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Monitoring in ICU
1. Clinical monitoring in
the ICU
Dr. Abhijit Diwate (Associate Professor)
Cardio-Vascular & Respiratory PT
DVVPF College of Physiotherapy,
Ahmednagar 414111
3. Why monitor BP?
Alterations inherent
Provides data for interpretation/therapeutic
decisions
Important for determining organ perfusion (MAP
most important, except with the heart)
4. Noninvasive Hemodynamic Monitoring
Noninvasive BP
Heart Rate, pulses
Mental Status
Mottling (absent)
Skin Temperature
Capillary Refill
Urine Output
6. CVP measures the filling pressure
of the right ventricular (RV); it
gives an estimate of the
intravascular volume status and is
an interplay of the:
(1) circulating blood volume
(2) venous tone and
(3) right ventricular function.
7. NORMAL CVP
MEASUREMENTS
CVP monitoring should normally show
measurements as follows:
Mid Axilla: 0 - 8 mmHg
An isolated CVP reading is of limited value;
a trend of readings is much more significant
and should be viewed in conjunction with
other parameters e.g. BP and urine output.
8. sites
A. Central line from peripheral site (antecubital
fossa commonly selected)
B. Femoral site
C. External jugular site
D. Subclavian site
E. Internal jugular site
All have their own indications, contraindications,
advantages & disadvantages
9. Equipment
Sterile gloves
Sterile gown and mask (optional)
Sterile prep solution
Local anesthetic
Syringes
Sterile flush solution
Suture material (might be included in the kit)
Dressing material
Manometer set (this may vary according to whether C.V.P. to be
transduced or not )
500ml of0.9% Sodium Chloride. (500ml Sodium Chloride with 500
units heparin used in transduced circuits only)
Pressure bag (only used in transduced circuits)
Sedatives (if required)
10. WATER MANOMETER:
Simple & inexpensive
Any piece of open IV tubing can be used
Specific problems include:
Placement of the catheter in the right ventricle
TR with a large reflux pressure wave
Giant ‘a’ waves from the atrium ( cannon waves, A-V
dissociation & nodal rhythms)
Each of these will lead to CVP measurements which
may be misleading, & markedly different from the real
prassure
11. EQUIPMENT
(a) a sterile bag of fluids
(b) attached fluid administration set
(c) an IV extension set
(d) a manometer and
(e) a stopcock
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
12. PRESSURE
TRANSDUCER:
An electronic system with fast response time &
gives a more accurate wave representation
This enables maximum & minimum pressures to
be identified as well as visualization of the wave
form which may supply information about the
presence, for example of tricuspid
incompetence
Further more the mean pressure can be
measured & this is usually the true CVP as it
takes in to account the respiratory cycle
13. Disadvantages:
Complex in setting up the system
Costly
Nursing staff need to be familiar with the system
There is always a risk of electronic problems
(such as ‘baseline drift‘ or mechanical damping
of the system by unnoticed air bubbles in the line
or transducer dome
14. INFORMATION FROM THE CVP
WAVEFORM
Besides the actual pressure measurement
there is much information that can be gained
from examining the waveforms
15. WAVEFORMS IN CVP
consists of three upwards (a, c, & v waves) and two
downward defections (x and y descents).
1. ‘a’ wave → by right atrial contraction and occurs just
after the P wave on the ECG.
2. The ‘c’ wave → due to isovolumic ventricular contraction
forcing the tricuspid valve to bulge upward into the RA
3. The pressure within the RA then decreases as the
tricuspid valve is pulled away from the atrium during
right ventricular ejection, forming the X descent.
