludes that M. oleifera is a renewable and affordable coagulant that warrants further study for small and large
The document discusses biological phosphorus removal from wastewater. It describes how phosphorus enters wastewater from human and industrial sources. Phosphorus needs to be removed to prevent eutrophication in natural water bodies. The process relies on microorganisms called phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) that uptake phosphorus under aerobic conditions. PAOs store phosphorus inside their cells under aerobic conditions. They release phosphorus from their cells and take up organic carbon sources under anaerobic conditions. Alternating anaerobic and aerobic zones in wastewater treatment systems selects for growth of PAOs, resulting in removal of phosphorus from wastewater.
This document summarizes a research study that used an anoxic-aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system to treat high-strength wastewater containing 1000 mg/L of nitrate and 4000 mg/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD). The SBR was able to simultaneously remove 98% of nitrate, 86% of phosphate, and 72% of COD after 180 days of operation. Pyrosequencing analysis of the microbial communities revealed that Proteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Rhodobacterales, Rhodobacteraceae, and Paracoccous were the dominant taxa present. The surplus electron donors and acceptors in the anoxic phase helped enrich denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms, while
Phosphorous Recovery From Sewage Sludge Using Aqua Critox Super Critical Wate...Aquacritox
This presentation describes how the Aquacritox process can be used to generate renewable energy from wastewater sludge and enable phosphorus recovery. The Aquacritox supercritical water oxidation proces leads to complete sludge destruction. The presentation was presented at the European Biosolids Conference
This study examined the effects of incorporating biochar made at different temperatures into denitrifying bioreactors used to treat agricultural runoff. Five bioreactor configurations were tested: woodchips only, woodchips with separated low-temperature biochar, woodchips with combined low-temperature biochar, woodchips with separated high-temperature biochar, and woodchips with combined high-temperature biochar. Results showed that the bioreactors with biochar thoroughly incorporated into the woodchips had the highest nitrogen reduction. Additionally, the high-temperature biochar gained nitrogen during the experiment while the low-temperature biochar lost nitrogen. The study provides insights into optimizing biochar properties and reactor design to maximize nutrient removal from agricultural run
This study examined the effects of incorporating biochar made at different temperatures (420°C and 600°C) into denitrifying bioreactors (DNBRs) containing woodchips. The reactors with biochar thoroughly mixed into the woodchips had the highest nitrogen reduction, with over 1% of the original nitrogen remaining after 36 hours for the 420°C biochar. The 600°C biochar gained nitrogen content after the experiment while the 420°C biochar lost content. Overall, thoroughly mixing biochar into woodchips enhanced microbial activity and denitrification compared to separating biochar and woodchips, and higher temperature biochar performed better than lower temperature biochar.
This document discusses glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) which play an important role in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) in wastewater treatment. GAOs, like polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs), can uptake volatile fatty acids anaerobically and convert them to polyhydroxyalkanoates. However, unlike PAOs, GAOs do not release or take up phosphorus. While GAOs do not contribute directly to phosphorus removal, they can support the anoxic activity of PAOs by reducing nitrate to nitrite. The document also provides information on common types of GAOs and optimal operating conditions for EBPR.
This document discusses research on phosphorus cycling in the soil-microbe-plant system. It summarizes work characterizing components like soil bacteria genomes and plant responses to phosphorus availability. The research aims to investigate phosphate cycling over time in agricultural soils by studying plant, microbial and root gene expression changes. It has obtained plant mutants targeted at genes influencing rhizosphere inputs to manipulate below-ground phosphorus cycling.
Engineered biosystem treatment trains: A review of agricultural nutrient sequ...journal ijrtem
ABSTRACT: Nutrient pollution is a problem across the globe. Excess nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are impacting lakes, rivers, and oceans with algal blooms, hypoxia, and fish kills. As such, there are many opportunities for intervening to protect receiving ecosystems from excess nutrients. Historic treatment options have failed to control nonpoint source pollution. New options for trapping and treating intensively managed cropland runoff (IMCR) are presented; with a wealth of wastewater treatment experience in removing N and P, innovation is spilling over into the IMCR world. Agricultural producers can use technology to increase productivity and decrease nutrient runoff to streams and lakes using trap and treat biosystems engineering technology. In-field cover crops and mycorrhizae can be employed to increase nutrient use efficiency. At field-edge and beyond, riparian buffers (surface and subsurface), wetlands (natural and constructed), and varying forms of carbon bioreactors can be utilized for nutrient consumption and sequestration. Options to mitigate IMCR nutrient pollution occur best with landscape treatment trains. The treatment train approach is possible and needed for ecosystem health; however, the key issues are 1) pathway and process awareness, and 2) balancing who pays the cost for best management practices and who reaps the benefits.
KEYWORDS: nitrogen, phosphorus, nonpoint source pollution, treatment train
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http://www.extension.org/67702 Land application of manure in regions with intense confined livestock and poultry production is an environmental concern when land is limiting because it promotes soil phosphorus (P) surplus and potential pollution of water resources. A net accumulation of soil P results from the disproportion between lower nitrogen (N) and P ratio (N:P) in animal manure and the higher N:P ratio in harvested crops. Although manure can be moved off the farm, its transportation becomes less economical with increasing distances from the source. Thus, management alternatives to land application are needed to resolve agronomic P imbalances for more effective recycling of manure P.
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Impact Of Increased Nutrient Input On Coral Reefs On Bonaire And CuracaoMark W. Wieggers MSc.
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Sean McMahon - Farmer-led Efforts to Improve Water QualityJohn Blue
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Lecture 01 classification, method use, cross spp. of biofertilizer.pdfHarichandraSingh
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A presentation on best management practices for reducing nutrients from landscaping on Nantucket, Massachusetts. Presented by Cormac Collier, Executive Director of the Nantucket Land Council, during the Buzzards Bay Coalition's 2013 Decision Makers Workshop series. Learn more at www.savebuzzardsbay.org/DecisionMakers
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Technology and public safety are merging. Cities are getting smarter every day. The next generation of 9-1-1 communication is already here, and cities and emergency responders can’t afford to wait to upgrade.
