BPD Unit 1 to 6 ppt.pptx

BUILDING PLANNING & DESIGN
Pr of. S. B. Gawande
Department of Civil Engineering
ICEEM, Aurangabad

OBJECTIVES
• To understand General Building Concept
• To understand Architectural Composition
• To understand Building Services
• To draw plan, elevation and section of load bearing and framed
structures.
• To draw plan, elevation and section of public and industrial
structures.

UNIT 1: ARCHITECTURAL COMPOSITION
& ORIENTATION OF BUILDING
• Principles of Architectural composition
Unity, Contrast, Proportion, Scale, Balance, Rhythm, Character.
• Function Treatment of Building
• Principle of Building planning
• Climate , Solar radiation , air temp., wind, humidity, perception,
climate & comfort
• Orientation of Building
• C.B.R.I. Orientation criteria for Indian condition

UNIT 2 BUILDING GENERAL CONCEPT
• Procedure of building Permission, Structural audit of
building, Low cost Housing Material & method
• Thermal Insulation: general concept, principles, material,
method , computation of heat loss heat gain in building
• Provision for drainage & sanitation, parking space,
engineers & licensed supervisor, certificate of
commencement, completion & occupancy.

UNIT 3 BUILDING SERVICES
• Flooring: Types, Factors for Selection of flooring, flooring in ground
and upper floors, various types of tiled flooring, concrete flooring.
• Electrification; Concealed & Open wiring , Requirement & location
of various points, Concept of earthing.
• Building Services : Water supply, Sanitary fitting, system of
plumbing, drainage of house, drainage plans of buildings
• Septic tanks: Domestic & public septic tank , design &
commissioning of septic tank

UNIT 4 DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
• Planning of live area , sleeping area service area
• Minimum standard specified by building bye law
• Requirement of different purpose rooms of a
residential building and their grouping

UNIT 5: DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDING
• Education Building: Site selection, design of class rooms, library,
assembly hall, administrative area, staff rooms, sanitary & water
fitting requirement.
• Health car building: Site selection, out patient dept.(OPD), in
patient dept.(ISD), ward, operation theater, radiology dept.,
sanitary & water fitting requirement.
• Hostel building: Site selection, Employees hostel, Ladies &
working women Hostel , residential area, dinning area, kitchen
etc.
• Hotel building , office building & Industrial building

UNIT 6: PERCEPTIVE DRAWING
• Necessity
• Principle of Perceptive projection
• Perceptive elements
• One point & two point Perceptive
• Landscaping : Necessity, types & materials.

RECOMMENDED BOOKS
• Building, Planning & Drawing – Dr. N. Kumaraswamy, A.
Kameshwara rao
• Building Planning Designing & Scheduling- Gurucharan
singh, Jagdish singh
• Planning & Designing of building – Y.S. Sane
• Principles of building drawing – M.G. Shah & C.M. Kale

Building Planning & Design
Prof. S. B. Gawande
ICEEM, Aurangabad
UNIT 1: ARCHITECTURAL COMPOSITION
& ORIENTATION OF BUILDING

The principles deal with the aesthetic and beauty of the building.
Outward of the building must be pleasant to the sense and not be
eyesore
Following Architectural Composition takes in account
• Unity
• Contrast
• Proportion
• Scale
• Balance
• Rhythm
• Character
PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURAL COMPOSITION

• Unity: The word unity is used to indicate oneness. The architecture
composition includes both composition of plan as well as
composition of exterior.
Factor effect on unity
• Change in size according to function.
• Nature of mass.
• Correct planning on axis.
• Spacing of mass entirely.

• Contrast: It is the use of solids vs. voids, light vs. dark, various
sizes and various textures. This build displays contrast by
having a lot of glazing on one portion of the building and a
solid mass on the other.

• Proportion: Is a central principle of architectural theory and an
important connection between mathematics and art. It is the visual
effect of the relationships of the various objects and spaces that
make up a structure to one another and to the whole.