4. The RA continues to fill during late ventricular systole,
forming the V wave
5. The Y descent occurs when the tricuspid valve opens
and blood from the RA empties rapidly into the RV
during early diastole
16. THE CVP WAVEFORM
Reflects changes in right atrial pressure
during the cardiac cycle
17. Respiratory variation in CVP
The respiratory pattern in CVP can be used to
predict fluid responsiveness
patients who have no inspiratory fall in CVP are
on the flat part of their cardiac function curve
and will not respond to fluids whereas patients
who have an inspiratory fall in CVP are on the
ascending part of the cardiac function curve and
may or may not respond to fluids, depending
how close they start to the plateau
Patients with an inspiratory fall in CVP are also
more likely to have a fall in cardiac output with
the application of PEEP
18. Complications of central venous
catheterization
Complications of central venous cannulation
Arterial puncture with hematoma
Arteriovenous fistula
Hemothorax
Chylothorax
Pneumothorax
Nerve injury Brachial plexus Stellate ganglion (Horner’s syndrome)
Air emboli
Catheter or wire shearing
Complications of catheter presence
Thrombosis, thromboembolism
Infection, sepsis, endocarditis
Arrhythmias
Hydrothorax
19. REMOVAL OF CENTRAL LINE
THIS IS AN ASEPTIC PROCEDURE
THE PATIENT SHOULD BE SUPINE WITH HEAD
TILTED DOWN
ENSURE NO DRUGS ARE ATTACHED AND
RUNNING VIA THE CENTRAL LINE
REMOVE DRESSING
CUT THE STITCHES
SLOWLY REMOVE THE CATHETER
IF THERE IS RESISTENCE THEN CALL FOR
ASSISTANCE
APPLY DIGITAL PRESSURE WITH GAUZE UNTIL
BLEEDING STOPS
DRESS WITH GAUZE AND CLEAR DRESSING EG
TEGADERM
20. PULMONARY ARTERY AND PULMONARY
CAPILLARY WEDGE PRESSURE
MONITORING
The introduction of pulmonary artery catheter
(PAC) in clinical medicine one of the most
popular and important advances in monitoring.
With this catheter:
PAP, PCWP & CVP can be measured easily
under most circumstances provides an accurate
estimate of the diastolic filling (preload) of the left
heart
Cardiac output determination using thermo-dilution
technique is an equally important use of this catheter
21. Indications For PAP & PCWP
Monitoring
A. Cardiac problems/surgery:
Poor LV function (EF<0.4; LVEDP> 18 mm Hg)
Recent MI
Pts with right heart failure
Procedures involving CPB
Complications of MI eg. MR, VSD, ventricular aneurysm.
Combined lesions eg. CAD+MR or CAD+AS
Complicated lesions eg. IHSS
Hemodynamically unstable pts requiring inotropes or IABP counterpulsation
Major procedures with large fluid shifts and/or blood loss in pts with CAD
B. Non-cardiac situations:
Shock of any cause or MOF
Severe pulmonary disease , COPD , PHTN, or PE
Pts requiring high levels of PEEP
Bleomycin toxicity
Complicated surgical procedure
Massive trauma
Hepatic transplantation
22. PA (Swan-Ganz) Catheter description
The standard 7F thermo-dilution pulmonary
artery catheter consists of a single catheter 110
cm in length containing four lumina.
It is constructed of flexible, radio-opaque
polyvinyl chloride.
10 cm increments are marked in black on the
catheter beginning at the distal end.
At the distal end of the catheter is a latex balloon
of 1.5 cc capacity.
When inflated, the balloon extends slightly
beyond the tip of the catheter but does not
obstruct it
25. Types of PA catheters
1.1. The thermo dilution catheter:The thermo dilution catheter:
is the one described above; using this catheter,
thermo dilution cardiac output & other divided
haemodynamic parameters may be measured
2.2. Pacing:Pacing:
Some PAC’s have the capacity to provide intra
cardiac pacing
26. 3.3. Mixed venous oxygen saturation:Mixed venous oxygen saturation:
Special fiber-optic PAC can be used to monitor
mixed venous oxygen saturation SVO2
continuously by the principle of absorption and
reflectance of light through blood
The normal SVO2 is 75%normal SVO2 is 75% and a 5– 10 %
increase or decrease is considered significant
A significant decrease in SVO2decrease in SVO2 may be due to:
(a) a decrease in the cardiac output
(b) increase in metabolic rate
(c) decrease in arterial oxygen saturation.
27. 4.4. Ejection fraction catheter :Ejection fraction catheter :
New-catheters with faster thermistor response times
can be used to determine the right ventricular ejectionright ventricular ejection
fraction in addition to the cardiac outputfraction in addition to the cardiac output
5.5. Continuous cardiac output measurement :Continuous cardiac output measurement :
Continuous cardiac output measuring PACs contain an
integrated thermal filament at level of the RV
This filament is activated in a programmed sequence
to provide small amounts of heat, which is then
detected in the PA by a thermistor
The data by the device yields a rapidly updated, near
continuous value for cardiac output
34. Components of the Monitoring
System
Bedside monitor – amplifier is located inside
The amplifier increases the size of signal
Transducer – changes the mechanical energy
or pressures of pulse into electrical energy;
should be level with the phlebostatic axis
(intersecting lines from the 4th
ICS,mid axillary
line)
A wave: right atrial contraction (P wave on the ECG)If the A wave is elevated the patient may have right ventricular failure or tricuspid stenosis.
C wave: tricuspid valve closure (follows QRS complex on the ECG).
V wave: pressure generated to the right atrium during ventricular contraction, despite the tricuspid valve being closed (latter part of the T wave on the ECG)