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Technology and public safety are merging. Cities are getting smarter every day. The next generation of 9-1-1 communication is already here, and cities and emergency responders can’t afford to wait to upgrade.
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Learn how utility leaders can quantify organizational risks to show the value of, and need for, security investments. Learn more at https://www.bv.com/services/physical-cybersecurity
The document discusses grid modernization and a new tool called SEKOIA that can help utilities modernize their grids. SEKOIA uses spatial engineering, knowledge optimization, and immersive analysis to provide powerful tools for managing large-scale grid modernization deployments. It enables utilities to modernize their grids in a fast, efficient, and smarter manner. SEKOIA also provides benefits throughout the lifecycle of grid projects like seamless knowledge transfer, staying on schedule and budget, quick disaster recovery, and improved asset management.
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"Smart" can be defined and exhibited in different ways. But a foundation that enables intelligence must be established first. Learn about the foundational technologies and approaches that Smart Cities use to manage their critical infrastructure with deeper intelligence.
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The renewable energy industry is experiencing significant growth and change. Solar and wind installations have increased dramatically in recent years, while coal and nuclear power have declined. This transition to renewable energy presents both opportunities and challenges for utilities and other energy companies. New business models and strategies will be needed to successfully manage the impacts of the renewable energy future.
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Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
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A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal
1. Jim FitzpatrickSenior Process Engineer
More Affordable, Reliable and
Recoverable Nutrient Removal
James Barnard Global Practice & Technology Leader
October19,2016
2. • Drivers
• Optimize conventional treatment
• Avoid unintended consequences
• Wet-weather strategies
• Closing thoughts and open discussion
Agenda
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
2
4. Phosphorus freshwater harmful algal blooms (HAB)
Nitrogen Estuary and marine eutrophication and hypoxia
Near and far.
Large and small.
Point and non-point.
October 19, 2016
4
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
http://water.usgs.gov/nasqan/images/nasqan_ms_web.jpg
Lake Erie, 2011
FromMDEQ(2016)AlgalToxin
MonitoringinMichiganInland
Lakes:2015Results
5. Case-by-case watershed studies
• Prevent internal reservoir nutrient cycling
A. Keep reservoir mixed/aerated. Prevent stratification.
B. Supply nitrates, air, and/or oxygen to hypolimnion. Occoquan Reservoir etc.
Cubas et al., Water Environment Research, Feb 2014, 123-133.
Sometimes nitrates actually decrease HAB
October 19, 2016
5
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Source:http://wetlandinfo.ehp.qld.gov.au/wetlands/ecology/
6. “The phosphorus content of our land, following generations of cultivation, has greatly
diminished. It needs replenishing. I cannot over-emphasize the importance of
phosphorus not only to agriculture and soil conservation, but also the physical health
and economic security of the people of the nation. Many of our soil deposits are
deficient in phosphorus, thus causing low yield and poor quality of crops and
pastures…."
-President Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1938
Increasing population requires better
phosphorus management
October 19, 2016
6
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
7. Return to
agricultural
roots
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
From K. Ashley et al. A brief history of phosphorus:
From the philosopher’s stone to nutrient recovery
and reuse. Chemosphere (2011),
doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.001
7
8. 2012 Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
October 19, 2016
8
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
From https://www.epa.gov/glwqa/recommended-binational-phosphorus-targets#what-targets
Reduce spring TP and
OP loads 40% to
control cyanobacteria
Reduce TP loads 40% to
control hypoxic “Dead Zone”
Additional research to
address excess Cladophora
10. • Increased monitoring, research, and planning
• Integrated and adaptive watershed management
1. Agricultural Best management practices (BMPs)
2. Urban stormwater CSO control, wet-weather flow treatment
3. POTWs Tiered point source limits (BNR, ENR, LOT, etc.). TP generally higher
priority than TN for GLUMR states.
4. Watershed trading
State regulatory strategies
October 19, 2016
10
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
11. Not a substitute for project-specific alternatives
evaluations and opinions of probable costs
• Low hanging fruits:
• TP removal POTW
• TN removal Agriculture (sometimes POTW)
Historical costs of different practices
October 19, 2016
11
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Source: WEF (2015) The Nutrient Roadmap, Figures 5.12 and 5.13
13. • Precipitation and floc adsorption
— Iron (ferrous, ferric)
— Aluminum (alum, PACl, aluminate)
— Calcium (lime)
— Magnesium
• Clarification / filtration
• Media adsorption / ion exchange
• Chemicals + UF membranes
• Reverse osmosis
• Air or steam stripping
• Ion exchange
• Break-point chlorination
• Activated carbon
Many alternatives for nutrient removal
13
BNR = Biological Nutrient Removal.
Phosphorus and nitrogen.
PHOSPHORUS CONTROL NITROGEN CONTROL
Physical/
Chemical
Processes
Biological
Processes
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Struvite Precipitation
• Ammonification (hydrolysis)
• Nitrification
• Denitrification
• Deammonification (anammox)
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus
Removal
• “Luxury Uptake”
• “Bio-P Removal”
• Phoredox (AO)
14. Applying BNR lessons from Mother Nature
14“We’ve come a long way, baby” - Loretta Lynn, 1978
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Barnard
introduces
PhoRedox &
Bardenpho in
South Africa
U.S. patents
for A/O, A2O,
etc.
