The document discusses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its use in biomedical applications. It summarizes several articles discussing innovative techniques for diagnosing and monitoring cancers. PCR involves three main steps: denaturation of DNA, annealing of primers, and extension of DNA. New digital assays using PCR can detect liver cancer biomarkers in blood and may enable early detection and treatment monitoring. Another technique called SiMSen-Seq increases the sensitivity of DNA sequencing and could help detect cancer recurrence earlier. These advances have the potential to improve cancer diagnosis and patient outcomes.

1. POLYMERASE CHAIN
REACTION - PCR
Laura María Carmona Mejía
Medicine student

4. INTRODUCTION
• Polymerase Chain Reaction or
PCR is based in three stages:
• 1. Denaturation stage
• 2. Alignment or annealing stage
• 3. Synthesis stage

5. DIGITAL ASSAY OF
CIRCULATING TUMOR
CELLS MAY IMPROVE
DIAGNOSIS,
MONITORING OF LIVER
CANCER
2017, January 19

6. DIGITAL ASSAY OF CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS MAY
IMPROVE DIAGNOSIS, MONITORING OF LIVER CANCER
• The article afirm that the results
promise to make an early
detection and that are capable
to do monitoring of treatment
over time of hepatocellular
carcinoma, that is the second
highest cause of cancer death
in the world.

7. DIGITAL ASSAY OF CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS MAY
IMPROVE DIAGNOSIS, MONITORING OF LIVER CANCER
• They found in the digital PCR significant higher
levels of a RNA transcripts in blood that is
associated with de hepatocellular carcinoma.

8. DIGITAL ASSAY OF CIRCULATING TUMOR CELLS MAY
IMPROVE DIAGNOSIS, MONITORING OF LIVER CANCER
• "Although there are major hurdles to global
implementation of CTC-based digital PCR to screen
for HCC, we believe they are surmountable,"
"With the blood stabilization techniques currently
being developed in Mehmet Toner's lab at the
Center for Engineering in Medicine,
blood draws from anywhere in the
world could be analyzed at
central processing facilities,
enabling the high throughput
required for global screening efforts."
Kalinich, MD/ PhD candidate at
Harvard Medical School.

9. STUDENT´S OPINION
• I think that this is a big notice, its a really important
investigation that can reduce the second cause of
dead by cancer. I think that this should be
implemented all over the world because there are
so much risk factors everywhere.

10. INNOVATIVE
TECHNIQUE GREATLY
INCREASES
SENSITIVITY OF DNA
SEQUENCING
2017, March 9

11. INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE GREATLY INCREASES
SENSITIVITY OF DNA SEQUENCING
• The notice afirms that the technology SiMSen-Seq
could aid in detecting the recurrence of canceres,
catching possible disease relapses faster than
current methods and improving patient outcomes.

12. INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE GREATLY INCREASES
SENSITIVITY OF DNA SEQUENCING
• This technique acordding the
authors is better than PCR because
reduces the mistakes and gives a
certance to the cientist that the
mutation exists.

13. INNOVATIVE TECHNIQUE GREATLY INCREASES
SENSITIVITY OF DNA SEQUENCING
• It uses a barcode that can be ´hide´ and
that allows with heat and cold analyze
more fragments of DNA from one patient in
just one reaction.

14. STUDENT´S OPINION
• I think that is very good
that the technology
increases everyday, and in
this case that something
that has so much uses in
the laboratory context for
so much things can be
replaced by a better
technique.

15. MEDICAL UTILITY

16. MEDICAL UTILITY
• Cloning of DNA allow us to
process it to found matches on
its structure, like duplications or
even to the diagnosis of cancer.

17. MEDICAL UTILITY
• It its helpful to reach the
point of doing a treatment
before it becomes too late,
and that way it increases
the possibility of survival.

18. MEDICAL UTILITY
• New techniques find the
way to make detections of
illness like cancer with lower
levels and earlier.

19. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Massachusetts General Hospital. (2017,
January 19). Digital assay of circulating
tumor cells may improve diagnosis,
monitoring of liver cancer. ScienceDaily.
Retrieved March 26, 2017 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/01/1
70119143403.htm
• Ontario Institute for Cancer Research. (2017,
March 9). Innovative technique greatly
increases sensitivity of DNA sequencing:
New molecular barcode technology reduces
error rate in genomic sequencing to 1 in
10,000. ScienceDaily. Retrieved March 26,
2017 from
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/03/1
70309120636.htm
• Martinez Sanchez, Lina María. Biología
Molecular. 8 ed. Medellín: UPB. Fac.
Medicina.