waste water treatment in pharmcuetical industry and envirometal impact with soluttion and preventive methods.it is actually linked with practicall and theortical and the problem that cause during waste water treatment with its solutio.it is mainly in pharmacutical industry found in adigrat town .

1. 1
ADIGRAT UNIVERSITY
COLELEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
COURSE TITTLE BASIC ENVIROMENTAL ENGINEERING
COURSE CODE ChEg 3161
PROJECT WASTE WATER TREATMENT IN PHARMACUETICAL FACTORY
STUDENT NAME ID NO. SECTION ONE
1. LETEBRHAN BAHTA……………………………. 0963/06
2. LETU DESALEGN…………………………………0969/06
3. MEKONEN G/WAHID……………………………….1064/06
4 .MIHRET G/MESKEL…………………………………..1121/06
5. TEKLAY GODEFA………..……………………………1429/06
SUBMITTED TO INSTRUCTUR Mebrhatom H. SUBMISSION DATE
20/09/2008 E.C

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Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………1
1. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….2
2. Literature review……………………………………………………………………..3
2.1 modern waste water treatment in pharmaceutical………………………………….4
2.2 Why should waste water be treated before disposal………………………………..5
3. Method of waste water treatment in pharmaceutical industry……………………….7
3.1 physical unit operation……………………………………………………………….8
3.2 chemical unit processes…………………………………………………………… .9
3.3 biological unit processes……………………………………………………………10
4. Statement of the problem…………………………………………………………….10
4.1 major unit operation construction and vessel size…………………………………..10
4.2 processes flow diagram or flow sheet……………………………………………….11
5. Processes and raw material used to treat ww in pharmaceutical……………………..11
6. Site selection and economic analysis in pharmaceutical……………………………..13
6.2 Location of the plant in pharmaceuticals industry………..………………….……..14
6.3 economical analysis in pharmaceutical industry…………………………………….15
7 .Environmental impact and analysis solution………………………………………….17
7.1. Impact of waste water in environment……………………..……………………...17
7.2. Controlling pollution air in pharmaceuticals industry………………..……………17

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Acknowledgement
First and for most we would like to say thank to god as well as to who giving information how to
do this project.

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List of figure
Fig1 membrane filtration technology
Fig3 typical waste water treatment in pharmaceutical

5. 5
List of abbreviations
AOP Advance oxidation processes
API active pharmaceutical ingredient
BOD Biological oxygen demand
COD Chemical oxygen demand
MBR membrane bioreactor
TSS total suspended solid
UV ultraviolet
WWT waste water treatment

6. 6
Abstract
The main purpose of Sewage treatment process is to remove the various constituents of
the polluting load: solids, organic carbon, nutrients, inorganic salts, metals, and
pathogen.
And also to solve problem in waste water treatment in pharmaceutical factories
properly designing unit operation and selective material that used to constructed unit
operation in order to maximize its profit.
Pharmaceuticals have an important role in the treatment and prevention of disease in
both humans and animals. Since they are designed either to be highly active or interact
with receptors in humans and animals or to be toxic for many infectious organisms, they
may also have unintended effects on animals and microorganisms in the environment.
Traditional wastewater treatment methods, such as activated sludge, are not sufficient
for the complete removal of active pharmaceutical ingredients and other wastewater
constituents from these waters. As a result, complementary treatment methods such as
membrane filtration, reverse osmosis and activated carbon are often used in
conjunction with the traditional methods for treatment of industrial wastewater. The
evaluation of the treatment methods of activated sludge, advanced membrane treatment,
and constructed wetlands help to determine which of these options should be improved
or replaced by different strategies. Additionally, there are other ways of solving this
issue, such as developing more environmentally-friendly drugs and different ways of
treating health problems.