Primary sludge
fermentation
in northwest
U.S. and
Canada
Deammonification
Struvite Recovery
1970’s 1980’s 1990’s 2000’s
S2EBPR
2010’s
15. In hindsight…side-stream RAS anaerobic zone,
chemical P recovery, mainstream P uptake
• High-rate activated sludge
• No nitrification
• All influent to aeration basin
• RAS stripper tank
• 30-40 hr SRT
• P release from deep anaerobic conditions
• Supernatant treated with lime
• P removed as calcium hydroxy-apatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
• Fuhs & Chen find phosphate accumulating
organism (PAO) Acinetobacter
Early phosphorus removal
Aerated Settling
Effluent
Stripper
Wasted
Biomass
Return Biomass
Influent
Wastewater
Lime
P-enriched
Lime Sludge
Phostrip Process (1962)
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
15
16. Barnard’s original pilot had side-stream
anaerobic zone with mixed liquor fermentation
• Fermenter basin not deemed important at the time
• Excellent phosphorus removal resulted that could not be
replicated in laboratory
• Barnard suggested biomass (with PAO) should pass through
anaerobic phase with low ORP to trigger EBPR
• Suggested Phoredox process by adding anaerobic zone
Mixed liquor fermentation (MLF)
Waste
Activated
Sludge
100 m3/d Daspoort Pretoria WWTP Pilot (Barnard, 1972)
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
16
17. Researchers found Accummulibacter predominant PAO
L e g e n d
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
Anaerobic Anoxic Aerobic
Reduced Nitrates to Anaerobic zone
Phoredox process flow sheets
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
17
18. • Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) drive
EBPR mechanism of phosphate
accumulating organisms (PAO)
• Anaerobic zone required
• Mixture of VFAs required for PAO
to thrive
Conventional EBPR thinking
Acetic
47%
Propionic
40%
Butyric
8%Isobutyric
2%
2-Methylbutyric
1% Isovaleric
1% Valeric
1%
Fermentate Analysis
Wakarusa WRF (Lawrence, KS 2007)
PAO Luxury Uptake Mechanism
(Fuhs & Chen, 1975)
Oxic
(Aerobic)
Anaerobic
VFA
First Fermenter Kelowna BC, 1979
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
18
19. 10-mgd WWTP saving
$80,000 per year with
EBPR instead of chemicals
• Collection system odor
control projects “robbed” VFA
• Different alternatives
over 11-yr period:
• Alum
• Molasses (boost rbCOD)
• Fermentation (boost VFA)
• Now ferment in primary
clarifiers, PS fermenter and
anaerobic zones
19
Case study of EBPR optimization
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
10-mgd Eagles Point WWTP
Cottage Grove, MN
20. Example of EBPR + filters:
McDowell Creek WWTP
October 19, 2016
20
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
From Schauer, P. and deBarbadillo, C. (2009) Pushing the Envelope with Low Phosphorus Limits, PNCWA
21. Example of chemical P removal + filters:
Northwest Cobb WRF
October 19, 2016
21
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
From Schauer, P. and deBarbadillo, C. (2009) Pushing the Envelope with Low Phosphorus Limits, PNCWA
22. Westbank with Fermenter
TN < 6 mg/L
BOD < 5 mg/L
TSS < 2 mg/L
TP < 0.15 mg/L
Westside Regional WWTP, aka “West
Bank WWTP” (West Kelowna, BC)
X
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22
Regional District of
Central Okanagan
23. Westside Regional WWTP
Primary Anaerob Anoxic 1 Anoxic 2 Anoxic 3 Aerobic 1 Aerobic 2 Aerobic 3
5.36 20.56 2.20 1.84 1.60 0.50 0.20 0.03
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Primary
Anaerob
Anoxic1
Anoxic2
Anoxic3
Aerobic1
Aerobic2
Aerobic3
Phosphorus
mg/L
P uptake in Anoxic and Aerobic Zones
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
23
Tetrasphaera ferment and denitrify. Non-
filamentous variety also PAO.
Non-filamentous
Tetrasphaera
24. • Mixed Liquor Fermenters
• Sacramento, CA
• Olathe, KS
• Pinery AWWTP, CO
• Henderson, NV
• Blue Lake & Seneca WWTP, MN
• Joppatowne, MD
• South Cary, NC
• St. Cloud, MN
Other U.S. examples of
side-stream EBPR (S2EBPR)
Off-line MLF Basin with 5-stage Bardenpho
5.3-mgd Cedar Creek WWTP
(Olathe, Kansas)
S2EBPR Design for 181-mgd BNR
EchoWater Project
(Sacramento, California)
Anaerobic Anaerobic Anoxic
OFFONInfluent
RAS MLR
In-line MLF (Pinery, Henderson, St. Cloud, etc.)
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
24
25. S2EBPR retrofits easier than conventional EBPR
S2EBPR in 75+ facilities in 10+ configurations
October 19, 2016
25
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26. Dunlap et al., 2016; Stokholm-Bjerregaard et al., 2015
• Side-stream promotes PAO species
Tetrasphaera, which also ferments higher
carbon to VFA
• Accumulibacter PAO use VFA produced by
Tetrasphaera, which also denitrify under
anoxic conditions
Latest research: S2EBPR performs better
than conventional EBPR
October 19, 2016
26
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• Side-stream protected from wet weather flows
• Why did we miss this until now?
• Tetrasphaera need ORP -300 mV; most anaerobic zones struggle to get -150 mV
• Impossible to achieve with NO3 or DO present
• Turbulence, air entrainment, or coarse bubble
air mixing prevent low ORP
• Mixing energy too high (>0.08 hp/kcf)
• Weak primary effluent dilutes VFA
27. • Static mixing chimney
• Low-speed impellers
Energy efficient mixing is one key
October 19, 2016
27
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RAS
MLR
Primary Effluent
Anaerobic or
Anoxic Zone
Mixing
Chimney
28. IFwe need even lower TP…
October 19, 2016
28
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Exceptions to above breakpoints. Case-specific
studies recommended.
WE&T, Oct 2011, pp 52-55
0.01
0.1
1
A-Chemical
ReliableAl,FeorCa
B-Biochemically
ReliableVFA
Aand/orB
+Filtration
TertiarySystem
AnnualAverageEffluentTP(mg/L)
Tertiary Alternatives
• Chemically enhanced settling
/ filtration / DAF
• Media adsorption / IX
• Algal-based activated sludge
• RO membrane
29. Significant sustainability questions about overly
stringent TN limits for POTWs.
• Post anoxic/oxic
• 4 or 5-stage Bardenpho
• Denitrifying filter
• Deammonification vs.
imported carbon
• Point vs. non-point load
reductions. Watershed
nutrient trading?
