This document discusses monoclonal antibodies, including their preparation and applications. It begins with an introduction to antibodies and monoclonal antibodies. It then describes the preparation process, which involves immunizing an animal, isolating B cells, fusing them with myeloma cells to form hybridomas, screening clones, and growing selected clones to produce monoclonal antibodies. The document outlines major applications of monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis using techniques like immunoassays and imaging, as well as their use as therapeutic agents and in protein purification.
Production and applications of monoclonal antibodiesKaayathri Devi
production and applications of monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies ,applications of monoclonal antibodies, production of monoclonal antibodies,
Monoclonal Antibody-Preparation & Application - MPH201T.pptxRAHUL PAL
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are proteins produced by a single type of B cell. They are identical to each other and recognize a specific antigen. Antigens are molecules that the body's immune system recognizes as foreign. When an antigen binds to a monoclonal antibody, it triggers a series of reactions that can lead to the destruction of the antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections. They are also used in research and diagnostics.
Production and applications of monoclonal antibodiesKaayathri Devi
production and applications of monoclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies ,applications of monoclonal antibodies, production of monoclonal antibodies,
Monoclonal Antibody-Preparation & Application - MPH201T.pptxRAHUL PAL
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are proteins produced by a single type of B cell. They are identical to each other and recognize a specific antigen. Antigens are molecules that the body's immune system recognizes as foreign. When an antigen binds to a monoclonal antibody, it triggers a series of reactions that can lead to the destruction of the antigen.
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections. They are also used in research and diagnostics.
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large number of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies.
It was discovered by G.kohler and C.milstein in 1975. they were awarded nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1975.
The hybrid cells are produced by fusing B- lumphocyte with myeloma cells or tumour cells.
The B-lymphocyte have the ability to produce large number of antibodies and tumour cells have indefinite growth.
This is why two cells are used for the production of hybrid cell
PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL VACCINES:
Steps involved in killed bacterial vaccine preparation:
1. Selection of an antigen:
The exact strain or strains to be incorporated for preparation of bacterial vaccine.
Eg. Cholera vaccine: smooth strains of the two serological types Inaba and Ogawa
TABC vaccine: O and H antigens in S. typhi and S. paratyphi microorganisms and these organisms also contains Vi antigen.
Each strain is carefully checked for freedom from variation and absence of contaminating organisms.
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
Monoclonal antibodies are important reagents used in biomedical research, in diagnosis of diseases, and in treatment of such diseases as infections and cancer.
These antibodies are produced by cell lines or clones obtained from animals that have been immunized with the substance that is the subject of study.
VIRAL VACCINES
Since viruses are intracellular parasites they will grow only within other living cells.
Methods of viral vaccine production:
Cultivation of virus using free living animals
Fertile eggs
Tissue cultures
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large number of identical antibodies called monoclonal antibodies.
It was discovered by G.kohler and C.milstein in 1975. they were awarded nobel prize for physiology and medicine in 1975.
The hybrid cells are produced by fusing B- lumphocyte with myeloma cells or tumour cells.
The B-lymphocyte have the ability to produce large number of antibodies and tumour cells have indefinite growth.
This is why two cells are used for the production of hybrid cell
PREPARATION OF BACTERIAL VACCINES:
Steps involved in killed bacterial vaccine preparation:
1. Selection of an antigen:
The exact strain or strains to be incorporated for preparation of bacterial vaccine.
Eg. Cholera vaccine: smooth strains of the two serological types Inaba and Ogawa
TABC vaccine: O and H antigens in S. typhi and S. paratyphi microorganisms and these organisms also contains Vi antigen.
Each strain is carefully checked for freedom from variation and absence of contaminating organisms.
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to neutralize pathogens such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses.
Monoclonal antibodies are important reagents used in biomedical research, in diagnosis of diseases, and in treatment of such diseases as infections and cancer.
These antibodies are produced by cell lines or clones obtained from animals that have been immunized with the substance that is the subject of study.
VIRAL VACCINES
Since viruses are intracellular parasites they will grow only within other living cells.
Methods of viral vaccine production:
Cultivation of virus using free living animals
Fertile eggs
Tissue cultures
Hybridoma
Hybridomas are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts, to produce monoclonal antibodies.
Monoclonal antibodies can be produced in specialized cells through a technique now popularly known as hybridoma technology.
Hybridoma technology was discovered in 1975 by two scientists, G. Kohler and C. Milstein, were awarded Noble prize for physiology and medicine in 1984.