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1. Introduction
In this study, wastewater was collected from a pharmaceutical company manufacturing
antibiotics (penicillin). Two distinct wastewater streams are produced on-site: a strong
stream corresponding to the formulation effluent and characterized by very high organic
load and a weak stream.
Pharmaceutical wastewater generated by an antibiotics (penicillin) company was treated by
aerobic membrane bioreactor Pharmaceutical wastewater is generally characterized by high
toxicity and the presence of refractory compounds that limit its biodegradability, making it a
potential threat to the natural environment and to wastewater treatment plants, and sequencing
batch reactor .
Pharmaceuticals have an important role in the treatment and prevention of disease in both
humans and animals. Since they are designed either to be highly active or interact with receptors
in humans and animals or to be toxic for many infectious organisms, they may also have
unintended. Therefore, the occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in the environment and
their potential effects on human and environmental health has become an active subject matter of
actual research. The manufacturing of pharmaceutical compounds typically involves a variety of
stages including conversion of natural substances into pharmaceutical ingredients through
fermentation and extraction processes and mostly chemical synthesis.
Water is the main component which is used in all type industries. it may use
 Dilution
 Formation and condensing of steam
Pharmaceuticals are being used at an increasing rate, and end up in wastewater through
excretion and disposal. They also end up in the effluent water of wastewater treatment plants
Pharmaceutical wastewater streams.
Because they are not specifically designed for pharmaceutical removal be difficult to treat with
conventional physical/chemical and biological treatment systems. High chemical oxygen demand
(COD), variable strength waste streams, and shock loads are just a few of the conditions that

8. 8
limit the effectiveness of these conventional systems. Activated sludge is a common method for
wastewater treatment; this is a biological treatment method in which microorganisms.
In general from treatment objectives were concerned with
i. The removal of suspended and floatable material from wastewater,
ii. The treatment of biodegradable organics (BOD removal) and
iii. The elimination of disease-causing pathogenic micro-organisms
Anaerobic treatment is an energy generating process, in contrast to aerobic systems that
generally demand a high energy input for aeration purpose
Pharmaceutical industry represents a range of industries with operation and processes as diversas
its product. Hence effluents coming from pharmaceutical industries vary from industry to
industry. Thus it is almost impossible to describe a typical pharmaceutical effluent because of
such diversity. Waste water is generally evaluated in terms of temp, pH, Total suspended solid
(TSS), BOD, COD, oil & grease, chlorides and sulphates. These methods are broadly
categorized into physic-chemical, biological and advanced oxidation processes.
generation in pharmaceutical industries
2 literature review
Waste water treatment in pharmaceutical industry
Traditional end of pipe solutions for dealing with effluents coming out of the production plant
have being gradually substituted for an increasingly decentralized approach to treat selected
wastewater streams in the most effective and economically sound way.
Moreover, additional goals like reducing overall effluent emissions by reusing treated
wastewater towards zero-discharge strategies or minimizing waste generation and disposal costs
have been gradually incorporated to a growingly holistic water and wastewater management
approach.
The future of industrial wastewater treatment has mainly two
 Both the monitoring and abatement of trace pollutants
 minimize costs and optimize resource consumption
As in many other industrial branches, production managers at the pharmaceutical industry are

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Adopting an increasingly decentralized approach when dealing with well characterized waste
water streams. The removal efficiency of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products,
Pharmaceutical Active Components and Endocrine Disruptive Components has been
tested for many different technologies which are available. Results vary from zero abatement
effectively by traditional coagulation and flocculation processes (alum &ferric chloride) to high
and very high removal rates as those achieved by active carbon filtration, biological degradation,
membrane filtration technology.
Such as
 reverse osmosis
 ultra filtration at membrane biological reactors
 Advanced Oxidation Processes like ozonation1, hydrogen peroxide with radiation
from UV light
The main purpose of modern effluent treatment are reduce the overall footprint of the wastewater
treatment plant by implementing state .
 the art MBR technology and/or a modular design approach
 in activate streams containing biologically active ingredients (e.g. hormones, antigens,
etc.)by means of thermal sterilization technology
 eliminate pharmaceuticals implementing advanced oxidation processes (e.g. ozonation)
2.1 modern waste water treatment at pharmaceutical production environment
they are not the only technological approaches available for production managers in the
pharmaceutical and life science industry.
For instance, membrane technology is more broadly implemented than only as ultra filtration
modules in MBRs. One very interesting application is that of reverse osmosis modules as tertiary
treatment after a biological treatment stage (most likely based on MBR technology).
The potential of reverse osmosis membranes to retain in their concentrate phase almost every