• Stratified reservoirs
may benefit from
nitrates in hypolimnion for
HAB control (Cubas et al.,
2014).
IF we need even lower TN….
29
AX OX AX
OX
NH3-N: 0.1 to 2 mg/L
TN: 3 to 5 mg/L
TP: 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L
AN
MeOH (usually)
AX OX
NH3-N: 0.1 to 2 mg/L
TN: 3 to 5 mg/L
TP: 0.2 to 0.5 mg/L
MeOH (or equal)
AN
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
30. • Increased process stability
• Biological selector helps prevent sludge bulking,
decrease sludge volume index (SVI).
• Side benefits from denitrification
• Recover some alkalinity. Better nitrification and
effluent buffering.
• Offset some O2 demand. Potentially lower aeration
costs.
• More stable sludge blanket in secondary clarifier.
• Potential nutrient recovery
Other reasons to consider BNR besides
effluent quality
October 19, 2016
30
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32. Important for reaching energy, carbon footprint
and nutrient goals…sustainably.
Causes
• PAOs in WAS
anaerobically release
(PO4)3-, Mg2+ and K+.
• NH4
+ released later
during digestion.
Consequences
• Nutrient recycle
• Struvite scaling
• Vivianite scaling if
Fe2+ present
• Decreased biosolids
dewaterability
Making BNR work with anaerobic digestion
32
From Shimp, G.F.; Barnard, J.L.; Bott, C.B.
It’s always something. Water Environment & Technology,
June 2014, 26(6), 42-47.
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
33. Project-specific evaluation and selection
Struvite Sequestration Struvite Recovery
• Reduce nuisance scaling and deposits
• Reduce P & N recycle loads
• Improve biosolids dewaterability
• Optional fertilizer recovery add-on
• Reduce nuisance scaling and deposits
• Reduce P & N recycle loads
• Decrease P in biosolids
• Recovered fertilizer product
Turn struvite problem into the solution
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
33
34. Choices include Ostara Pearl®, MHI Multiform™, CNP AirPrex®,
Schwing Bioset/NuReSys®, KEMA Phred™, and DHV Crystalactor®
Main Goals
• Minimize nuisance
scaling and deposits
• Improve biosolids
dewaterability
• Reduce P & N
recycle loads
• Decrease P content
of biosolids
• Recover fertilizer
product
Struvite recovery/sequestration gaining
traction
October 19, 2016
34
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
36. • Minimizes ammonia return
• Digester liquors ideal for anammox
• Advantages to conventional
nitrification/denitrification:
• Much less energy
• No carbon required
• Lower alkalinity demand
Also consider side-stream
deammonification for TN
36
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Leading edge technology for digester return streams
Blue Plains AWTPBlue Plains AWTP
World’s Largest Facility
(DEMON®, Under Construction)
Pilot
■ Henrico, VA
■ Brooklyn, NY
■ Egan WRP, MWRDGC, IL
■ Robert W. Hite WRF, Denver, CO
■ Joint WPCP, Los Angeles County, CA
■ Mill Creek WWTP, Cincinnati, OH
■ St. Joseph, MO
■ Tomahawk WWTF, Johnson County, KS
Full-Scale
■ HRSD, VA
■ Alexandria, VA
■ Greeley, CO
■ Guelph, Ontario, CAN
■ Durham, NC
■ Washington, DC
■ Pierce County, WA
■ Egan WRP, MWRDGC, IL
Since 2012
38. Maximizing biological treatment of wet-weather flows
• Temporary change to contact
stabilization mode for wet-
weather flows
• “Biological contact” or
“biocontact”
• Good fit for plug-flow basins
Deep step-feed helps “weather the storm”
38
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
MJHB with Wet-Weather Step-Feed
AX OX
AN
AX
2Qavg < Q < 3Qavg
Blue River Main WWTP
Johnson County, Kansas
3-stage Modified Johannesburg
39. Another way to reduce SLR to clarifiers… temporarily.
• Transfer some RAS or MLSS to offline storage.
• Return biomass after storm flows pass.
• Good fit for complete-mix baxins, oxidation ditches, etc.
Biomass transfer accomplishes same thing
39
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
MLSS = 1,000 mg/L
(Off-loading MLSS)
MLSS = 2,300 mg/L
MLSS = 2,300 mg/L
BioWin Process Model
of RAS Transfer OperationsOffline Biomass Storage
Rogers, Arkansas
5-stage Bardenpho with Oxidation Ditch
40. Blending or auxiliary treatment for higher
peaking factors
October 19, 2016
40
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Backgrounddiagram from: U.S.EPA, Sanitary SewerOverflowsand Peak FlowsListeningSession,June 30, 2010
Backgrounddiagram from: U.S.EPA, Sanitary SewerOverflowsand Peak FlowsListeningSession,June 30, 2010
Auxiliary
41. Great Lakes HRT example
October 19, 2016
41
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Toledo, Ohio
Bay View Water Reclamation Plant
232-mgd DensaDeg HRC Facility
• Nitrifying activated sludge
with parallel HRC train
• 45 mgd average dry weather
• 70 mgd annual average
• 400 mgd peak hour
Parameter
Average Effluent
(mg/L, 2007-2009)
TSS 21
CBOD5 22
TP 0.3
42. Consider dual-use for both dry and wet
weather benefits
October 19, 2016
42
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Examples include Fox Metro, IL; Johnson County, KS;
Little Rock, AR
COMPRESSIBLEMEDIAFILTRATION
Sludge/Backwash
Primary
Clarifiers
Aeration
Secondary
Clarifiers
HRC or HRF
Degritting
Screening
Disinfection
Primary
Clarifiers
Aeration
Secondary
Clarifiers
HRC or HRF
Degritting
Screening
Disinfection
Aeration
Secondary
Clarifiers
HRC or HRF
Degritting
Screening
Disinfection
Headworks Headworks Headworks
44. BNR at lower cost, lower energy and smaller footprint
Granular activated sludge expands to U.S.