Different applications of Animal cell culture:
Model Systems
Toxicity Testing
Drug Screening and Development
Virology
Genetic Engineering
Gene Therapy
Stem Cell Therapy
Disease Diagnosis
Cancer Research
Cell-based Manufacturing
Production of vaccines
Recombinant proteins
Production of Biopesticides
Topics included :- Introduction to monoclonal antibody; Principle for creation of hybridoma cells and steps involved in it; Second generation monoclonal antibodies; Advantages, disadvantages and applications (Diagnostic and therapeutic) of MAbs.
Monoclonal Antibodies and it's applications.pptxAfroj Shaikh
SlideShare Description: Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Applications
In the rapidly advancing field of biotechnology, monoclonal antibodies have emerged as powerful tools with diverse applications. This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of monoclonal antibodies and their wide-ranging uses in various fields, including medicine, research, and diagnostics.
The presentation begins by explaining the fundamental concept of monoclonal antibodies, highlighting their unique structure and production process. It delves into the significance of hybridoma technology, which allows for the generation of large quantities of identical antibodies derived from a single parental cell line.
Moving on, the SlideShare explores the applications of monoclonal antibodies in the field of medicine. It elucidates how these antibodies are employed in targeted therapies, such as cancer immunotherapy. The presentation highlights the remarkable specificity of monoclonal antibodies in recognizing and binding to specific targets, thereby enabling precise and tailored treatment approaches. It also discusses the role of monoclonal antibodies in autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and organ transplantation.
Furthermore, the presentation sheds light on the use of monoclonal antibodies in research and diagnostics. It explains how these antibodies are utilized as indispensable tools in laboratory research, facilitating the identification and characterization of various biomarkers and molecules. It also showcases their utility in techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry.
The SlideShare emphasizes the impact of monoclonal antibodies on the development of novel therapeutic modalities, including antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies. It touches upon the challenges and future prospects in the field, highlighting ongoing research efforts and advancements in antibody engineering.
With visually appealing slides, concise and informative content, this SlideShare presentation on monoclonal antibodies provides a valuable resource for scientists, healthcare professionals, students, and anyone interested in understanding the significance and applications of these remarkable biotechnological innovations.
I am Suraj Mandal from Mahaveer College of Pharmacy , Meerut , student of B.Pharm final year and I have done my 2nd hospital training in L.L.R.M.medical College under the guidence of Mr. Pankaj Kumar.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Contents:
2Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• Basic concepts and Introduction
• Preparation of MonoclonalAntibodies
• Applications
• References
3. Basic concepts and Introduction
3Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
MONOCLONALANTIBODIES
4. What are antibodies?
4Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• An antibody is a protein used by immune system to identify and
neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses. Each antibody
recognizes a specific antigen unique to its target.
• The high specificity of antibodies makes them an excellent tool for
detecting and quantifying a broad array of targets, from drugs to serum
proteins to microorganisms.
• With in vitro assays, antibodies can be used to precipitate soluble antigens,
agglutinate (clump) cells, opsonize and kill bacteria with the assistance of
complement, and neutralize drugs, toxins, and viruses.
5. Monoclonal antibodies
5Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• Monoclonal antibodies are identical immunoglobulins, generated from a
single B-cell clone. These antibodies recognize unique epitopes, or binding
sites, on a single antigen. Derivation from a single B-cell clones and
subsequent targeting of a single epitope is what differentiates monoclonal
antibodies from polyclonal antibodies.
• Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different cell
lines.They differ in amino acidsequences.
6. Characters of monoclonal Antibodies
6Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• Monoclonal antibodies (mAB) are single type of antibody that are identical
and are directed against a specific epitope (antigen, antigenic determinant)
and are produced by B-cell clones of a single parent or a single hybridoma
cell line.
• A hybridoma cell line is formed by the fusion of one B-cell lymphocyte with
a myeloma cell.
• Some myeloma cell synthesize single mAB antibodies naturally.
7. Advantages of using MonoclonalAntibodies:
7Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• Though expensive, monoclonal antibodies are cheaper to develop than
conventional drugs because it is based on tested technology.
• Side effects can be treated and reduced by using mice-human hybrid cells
or by using fractions of antibodies.
• They bind to specific diseased or damaged cells needing treatment.
• They treat a wide range of conditions.
8. Disadvantages of using MonoclonalAntibodies:
8Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• Time consuming project - anwhere between 6 -9 months.
• Very expensive and needs considerable effort to produce them.
• Small peptide and fragment antigens may not be good antigens-
monoclonal antibody may not recognize the original antigen.
• Hybridoma culture may be subject to contamination.
• System is only well developed for limited animal and not for other
animals.
• More than 99% of the cells do not survive during the fusion process –
reducing the range of useful antibodies that can be produced against an
antigen
• It is possibility of generating immunogenicity.