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dissolved substance (including monovalent ions), makes this technology a very suitable solution
for final treatment of industrial effluents containing micro pollutants.
Fig 1 membrane filtration technology
Other options available to eliminate micro-pollutants from effluents generated at a
pharmaceutical production site are active carbon adsorption, anaerobic treatment and thermal
inactivation. As a matter of fact, MBR technology has become the standard keystone in almost
every state-of the art wastewater treatment plant in the pharmaceutical industry. Thus MBR
played a major role.
Wastewater was analyzed and segregated into three main effluents which are treated in two
parallel line based basically on MBR and reverse osmosis technologies.
The different characteristics of membrane filtration determine the efficiency of pharmaceutical
removal during the wastewater treatment method of advanced membrane treatment.
Nan filtration and reverse osmosis membranes both have structures that are very tight, but are
still semi-permeable to some pharmaceuticals.
2.2 Why should Wastewater be treated before disposal?
Wastewater treatment involves breakdown of complex organic compounds in the
Wastewater into simpler compounds that are stable and nuisance-free, either physicochemical
and or by using biological treatment.

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The adverse environmental impact of allowing untreated wastewater to be discharged in
groundwater or surface water bodies and/or land is as follow
(i) The decomposition of the organic materials contained in wastewater can lead to the
production of large quantities of malodorous gases,
(ii) Untreated wastewater containing a large amount of organic matter, if discharged into a
river/stream, will consume the dissolved oxygen for satisfying the biochemical oxygen demand
of wastewater .treatment of waste water in pharmaceutical industry employ a wide array of
wwt and disposal method.
Waste generate from industry vary not only in composition but also in magnitude (volume) by
plant. And even time depending on raw material and the processes used in manufacturing of
various pharmaceutical processes.
Hence it is very difficult to specify a particular treatment system for such a diversified
pharmaceutical industry. Many alternative treatment processes are available to deal with the
wide array of waste produced from this industry. Various treatment methods employed for
treating pharmaceutical waste fall into one of the following category:
1. Physico-Chemical Treatment
2. Biological Treatment Method
3. Advanced Oxidation Process(AOP)
2.21 Physio-chemical treatment options
These technologies include membrane separation chemical, removal activated carbon
chlorination and other novel approaches. The efficiency of these methods for the treatment of
pharmaceutical.
2.2.1.1 Membrane processes
Several membrane types and applications were evaluated for the removal of APIs at pilot and
full scale. including microfiltration ,ultra filtration, nano filtration, reverse osmosis, Membrane
bioreactors and combinations of membranes
Microfiltration and ultra filtration are generally not fully effective in removing organic
contaminants as pore sizes vary from 100-1000 times larger than the micro pollutants which can
slip through the membranes.
b. Chlorination

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Chlorination has been to be effective for the removal of pharmaceuticals.
 It is economical than other method of treatment.
2.2.2 Biological Treatment Methods
The biological treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater includes both aerobic and
an aerobic treatment systems. This aerobic treatment method of treatment include
 activated sludge process
 extended aeration activated sludge
Anaerobic treatment includes membrane reactors. continuously stirred
tank reactors (an aerobic digestion). Up flow filters (anaerobic filters), fluidized bed
reactors. and up flow anaerobic sludge blanket rea
3 Method of waste water treatment in pharmaceutical industry
There are several method used to treat waste water in pharmaceutical industry. these are
Physical Unit Operations.
Waste water treatment is the process of removing contaminants from domestic, industrial and
commercial waste water. It includes physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove
physical, chemical and biological contaminants. Waste water treatment generally involves three
stages, called primary, secondary and tertiary treatment
 Primary treatment; typically involves screening, grit and grease removal and
sedimentation of suspended solid materials. The settled and floating materials are
removed and the remaining liquid may be discharged or subjected to secondary
treatment.
 Secondary treatment removes dissolved and suspended biological matter including
organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and might involve both biological and chemical
processes. Secondary treatment may require a separation process to remove the micro-
organisms from the treated water prior to discharge or tertiary treatment.
 More stringent treatment (also known as tertiary treatment) is additional treatment that
follows primary and secondary processes. It is employed when primary and secondary
treatment cannot accomplish all that is required. The purpose of tertiary treatment is in
most of cases to have additional nitrogen or phosphorus removal or, where required,
removal of pathogens and/or removal of specific hazardous substance.