October 19, 2016
44
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
• Aqua-Aerobic Systems, Inc.
• Exclusive U.S. supplier
• Full-scale demonstration at Rock River WRD (Rockford, IL)
• Black & Veatch
• Teaming agreement with RHDHV
Granular
Activated
Sludge
Conventional
Activated
Sludge
45. Stay tuned!
• http://www.barleyprize.com/
• #barleyprize
• B&V on judging panel
Seeking radically cheaper
technology for <0.01 mg-P/L
October 19, 2016
45
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46. Site-specific optimization. No one-size-fits-all.
Side-stream EBPR (S2EBPR)
• Increase reliability of chemical-free phosphorus removal
• Increase EBPR feasibility and performance for more process flow sheets
• Lower cost than conventional EBPR
• If anaerobic digestion evaluate struvite recovery and deammonification
Wet-Weather Flows
• Optimize existing facilities with step-feed or biomass transfer
• Consider auxiliary treatment for peaking factors 3
Regulatory Strategy
• Sustainable goals must recognize site-specific water body response, influent
carbon limitations, energy/carbon footprint and nonpoint sources.
• Annual average limits. Daily, weekly, or monthly not practical for
eutrophication concern.
• TP=0 not feasible due to soluble non-reactive phosphorus (sNRP).
• TN=0 not feasible due to recalcitrant dissolved organic nitrogen (rDON).
Total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) limits vs TN. Colorado & Ohio precedence.
Summary
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
46
49. How will we meet growing phosphorus
demand?
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
From S. Van Kauwenbergh. (2010), World Phosphate
Rock Reserves and Resources. Presented at Center for
Strategic and International Studies
Recovery is
part of long-
term solution
49
50. …different fates and ecosystem responses
Different nutrients … different forms …
October 19, 2016
50
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Total
Kjeldahl
Nitrogen
(TKN)
NH3-N
ORG-N
rDON
NO2-N
NO3-N
Total
Nitrogen
(TN)
Total
Inorganic
Nitrogen
(TIN)
OP or
PO4-P
ORG-P
Total
Phosphorus
(TP)
Reactive
Phosphorus
sNRP
51. Potentially lower life-cycle costs
Why consider enhanced biological phosphorus
removal (EBPR)?
2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5
RelativeLifeCycleCost
Effluent TP in mg/L
Chemical Addition
Conversion
to EBPR
October 19, 2016
51
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52. Each POTW is different.
• Not just BOD, TSS, NH3-
N and TP
• Influent fractions of
C, N and P species
• VFAs for EBPR
• Readily biodegradable
COD (rbCOD) for
denitrification
• Daily and seasonal
variations
• Bad odors usually
good sign for BNR
Special sampling study for BNR planning and
optimized design
52
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
VFA/rbCOD ratio
rbCOD/OPratio
Reedy Creek (South Carolina)
McDowell Creek (North Carolina)
Reliable EBPR
above the
curve
EBPR model
curveNo
Fermentation
HRSD VIP (Virginia)
Eagles Point WWTP (Minnesota)
With
Fermentation
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
53. • Measure influent TKN
and Ammonia
• RDON can only be
measured from full-scale
or pilot activated sludge
BNR plant to remove all
forms of biodegradable
nitrogen.
• TIN better indicator of
activated sludge
performance than TN.
Nitrogen fractions
Total
Kjeldahl
Nitrogen
(TKN)
NH3-N
ORG-N
rDON
NO2-N
NO3-N
Total
Nitrogen
(TN)
Total
Inorganic
Nitrogen
(TIN)
October 19, 2016
53
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
54. • Measure influent OP after
acid digestion to determine
total reactive phosphorus
• sNRP can only be measured
from full-scale or pilot
activated sludge plant.
Phosphorus fractions
OP or
PO4-P
ORG-P
sNRP
Total
Phosphorus
(TP)
Reactive
Phosphorus
October 19, 2016
54
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
55. Example of conventional EBPR
October 19, 2016
55
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
However…EBPR observed in full-scale facilities
without mainstream anaerobic zone.
OxicCell 1
AnaerobicCell3
effluent
Mixers
24-mgd Clean Water Plant
Wyoming, Michigan
56. Adsorption without metal salt dosing
• Polymeric metal oxide media
developed by Asahi
• In-situ regeneration with NaOH
• Long-term pilots in U.S. and
Japan
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Cross sectionExterior Surface Internal Structure
Fibril
Cavities
Cross sectionExterior Surface Internal Structure
Fibril
Cavities
ExteriorSurface Cross Section Internal Structure
• 0.13-mgd demonstration at Kasumigaura Lake WWTP
(near Tokyo) averaged TP < 0.03 mg/L during first year
• 10-mgd facility on hold, pending ultralow permit limits 56
57. Another S2EBPR example
October 19, 2016
57
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
MLE process exhibited EBPR performance
Iowa Hill WWTF (Breckenridge, CO)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
EffluentOrthoPmg/L
9/8/2011 9/9/2011 9/10/2011
Courtesy: Chris Maher, Upper Blue Sanitation District
58. • Step-Feed Denitrification – No ML recycle pumping, but limits
denite capacity.
• Oxidation Ditch – Bio-denitro™, Oxystream™, Carousel®, and
others. Can use ditch velocity instead of separate pumps to
recycle mixed liquor in some cases.
• Cycled Aeration – alternate anoxic/oxic
• Small Footprint Options
Lots of variations on MLE and BNR themes
October 19, 2016
58
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Suspended Growth Fixed-Film Hybrid
Sequencing Batch Reactor
(SBR)
Biologically Active Filter
(BAF)
Integrated Fixed-Film
Activated Sludge (IFAS)
•Static media
•Moving media
Membrane Bioreactor
(MBR)
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor
(MBBR)
Magnetite Ballasted
Biomass (BioMag™)
Granular Activated Sludge
59. 3-stage usually offers most bang for buck.
Many different configurations and variations.