10. Preparation of MonoclonalAntibodies
10Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• Monoclonal Antibody production or mAb is produced by cell lines or clones
obtained from the immunized animals with the substances to be studied.
Cell lines are produced by fusing B cells from the immunized animal with
myeloma cells.
• To produce the desired mAB, the cells must be grown in either of two ways:
by injection into the peritoneal cavity of a suitably prepared mouse (in
vivo method) or by in vitro tissue culture.
• The vitro tissue culture is the method used when the cells are placed in
culture outside the mouse the mouse’s body in flask.
12. Practical steps for production
12Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
1. Immunize animal
2. Isolate spleen cells (containing antibody-producing B cell)
3. Fuse spleen cells with myeloma cell (using PEG)
4. Allow unfused B cell to die
5. Add aminopterin to culture and kill unfused myeloma cells
6. Clone remaining cells (place 1 cell/well and allow each cell to grow into a clones of
cell)
7. Screen supernatant of each clone for presence of desired antibody
8. Grow chosen clone of cells in tissue culture indefinitely
9. Harvest antibody from the culture.
10. $ 1000-2000 permg
15. MajorApplications:
15Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
(1) DiagnosticApplications
• Biochemical analysis
• Diagnostic Imaging
(2) TherapeuticApplications
• Direct use of MAbs as therapeutic agents
• MAbs as targeting agents.
(3) Protein Purification
16. 1a. Biochemical analysis
16Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• Routinely used in radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assays (ELISA) in the laboratory.
• These assays measure the circulating concentrations of hormones (insulin,
human chorionic gonadotropin, growth hormone, progesterone, thyroxine,
triiodothyronine, thyroid stimulating hormone) and several other tissue and cell
products (blood group antigens, blood clotting factors, interferon’s, interleukins,
tumor markers).
Eg. Pregnancy by detecting the urinary levels of human chorionic gonadotropin.
Hormonal disorders analysis of thyroxine, triiodothyronine.
Cancers estimation of plasma carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer, and
prostate specific antigen for prostate cancer
17. 1b. Diagnostic imaging
17Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• Radiolabeled—MAbs are used in the diagnostic imaging of diseases, and
this technique is referred to as immunoscintigraphy. The radioisotopes
commonly used for labeling MAb are iodine—131 and technetium—99. The
MAb tagged with radioisotope are injected intravenously into the patients.
• These MAbs localize at specific sites (say a tumor) which can be detected by
imaging the radioactivity. In recent years, single photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT) cameras are used to give a more sensitive three
dimensional appearance of the spots localized by radiolabeled— MAbs.
• Myocardial infarction, DVT, atherosclorosis etc.
18. 2a. Direct use of MAbs as therapeutic agents
18Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• In destroying disease-causing organisms: MAbs promote efficient
opsonization of pathogenic organisms (by coating with antibody) and
enhance phagocytosis.
• In the immunosuppression of organ transplantation: In the normal
medical practice, immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin and
prednisone are administered to overcome the rejection of organ
transplantation. In recent years, MAbs specific to T-lymphocyte surface
antigens are being used for this purpose
19. 3. Protein Purification
19Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• Monoclonal antibodies can be produced for any protein. And the so produced MAb
can be conveniently used for the purification of the protein against which it was
raised.
• MAbs columns can be prepared by coupling them to cyanogen bromide activated
Sepharose (chromatographic matrix). The immobilized MAbs in this manner are
very useful for the purification of proteins by immunoaffinity method.
• There are certain advantages of using MAbs for protein purification. These include
the specificity of the MAb to bind to the desired protein, very efficient elution from
the chromatographic column and high degree of purification.
20. References:
20Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Assam down town University
• Shivanand P. (2010). “Hybridoma technology for production of monoclonal antibodies”
InternationalJournal of PharmaceuticalSciences Review and Research vol.1, issue 2(017)
• U. Marx et al. (1997)“MonoclonalAntibody Production” The Report and Recommendationsof
ECVAMWorkshop ATLA 25,121.137,
• Edward A. Greenfield, (2014) “Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual”Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press, 2nd ed. Chapter7
• Justin K.H. Liu, (2014) “The history of monoclonal antibody development Progress, remaining
challenges and future innovations” Annals of Medicine andSurgery (2014)113-116
• Andrew S., OtaviaC., (2014) “Monoclonal antibodies for the therapy of cancer” Simpson and
Caballero BMC Proceedings 2014, 8 (Suppl 4)
• WHO Guidelines on evaluation of monoclonal antibodies as similar biotherapeutic products,
2016
• BishwjitGhosal, Research project on “Study of Monoclonal Market and it’s potential in India”,
NIPER