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There are conventional and non-conventional wastewater treatment methods which have
been proven and found to be efficient in the treatment of wastewater. Conventional methods
compared to non-conventional wastewater treatment methods has a relatively high.
Fig 3 typical waste water method in pharmacuetical
3.1 Physical Unit Operations
Common physical unit operations include among other processes screening, flow equalization,
sedimentation, clarification and aeration.
3.1.1Screening; A screen with openings of uniform size is used to remove large solids such as
cloth, which may damage process equipment, reduce the effectiveness of the ETP or contaminate
waterways.
3.1.2 Sedimentation and Filtration;
The flocs formed in flocculation (see chemical unit processes for a description of flocculation)
are large enough to be removed by gravitational settling, also known as sedimentation. This is
achieved in a tank referred to as the sedimentation tank, settling tank or clarifier.

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Sedimentation is also used to remove grit and suspended solids, to produce clarified effluent, and
to thicken the sludge produced in biological treatment.
Flocculation and sedimentation should remove most of the suspended solids and apportion of
the BOD.
3.1.3 Aeration; Aeration is required in biological treatment processes to provide oxygen to the
microorganisms that breakdown the organic waste . Two main methods are used for this, either
mechanical agitation of the water so that air from the atmosphere enters the water, or by
introducing air into the tank through diffusers.
3.2 Chemical Unit Processes
Chemical unit processes are always used with physical operations and may also be used with
biological treatment processes, although it is possible to have a purely physico-chemical plant
with no biological treatment. Chemical processes use the addition of chemicals to the wastewater
to bring about changes in its quality. They include pH control, coagulation, chemical
precipitation and oxidation.
3.2.1pH Control;
Waste from pharmaceutical industries is rarely pH neutral. Certain processes such as reactive
dyeing require large quantities of alkali but pretreatments and some washes can be acidic. It is
therefore necessary to adjust the pH in the treatment process to make the wastewater pH neutral.
This is particularly important if biological treatment is being used, as the microorganisms used in
biological treatment require a pH in the range of 6-8 and will be killed by highly acidic or alkali
wastewater. Various chemicals are used for pH control. For acidic wastes (low pH)
sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate or calcium hydroxide, may be added
among other things. For alkali wastes (high pH) sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid may be
added. Acids can cause corrosion of equipment and care must be taken in choosing which acid
to use. Hydrochloric acid is probably better from an environmental view point but can corrode
stainless steel. Therefore plastic or appropriately coated pumps and pipes must be used.
3.2.2 Chemical Coagulation and Flocculation
Coagulation is a complex process but generally refers to collecting into a larger mass the minute
solid particles dispersed in a liquid. Chemical coagulants such as aluminum sulphate (alum) or
ferric sulphate may be added to wastewater to improve the attraction of fine particles so that

15. 15
they come together and form larger particles called flocs. A chemical flocculent, usually a
polyelectrolyte, enhances the flocculation process by bringing together particles to form larger
flocs, which settle out more quickly. Flocculation is aided by gentle mixing which causes the
particles to collide.
3.3 Biological Unit Processes
The objective of biological treatment of industrial wastewater is to remove, or reduce the
concentration of, organic and inorganic compounds.
There are two main types of processes, these involve suspended microbial growth (e.g. activated
sludge) and attached microbial growth biological treatment plants must be carefully managed as
they use live Micro organisms to digest the pollutants.
4. Statement problems
Untreated waste water generally contains high level of organic material, numerous
pathogens micro organisms which entail environment and health hazard through causing
environmental pollution.
During west water treatment in pharmaceutical there are are several problem. these problems can
cause through several reason.
4.1 major unit operation with material of construction and vessel size
Constructed wetlands are a form of secondary wastewater treatment built with substrates
and vegetation that imitate the way natural wetlands filter out impurities in water. There are
many different designs that can be built along with various vegetation and substrate options.
Since a constructed wetland contains aspects found in a natural wetland, several species may be
attracted, including those such as mosquitoes, which are seen as pests which may also carry
disease. The most waste water treatment pharmaceutical unit operation construction unit
operation very corrosive and required stainless steel. There are a different problems during
waste water treatment in pharmaceutical industries.
 Engineering factor
 Environmental factor
 Processes consideration
 Cost consideration
A. Engineering factor ;the problem consider on