Anaerobic Zone
• No DO and no NOX
• Fermentation
• P release
• Biomass selector
MLE process can be added for TN control
59
Anoxic Zone
• DO < 0.5 mg/L
• NOX from ML recycle
• Heterotrophic
denitrification
Oxic Zone
• DO: 2-3 mg/L
• P uptake and removal with WAS
• Autotrophic nitrification
• Heterotrophic BOD removal
OXAnoxic Typical Range (not TBEL)
TP: 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L
NH3-N: 0.1 to 2 mg/L
TN: 6 to 10 mg/L
AN
AX
Mixed Liquor Recycle
Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE)
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
60. Site-specific process modeling and cost evaluations
Step-Feed Alternative
• No mixed liquor recycle
pumping lower energy
• Modest denitrification
• O2 & ALK benefits
• Process stability
• Evaluate ammonia bleed-
through
Consider step-feed anoxic zones vs. MLE
October 19, 2016
60
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
AnoxicAnoxic/Oxic
Swing Zone
Mixers
ML Recycle
Pump
PrimaryEffluent
130-mgd Mill Creek WWTP, Cincinnati, OH
BNR Alternatives Study
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1Q 2Q 3Q 4Q 5Q 6Q 7Q 8Q
EffluentNO3,mg/L
Mixed Liquor Recycle Ratio
Inf TKN = 30 mg/L
61. Tertiary P removal strategies
October 19, 2016
61
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Also dissolved air flotation (DAF), algal-based
systems, low-pressure membrane filters (MBR
or tertiary) and reverse osmosis alternatives
A
Chemically
Enhanced
Clarification
and Polishing
Filters
B
Chemically
Enhanced
Two-Stage
Filters
C
Filtration and
Adsorption
Media with P
Recovery
A
Chemically
Enhanced
Clarification
(CEC) and
Polishing
Filters
62. 62
CEC generally involves 4 steps
1. Coagulant Addition. Rapid mix. Add metal salt and/or cationic
polymer to “break” colloids (de-emulsify)
3. Flocculation. Medium to low turbulence.
Build floc and “sweep” small particles into
floc. Enhance floc settling.
4. Clarification. Non-turbulent.
Separate solids from liquids.
2. Flocculant Addition. Rapid mix. Add anionic or nonionic
polymer. Optional if steps 1 and 3 are ideal.
Turbulence
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
63. Jar tests to evaluate and guide full-scale optimization
• Coagulation
• Al3+/Fe3+/Ca2+ dose
• Alkalinity/pH
• Rapid mixing criteria
• Flocculation
• Polymer type and dose
• Rapid mixing criteria
• Slow mixing criteria
• Sludge recirculation
Steps 1-3 determine success
63
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
• Coagulant dose higher than PO4 precipitation alone
• Metal hydroxyl floc formation
• pH/alkalinity
• Deflocculation from monovalent cations
64. 64
Clarification mechanisms
Gravimetric
Filtration*
* Generally requires particle conditioning, depends upon waste and filter type.
Flotation
Settling
Surface Charge
Neutralization
Coagulation
Co-precipitation
Flocculation
Adsorption
Particle Conditioning
Sieving (Surface) Adsorption (Depth)
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
65. CEC example - Durham AWTF (Tigard, OR)
October 19, 2016
65
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Conventional drinking water technologies
Tertiary clarifier with paddle
flocculator Dual media granular filters
66. Other full-scale examples
October 19, 2016
66
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Facility
Capacity
(mgd)
Technology
Average
Effluent TP
(mg/L)
Farmers Korner WWTF
(Breckenridge, CO)
3
EBPR, alum, tube settlers,
mixed media filters
0.002 - 0.04
Snake River WWTP
(Summit County, CO)
2.6
Alum, plate settlers, mixed
media filters
<0.01 – 0.04
Rock Creek AWTF
(Hillsboro, OR)
39
EBPR, alum, tertiary clarifiers,
granular media filters
0.04 – 0.09
Durham AWTF (Tigard, OR) 24
EBPR, alum, tertiary clarifiers,
granular media filters
0.05 – 0.1
F. Wayne Hill WRC
(Gwinnett County, GA)
60
EBPR, lime, tertiary clarifiers,
filters, membranes
<0.08
Alexandria AWWTP
(Alexandria, VA)
54
EBPR, ferric, alum, plate
settlers, dual media filters
0.04 – 0.1
Upper Occoquan WRP
(Centreville, VA)
42
High lime clarification,
multimedia granular filters
0.02 – 0.1
Noman Cole WPCP
(Fairfax County, VA)
67
EBPR, ferric, tertiary clarifiers,
dual/mono media filters
0.02 – 0.13
From USEPA (2007) Advanced Wastewater Treatment to Achieve Low Concentration of Phosphorus, EPA 910-R-07-
002 and Schauer, P. and deBarbadillo, C. (2009) Pushing the Envelope with Low Phosphorus Limits, PNCWA
68. Full-scale examples with high-rate CEC
About another 27 DensaDegs, 171 ACTIFLOs, 12
BioMags and 8 CoMags treating wastewater since 1989
Facility
Capacity
(mgd)
Technology
Average
Effluent TP
(mg/L)
Iowa Hill WWTF
(Breckenridge, CO)
1.5
Alum, DensaDeg,
DynaSand filter
0.017 - 0.13
Flat Creek WRF
(Gainesville, GA)
20 EBPR, alum, DensaDeg <0.13
South Lyon CWP (South
Lyon, MI)
4 Alum, Actiflo <0.07
Metro Syracuse WWTP
(Onandaga County, NY)
126 PACl / ferric, Actiflo 0.05 – 0.09
Sturbridge WPCF
(Sturbridge, MA)
1.6
BioMag BNR, alum,
CoMag
0.039
Billerica WWTP
(Billerica, MA)
5.5 Alum, CoMag 0.036
68
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
From USEPA (2007) Advanced Wastewater Treatment to Achieve Low Concentration of Phosphorus, EPA 910-
R-07-002 and case study material from Degremont (2008), Kruger (2012), and Evoqua (2015).
