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Defining Globalization POWERPOINTPRESENTATION
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- 2. CONTENTS • Introduction • Thetask of defining Globalization • Metaphors of Globalization • Solid and liquid • Flows • Globalization theories • Dynamics of local and global culture • The Globalization and Religion • Globalization and Regionalization • Origins and history of Globalization • Hardwired • Cycles • Epoch • Events • Broader, More recent changes • Global Demography • Global Migration
- 3. What is Globalization? Globalization isthe interconnectedness and interdependence of economies, cultures, and populations worldwide, driven by increased cross-border flows of goods, services, capital, people, and information, leading to a more unified global society and a single world market.
- 4. The task ofdefining Globalization Since its first appearance in the Webster's Dictionary in 1961, many opinions about globalization have flourished. The literature on the definitions of globalization revealed that definitions could be classified as either (1) broad and inclusive or (2) narrow and exclusive.
- 5. Metaphors of Globalization Globalization can be understood through metaphors, specifically the states of matter: solid and liquid. These metaphors, along with related concepts like structures and flows, help clarify the definition of globalization.
- 6. Solid and liquid Solid refers to barriers that restrict or make the movement of people, things, and information difficult. Social relationships and objects often remain fixed in the places where they were created, limiting mobility. Solids can be natural or man-made.
- 7. Examples include: • Naturalsolids: landforms and bodies of water (mountains, rivers, seas), which naturally limit movement. • Man-made solids: the Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall, built to divide or restrict mobility. • Modern man-made solid: intangible boundaries, such as the nine-dash line claimed by China in the South China Sea, which limits Filipino fishers’ access
- 8. LIQUID • refers tothe increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the contemporary world. Unlike solids, liquids flow and adapt to their surroundings, making globalization fast, flexible, and difficult to contain.
- 9. Example: • Videos uploadedon platforms like YouTube or Facebook can become viral and are nearly unstoppable once they spread. These internet sensations gain fame not only in their home countries but also around the world, demonstrating the rapid and borderless flow of information in a liquid globalized world.
- 10. FLOWS • The previoussection described the melting process of solid phenomena followed by the increase in liquidity. It is only logical to discuss the flows of liquid phenomena.
- 11. Globalization Theories •Homogeneity refersto the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and similar forms of government.
- 12. •Media imperialism isa global phenomenon where Western media dominates the flow of media, imposing it on developing countries and undermining alternative global media. This has led to the rise of alternative media from developing countries like Al Jazeera and Bollywood, and the influence of local and regional media. The internet serves as an arena for alternative media, but cultural imperialism denies viewers' agency. The movement of media is difficult to stop, and political boundaries become more permeable to the flow of people and things.
- 13. • Global flowsof culture tend to move more easily around the globe than ever before, especially through non- material digital forms. There are three perspectives on global cultural flows. These are differentialism, hybridization, and convergence. Dynamics of local and global culture
- 14. •Cultural differentialism suggeststhat cultures are essentially distinct and only superficially affected by global flows. Samuel Huntington's 1996 theory suggests that increased interaction among different civilizations, such as Sinic, Islamic, Orthodox, and Western, could lead to intense clashes, particularly economic and political conflicts. However, this theory has been criticized for portraying Muslims as violent. •The cultural hybridization approach combines local and global cultures, resulting in unique outcomes in different geographic areas. Key concepts include "glocalization" and Arjun Appadurai's "scapes," which explore global flows involving people, technology, finance, political images, and media, leading to cultural hybrids.
- 15. •The cultural convergenceapproach emphasizes globalization's homogeneity, while cultural imperialism involves imposing one culture on another, with John Tomlinson's "deterritorialization" critiquing cultural imperialism by making it harder to link culture to specific origins.
- 16. The Globalization andRegionalization Globalization • refers to the process by which people, things, information, and ideas move more easily across borders, creating a more connected and interdependent world. It highlights the integration of economies, cultures, and societies at a global scale.
- 17. Regionalization • refers tothe process of organizing countries or areas into smaller, more closely connected regions for economic, political, or cultural cooperation. It focuses on strengthening ties within a specific geographic region rather than the entire world.
- 18. Origins and Historyof Globalization • While pinpointing the exact start of globalization is challenging due to differing views, this book primarily focuses on the period after World War II. However, it also explores five different perspectives on the origins of globalization for a comprehensive understanding.
- 19. Cycles For some, globalizationis a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be a daunting task, What is important is the cycles that globalization has gone through (Scholte, 2005), Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have appeared. There is also the notion to suspect that this point of globalization will soon disappear and reappear.
- 20. Epoch • Ritzer (2015)cited Therbom's (2000) six great epochs of globalization. These are also called "waves" and each has its own origin. Today's globalization is not unique if this is the case. The difference of this view from the second view (cycles) is that it does not treat epochs as returning.
- 21. The following arethe sequential occurrence of the epochs: • Globalization of religion (fourth to seventh centuries) • European colonial conquests (late fifteenth century) • Intra-European wars (late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries) • Heyday of European imperialism (mid- nineteenth century to 1918) 4 • Post-World War II period • Post-Cold War period
- 22. Early Phase ofGlobalization • The early phase of globalization includes key events from the 15th century, such as Columbus's arrival in the Americas and the discovery of sea routes. European powers expanded trade and colonization, establishing international trade networks and global interactions involving goods, culture, and ideas. This period saw significant exchanges and laid groundwork for the modern global economy, concluding with Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe in 1522. Events
- 23. Broader More RecentChanges in Globalization • Globalization transformed significantly from the late 20th century with the end of the Cold War and Soviet decline, leading to greater economic integration. Multinational corporations grew, and countries like China, Germany, Japan, and the US shaped global dynamics. Tech advances fueled globalization's expansion. China emerged as a major player, highlighted by the 2008 Olympics. Globalization continues impacting politics, economics, and culture worldwide.
- 24. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY • Globaldemography is the study of human populations worldwide, focusing on their size, structure, distribution, and changes over time. It analyzes factors like birth rates, death rates, migration, and aging, as well as their social, economic, and environmental impacts. Key metrics include population growth rate, life expectancy, fertility rate, and urbanization levels.
- 25. GLOBAL MIGRATION • Globalmigration is when people move from one country to another to live, work, or study either for a short time or permanently. • Migration changes both the countries people leave and the ones they move to. It can help fill job gaps, bring new ideas, and make cultures more diverse, but it can also cause challenges like overcrowded cities or tensions between groups.
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