16. 16
 Design period, stage wise population to be served and expected swage flow and
flocculation
 Topography of the area to be served it is slope of and terrine; tentative site available for
treatment plant, pumping station and disposal work.
 Ground depth and its seasonal fluctuations affecting construction
 On site dispose facilities including the possibilities of segregating sullage and sewage
reuse or recycling of sludge water with in household.
B Process consideration; include
 Waste water flow and characteristics
 Degree of treatment required
 Performance characteristics
 Availability of land ,power requirement, equipment and skilled staff for handling and
maintenance.
4.2 processes flow diagram or flow sheet
The waste water treatment in pharmaceutical industry. these problem include
 Processes monitoring
 Manual and technical support
 Knowledge of operating staff
5 processes and raw material used to treat waste water in pharmaceutical
industry
General process descriptions for each type of process operation are described in the following
subsections. Based on the processes involved pharmaceutical industry can be subdivided in to
five major subcategories
1. Fermentation
2. Synthesis organic compound
3. Both fermentation and synthesis organic compound
4. Biological production
5. Drug mixing
5.1 fermentation
The Most antibiotics and steroids are produced by the fermentation process, which involves three

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basic steps:
 inoculums and seed preparation
 product recovery
 fermentation
Production of a fermentation pharmaceutical begins in the seed preparation step with spores
from the plant master.
a fermentation batch becomes infested with a phage, a virus that attacks microorganisms
necessary to the fermentation process.
5.2 Biological production plant
Many materials used as pharmaceuticals are derived from such natural sources as the roots and
be leaves of plants, animal glands, and parasitic fungi. These products have numerous and
diverse pharmaceutical applications, ranging from tranquilizers and allergy-relief medications to
insulin and morphine. Also included in this group is blood fractionation, which involves the
production of plasma and its derivatives.
The extraction process consists of a series of operating steps beginning with the processing of a
large quantity of natural or biological material containing the desired active ingredient. After
almost every step, the volume of material being handled is reduced significant.
5.3 chemical synthesis
Chemical synthesis is the process of manufacturing pharmaceuticals using organic and
inorganic chemical reactions. Since most of these compounds are produced in batch operations,
the conventional batch reaction vessel is the major piece of equipment used on the process line.
The reaction vessel is one of the most standardized equipment designs in the industry. Generally,
it is made of either stainless steel or glass-lined carbon-steel, and it contains a carbon-steel outer
shell suitable for either cooling water or steam. Inside the vessel is a motor-driven agitator and a
5.4 drug mixing
Pharmaceutically active ingredients are generally produced by batch processes in bulk form and
Must be converted to dosage form for consumer use. Common dosage forms for the consumer
market are tablets, capsules, liquids, and ointments. In addition, active ingredients can also be
in corporate into patches and time release capsules.
Tablets are formed in a tablet press machine by blending the active ingredient, filler, and binder.

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The primary objective of mixing, compounding, or formulating operations is to convert the
Manufactured products into a final, usable form. The necessary production steps typically have
Small wastewater flows because very few of the unit operations generate wastewater. The
primary use of water is in the actual formulating process, where it is used for cooling and for
equipment and floor washing.
5.5 raw materials used to treat waste water in pharmaceutical industry stocke primary
goal of risk assessment exercise should be minimize the risk that a raw material may have on
the quality ,safety and effectiveness of the drug.
A risk assessment should
 Have comprehensive scope
 Have appropriate pritrazation
 Be capable re assess
6 site selection and economic analysis in pharmaceutical industry
6.1 Establishments of Pharmaceutical Factories
When pharmaceutical manufacturers of domestic medicines establish new factories, relocate,
expand, reopen for business, or add raw medicinal materials, dosage forms, items of processing
or product.
6.2 Basic Requirements for the Establishment of Factories
Pharmaceutical factories shall possess the following basic requirements and common facilities.
 Factory buildings shall be solid and safe, and designed to prevent rodents, insects and
dust; interior ceilings, walls and floors shall be smooth and free of cracks and crevices,
easy to clean, and nonconductive to the collection of dust; where necessary, materials that
are easily cleaned and disinfected may be used; all operation areas shall be well
illuminated and ventilated; where necessary, equipment for the regulation of temperature,
humidity and air purity may be installed.
 Operation areas shall be clearly delineated (e.g. powder manufacturing room, liquid
manufacturing room); in factories that environmental sanitation medicines are also
manufactured, the operation areas shall be separated by an appropriate distance from
manufacturing factories of other medicines; when necessary, separation walls may be
installed