69. Tertiary P removal strategies
October 19, 2016
69
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Also dissolved air flotation (DAF), algal-based
systems, low-pressure membrane filters (MBR
or tertiary) and reverse osmosis alternatives
A
Chemically
Enhanced
Clarification
and Polishing
Filters
B
Chemically
Enhanced
Two-Stage
Filters
C
Filtration and
Adsorption
Media with P
Recovery
B
Chemically
Enhanced
Two-Stage
Filters
70. Blue PRO®: ferric oxide coated sand filter
70
Potential PROS
• Continuous backwash and sand
regeneration
• 30% less chemical than other
technologies
• Hydrous ferric oxide return
• Small footprint
Potential CONS
• Higher headloss than
settling alternatives
Fe3+
final
effluent
secondary
effluent
mixer Continuous
backwash
sand filter
reject
Fe3+
mixer
reject
Continuous
backwash
sand filter
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
adapted from Benish et al. (2007)
71. DynaSand® D2: co-precipitation + sand filter
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71
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Similar pros and cons as Blue PRO®
Al3+
final
effluent
secondary
effluent
mixer
DynaSand
Deep Bed
DynaSand
Standard
Bed
reject
AL3+
mixer
adapted from Benish et al. (2007)
72. Full-scale examples with chemically
enhanced two-stage filters
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Facility
Capacity
(mgd)
Technology
Average
Effluent TP
(mg/L)
Hayden Regional WWTP
(Hayden, ID)
0.25 Ferric, Blue PRO 0.009 – 0.036
Stamford WWTP
(Stamford, NY)
0.5
Poly-aluminum-silicate-
sulfate (PASS), DynaSand D2
0.005 – 0.06
Walton WWTP
(Walton, NY)
1.55 PACl, DynaSand D2 0.005 – 0.06
Manotick WWTP
(Ontario, Canada)
0.04 DynaSand D2 <0.03
October 19, 2016
72
From USEPA (2007) Advanced Wastewater Treatment to Achieve Low Concentration of Phosphorus, EPA
910-R-07-002 and Schauer, P. and deBarbadillo, C. (2009) Pushing the Envelope with Low Phosphorus
Limits, PNCWA
73. DynaSand® D2 dual sand filtrationActiflo® + sand filters
ZeeweedTM tertiary ultrafiltration
membranes
Side-by-side piloting at Lakeshore WPCP
(Innisfil, Ontario)
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Blue PRO® dual reactive sand
filtration
October 19, 2016
73
74. Ultra low P effluent from all technologies
during steady-state and diurnal phases
October 19, 2016
74
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Similar results from comparative piloting including
Westborough, MA (Hart et al., 2009); Coeur d’Alene, ID
(Benisch et al. ,2007); Spokane, WA (Esvelt et al., 2010)
From deBarbadillo et al. (2009) Lakeshore Water Pollution Control Plant
Phosphorus Removal Pilot Testing
75. Tertiary P removal strategies
October 19, 2016
75
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Also dissolved air flotation (DAF), algal-based
systems, low-pressure membrane filters (MBR
or tertiary) and reverse osmosis alternatives
A
Chemically
Enhanced
Clarification
and Polishing
Filters
B
Chemically
Enhanced
Two-Stage
Filters
C
Filtration and
Adsorption
Media with P
Recovery
C
Filtration and
Adsorption
Media with P
Recovery
76. • Granulated ferric oxides
• Activated aluminum oxides
• New polymeric metal oxide
• High selectivity for phosphate over competing anions
PO4
3- >> F- > SO4
2- > Br- , Cl-, NO2
- , NO3
-
• High breakthrough capacity even at high flow rate
• Repeatable adsorption/desorption cycle
Adsorption media alternatives
October 19, 2016
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Average diameter 0.55 mm
True density of raw material 28 lbs/gal
Bulk density of beads 2.9 lbs/gal
Porosity 85%
Adsorption capacity 15 g-P/L-R
Resistance to acid & alkali pH 2 to 14
77. Removal and recovery process
In situ media regeneration. Phosphorus recovery.
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Secondary
Effluent Filter Treated
Water
Solid/liquid
separation
pH
Control
Tank
A C
Precipitation
Reactor
Desorption
Tank
Lime
Tank
B
Acid
Tank
Caustic
Tank
Adsorption
Towers
Adsorption
Desorption
Recovery
Neutralization
Carrousel Operation
Two columns in series
Third columnstand-by
Waste
Phosphorus-Laden
Solids
77
78. U.S. pilot confirmed long-term piloting in
Japan
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Percentage of measurements at or below value
(Phase 1A, 1B, 2, & 3)
FinalEffluentPSpecies(mg/L)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
FinalEffluentTSS(mg/L)and
Turbidity(NTU)
OP (Hourly Online Data)
OP (Daily Composite Lab Data)
TP (Daily Composite Lab Data)
Dissolved TP (Grab)
Soluble Non-reactive P (Grab)
Turbidity (Daily Composite)
TSS (Daily Composite)
78
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
From Fitzpatrick et al. (2010) First U.S. Pilot of a New Media for Phosphorus
Removal and Recovery, WEFTEC
79. Status of adsorption technology
• Polymeric metal oxide media
developed by Asahi
• In-situ regeneration with NaOH
• Long-term pilots successful in
U.S. and Japan
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Cross sectionExterior Surface Internal Structure
Fibril
Cavities
Cross sectionExterior Surface Internal Structure
Fibril
Cavities
ExteriorSurface Cross Section Internal Structure
• 0.13-mgd demonstration at Kasumigaura Lake WWTP
(near Tokyo) averaged TP < 0.03 mg/L during first year
• 10-mgd facility designed, pending ultralow permit limits 79
80. Concept for ultra-low P and recovery
without Fe, Al or Ca salts
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Slud
ge
Anaerobic
Digestion
Dewatering
Centrifuge
Biosolids
Primary Clarifiers Activated Sludge EBPR
Thickening
Centrifuge
Fermenter
& Thickener
Struvite Fertilizer
VFA Effluent Filter
Anaerobic
Release
Tank
Struvite
Reactor
Mg2+
(PO4)3-
Mg2+
K+
NH4
+
Phosphorus
Adsorption
Media
Desorption
Fluid
(PO4)3-, OH-
OH-
WASSTRIP®
and Struvite
Recovery
ASAHI
H+
MgNH4(PO4)·6H2O 80
K+
10% (PO4)3-
80% (NH4)+
81. BNR design must account for nutrients from
biosolids dewatering
October 19, 2016
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Anaerobic
Digestion
Dewatering
Biosolids
Primary Clarifiers Anaerobic | Oxic
Thickening
Particulate P
Chemical Precipitation
WAS
with
PAOs
(PO4)3-, Mg2+, K+, NH4
+
Particulate N & P
N & P in cells
NH4
+
(PO4)3-, Mg2+, K+
Secondary Clarifiers
Typical Range (not TBEL)
NH3-N = 0.1 to 2 mg/L
TP = 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L
82. Wet-weather flows = entirely different
environmental conditions
Opposite ends of the permitting spectrum
82
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0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
MaumeeRiverFlowRate(cfs)
WPCP Daily Average Flow Rate (mgd)
8/2/2007 - 7/31/2013 Flow Data
Maumee @ Coliseum Blvd Maumee @ Anthony Blvd 36 cfs
Existing permit used
36 cfs as Q7,10 for
low-flow WQBELs
Existingpermitaverage
design=60mgd
Existingpermitpeak
design=70mgd
Future Permit Conditions
Design Average = 74 mgd
Design Peak = 85 to 100 mgd
Fort Wayne, Indiana (8/2/2007 - 7/31/2013)
83. Clarification alternatives
October 19, 2016
83
Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
Settling-Based Filtration-Based Flotation-Based
1. Conventional Settling
-Rectangular, Circular, Square, RTB, Shaft
1. Shallow Granular Media 1. Conventional
Floatables Removal
-Skimmers, Scum baffles2. Vortex (Swirl Concentrator) 2. Deep Granular Media
3. Lamella Settler 3. Microscreens, Woven Media
-Salsnes Filter, Eco MAT™ Filter
2. Dissolved Air Flotation
(DAF)
4. Chemically Enhanced Settling
4. Floating Media
-MetaWater HRFS, BKT BBF-F
a. Conventional Basin
b. Sequencing Batch
- e.g. ClearCove Harvester™
c. Lamella Settler 5. Pile Cloth Media
-Aqua-Aerobic Systems 3. Polymer-aided DAF
-Various suppliersd. Solids Contact / Recirculation
- e.g. DensaDeg®, CONTRAFAST®
6. Compressible Media
-Fuzzy Filter™, WWETCO FlexFilter™
e. Ballasted Flocculation
- Microsand (e.g. ACTIFLO®, RapiSand™)
- Magnetite (e.g CoMag™)
7. Fixed-Film Contact
-Biological Aerated Filter (BAF),
BioFlexFilter™
4. Biocontact + DAF
-Captivator®
5. Suspended Growth Contact
-BIOACTIFLO™, BioMag™, Bio-CES
Enhanced RemovalSmall Footprint (High-Rate Treatment)Primary Removal Equivalent *
* If coagulation/flocculation provided, HRT EHRT (in some cases)
84. • Generally not. Stick closely to 40 CFR 133 definition:
• Monthly average. Across entire POTW.
• 001, A01, B01 approach is reasonable for blending or auxiliary treatment.
• 85% metric not appropriate for separate peak flow discharge.
Is 85% removal reasonable
during peak flows?
October 19, 2016
84
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Event 1 Event 2 Event 3
RemovalthroughActivated
SludgeProcess
Bay View WRP - Toledo, Ohio
Peak Flow Pathogen Removal Study (2011-Present)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) Bichemical Oxygen Demand, 5-day (BOD5)
Nelson WWTP - Johnson County, Kansas
Wet Weather Flow Study (2003-2008)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
NelsonWWTPBODRemoval,%
Nelson WWTPCollection System Flow Rate, mgd
NormalConditions
PeakWet WeatherFlows
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0100200300400500600700800900
NelsonWWTPBODRemoval,%
Nelson WWTPInfluent BOD, mg/L
NormalConditions
PeakWet WeatherFlows
85. Are we focused on the right problem?
CDC 2009-2010 report ~50% of outbreaks in
U.S. surface waters were associated with
cyanobacteria toxins…not pathogens
October 19, 2016
85
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http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6301a2.htm#fig1
Only 22% (296 of
1326 cases) were
untreated venues
86. Longer term average limits and flow-tiered WQBEL
offer compliance remedies.
Expect short-term higher effluent levels
during peak wet-weather flows
86
October 19, 2016Fitzpatrick & Barnard | More Affordable, Reliable and Recoverable Nutrient Removal |
GPS-X Model Predictions for Wet-Weather Evaluation
P.L. Brunner WPCP (Fort Wayne, Indiana)
MonthlyNH3–N Limit
1.8 mg/l
DailyNH3–N Limit
4.2 mg/l
Overly
Stringent?
87. • Flow-tiered WLA and WQBEL.
• Determine receiving stream flow rate and mixing zone
above which there is no reasonable potential to exceed
facility’s wasteload allocation (WLA).
• Average weekly limits. Different statistics than
MDL. Ohio, Missouri and others.
• WLA based on dynamic water quality model instead
of steady-state.
• More accurately reflects actual environmental fate and
transport.
• More widely available and accepted now than when
recommended by USEPA guidance (1991).
Potentially better alternatives to overly
stringent maximum daily limits
October 19, 2016
87
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88. Standard approach may lead to
overly stringent MDL based on
chronic instead of acute
Scrutinize WQBEL
derivation procedures
October 19, 2016
88
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Source: Technical Support Document for Water Quality-
based Toxics Control, EPA/505/2-90-001, March 1991
89. State-of-the-art guidance includes:
October 19, 2016
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Sustainable solutions require site-specific plans,
design and management