19. 19
 Warehouses for the storage of raw materials, supplies, semi-finished products and end
products shall be established .
 There shall be facilities for the treatment of dust and powder, wastewater, hazardous
wastes, toxic containers, hazardous gases, biological components and other hazardous
components or materials.
 There shall be testing departments (laboratory and instrument room), and appropriate
testing equipment. However, if tests are conducted on a contract basis by an organization
approved by the competent authority, in accordance with the Contract Drug
Manufacturing and Testing Operating Principles, and clear document is provided,
establishment of said facilities may be waived.
6.2 Location of the plant of pharmaceutical industry
Plant location means the establishment of an industry at a particular place. The performance of
an enterprise is considerably affected by its location. The selection of site for any enterprise
mainly depends on its size and nature. Sometimes, The nature of the product itself suggest some
suitable location.
A Small scale industry mainly select the site where in accordance with its capacity, the local
market for the product is available. It can easily be shifted to other place, when there is any
change in the market. But in the case of Large scale industries, Where huge amount of
investment has already been done the selection of proper site is very important.
The selection of appropriate location is important due to the following reasons
 Location of plant partially determines operating and capital costs. It determines the nature
of investment costs to be incurred and also the levels of operating costs.
 Location fixes some of the physical factors of the overall plant designs. e.g. heating and
ventilation requirements, storage capacity of raw material taking into consideration their
local availability, transportation need for raw materials and finished goods, power needs,
cost of labors, taxes, land construction, fuel, etc
 Each prospective location implies a news allocation of capacity to respective market area.
 Government sometimes plays an important role in the choice of location keeping in view
the national benefits.
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR LOCATION CHOICES pharmaceutical industry:

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The choices of the plant location is based on the following factors
 Availability of Raw material: An ideal location is one where the main raw material
required to manufacture the product is adequately available. This will ensure regular
supply of the material and will reduce the transportation costs.
 Nearness to the potential market: marketing of finished goods efficiently is an important
function of an enterprise. If the plant is located near the market, then the management can
keep close touch with their changes in market environment and formulate its production
policies accordingly. Moreover, the transportation and other overhead expenses are
reduced.
 Location should be near to source of operating power: in some industries, continuous and
adequate power supply is needed.
There are certain industries for which cheap electricity may be very important. In such situation,
location of the plant near to the hydelpower situation will provide cheap electricity.
 Supply of labour: labour is one of the most important inputs in any industrial enterprise.
There should be regular and cheap supply of labour, specifically the unskilled labour. If
there is adequate supply of local labour near the plant, then naturally it will be available
at cheaper rates.
6.2 SELECTION OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:
Once an appropriate area is chosen for certain plant, next step is location analysis to choose
suitable site in that area. The choice of site is important both for objective and subjective reasons.
The following points should be kept in mind for the selection of the site
It should be well connected with rail, road and river transports.
2. There should be efficient sewage system for the disposal of water and waste materials.
3. The surroundings should be good and peaceful.
4. The sub-soil should be capable of bearing the load of the building plant and equipment.
5. There should be sufficient land to meet the present as well as the future space requirements of
the plant. There should be provision for the parking of transport and sufficient space for
residential accommodation for staff and labour.
6.3economical analysis in pharmaceutical factory

21. 21
A. Calculating Quantities and Construction Expenses ;The most important building expenses
for the construction of any treatment unit can be classified as follows
 Tanks and other concrete or steel constructions
 Installed equipment.
 Building and housing.
 Electrical work, control systems and other installations.
The purchasing cost of the mechanical equipment is a function of size or capacity .
The construction of wastewater treatment plants depends not only on the construction of the
processing units, but also on the completion of the supporting plant and piping network, in order
for the whole unit to be operational. Other important construction costs include the contractors’
profit and contingent expenses.
Since these costs are calculated based on the total construction cost, net procedure expenses are
multiplied by a percentage that defines a value for contractors’ profit and contingent expenses.
Total construction expenses are calculated as the sum of processing units’ expenses, other
construction expenses (service networks, surrounding area
etc), contractors’ profit.
A ,Calculating Operation and Maintenance Cost;
The analysis of the operation and maintenance and contingent expenses includes:
 Personnel salaries, labor wages for maintenance and operation
 Necessary operating electrical energy
 Material required for repairs
 Chemical substances and other demands
The personnel required for each treatment unit depends on its size.
The total man-hours requirements and the salaries expenses are also related to plant size. The
administrative working group includes management and office personnel. The laboratory group
consists of personnel required to run the necessary tests, to check the several parameters that
ensure an effective treatment. The total man-hours requirement for these groups is related to the
plant.

22. 22
7 ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT AND ANALYSIS SOLUTION
Pharmaceutical residues from humans and animals, personal care products, and their metabolites
are continually introduced to the aquatic environment as complex mixtures. They can enter the
water from discharge of treated domestic wastewater, treated industrial wastewater, commercial
feeding operations, and surface application of manure.
Pharmaceuticals initially enter wastewater treatment plants. the active pharmaceutical
compounds and their metabolites are excreted from the body; and from the disposal of unused or
expired medications down the toilet or drain.
7.1 Impact of waste water in the environment
The waste water very dangerous for living things to the environment and leads to a different
diseases. It has unpleasant odor and very contaminated. the dieses can cause by the
contaminated waste water are cancer ,cholera and money different dieses .
7.2 Controlling of pollution air in pharmaceutical industry
There is limited documentation regarding the direct cause and effect relationships of
pharmaceuticals in the environment. The major concerns to date have been the promotion of
pathogen resistance to antibiotics and disruption of endocrine systems, but many other active
pharmaceutical compounds make their way into the water and have unknown consequence.
In treating hazardous waste materials, toxic containers, hazardous gases, dust, wastewater,
Biological components and other hazardous components or materials, pharmaceutical factories
shall act not only in accordance with relevant laws, but also with the following principles:
1)For hazardous waste materials and toxic containers, storage facilities shall be established, and
these materials and containers shall be decomposed in accordance with their properties, and then
Appropriately incinerated or buried. If toxic containers are to be reused, they shall be washed
and rigorously controlled, and may not be used to hold food products.
2) For hazardous gases and dust, airtight facilities, local exhaust ventilation systems and
negative pressure procedures shall be established; these substances shall, in accordance with
their properties, be scrubbed, collected, oxidized, reduced, combusted, or otherwise appropriately
treated. If exhaust gas contains dust, it shall first be subjected to centrifuging, filtering,
scrubbing, or some other form of dust removal processing; the emission of such gases must
comply with air pollutant emission standards.

23. 23
3) For the processing of wastewater, impermeable storage pools shall be established, and
acidification, alkalization, neutralization, active carbon adsorption, or other effective methods
shall be used to break down or remove wastewater toxins; the release of wastewater must comply
with water.
Pharmaceutical factory sites shall be situated in sanitary locations with fresh air; factory
production, processing and packaging areas shall be constructed in accordance with relevant
building codes, and located at a sufficient distance from factory boundaries to prevent pollution
and fires.
7.3 recommendations to reduce air pollution in pharmaceutical industry
When developing policy for future change there are issues that are unforeseen and those that are
unforeseeable. Even though the impact of pharmaceuticals in the environment at trace levels has
not been clearly determined, there are many pollution prevention measures that could be
implemented in a precautionary way. These measures follow the hierarchy of minimize/reduce,
reuse/recycle, and finally proper disposal. Several potential approaches to this issue are possible:
relying on government regulation, implementing proper disposal methods, rethinking and
redesigning sewage treatment, developing more environmentally friendly pharmaceuticals.
I believe best approach to reduce trace contamination of pharmaceuticals in the environment and
the drinking water is to substantially reduce the quantities entering raw sewage at the source.
Any measures at the source will facilitate the removal in the treatment process afterwards.
Source measures include, but are not limited to; proper disposal of unwanted or expired
medications, prescription control, ecologically friendly pharmaceuticals, product stewardship,
and urine separation.

24. 24
Reference
1Pharmaceutical technology
2 Fundamental environmental engineering
3L. K. Wang, N. S. Shammas, and Y. T. Hung (eds.), Advanced Physicochemical Treatment
Processes. Humana Press,
4. L. K. Wang, Y. T. Hung, H. H. Lo, and C. Yapijakis (eds.), Handbook of Industrial procesesse