• Scale: It refers to how we perceive or judge the size of
something compared to a reference standard or the size of
something else. We often compare an object's size to the
size of our own bodies. Therefore we are always comparing
one thing to another. Scale also refers to the mathematical
relationship between an object and a measurable quantity.

• Balance: Balance creates a state of equilibrium of the
visual forces as well as feeling of stability in the
composition. In a balanced design, visual forces of equal
strength pull in opposite directions towards the opposite
sides of an axis or a central pivot. Balance is a psychological
sense of equilibrium.
• Type of balance
1) Symmetrical Balance
2) Asymmetrical Balance

Symmetrical Balance: If the elements are of equal weight and
value on either side of axis we refer to this as symmetrically
balanced. Usually when one or more elements are mirrored
on either side we refer to this as a stable or more formal
composition.

• Asymmetrical Balance Asymmetrical balance is when both
sides of the central axis are not identical, yet appear to
have the same visual weight.

• Rhythm: A unifying movement characterized by a patterned
repetition or alteration of formal elements or modified in
the same or a modified form. Hence, rhythm in architecture
can be expressed as a repetition of elements such as lines,
shapes, forms or colors resulting on organized movement in
space and time.

• Character- Character defining elements include the overall
shape of the building, its materials, craftsmanship,
decorative details, interior spaces and features, as well as
the various aspects of its site and environment

PRINCIPLE OF BUILDING PLANNING
Planning of the building depends on:
1. Its functional object and requirements
2. Its component parts, their sizes and the relationship between the different
rooms
3. Shape of the plot — regular or Irregular If regular square (length to breadth
ratio less than 1.2) or oblong Topography-Leveled, Plain, Steep sloping, Split
level
4. Climatic conditions of the place - Open as with extended arms. Closed and
compact
5. Its location and neighborhood
6. (i) Whether single storeyed or multi-storeyed
(ii) Detached, semi-detached or row houses

• The factors or principles which govern the theory of planning are explained in detail shown below
• Aspect
• Prospect
• Privacy
• Dining table and dining chair
• Bed room
• Kitchen
• Roominess
• Grouping
• Circulation
• Sanitation
• Elegance

• ASPECT
The arrangement of doors and windows in
external walls of a building will allow the
occupants to receive and enjoy nature's gifts as
sunshine, breeze and scenic beauty of
landscape.

Room Recommended aspect Influencing Factor
Bed N W-W-SW To receiving plentiful of breezing in summer
Kitchen E and rarely NE To receiving morning sun which is germicidal. Its purify the air
Dinning N, NE,SE It should be cool. Proximity of kitchen.
Drawing SE-S-SW-W Adequate natural lighting during winter and summer
Reading N-NW Light from north be diffused and evenly distribute
Store NW-N-NE Dark and cool

• The factors or principles which govern the theory of planning are explained in detail shown
below
• Aspect
• Prospect
• Privacy
• Furniture Requirement
• Roominess
• Grouping
• Circulation
• Sanitation
• Elegance
• Flexiblity
• Economy

 ASPECT
The arrangement of doors and windows in external walls of a
building will allow the occupants to receive and enjoy nature's
gifts as sunshine, breeze and scenic beauty of landscape.
A building must be designed to suit the site with all its varying
aspects. Aspect not only provides comfort, but is a requisite
from the hygienic point of view as well.

Room Recommended aspect Influencing Factor
Bed N W-W-SW To receiving plentiful of breezing in summer
Kitchen E and rarely NE To receiving morning sun which is germicidal. Its purify the
air
Dinning N, NE,SE It should be cool. Proximity of kitchen.
Drawing SE-S-SW-W Adequate natural lighting during winter and summer
Reading N-NW Light from north be diffused and evenly distribute
Store NW-N-NE Dark and cool

 PROSPECT
It is to enrich the outside view i.e., elevation or end-view
created by prominently exposing the better constructed and
better looking portions and at the same concealing from the
view any undesirable ones.
Prospect must not only make outer appearance attractive, but
also maintain qualities such as comfort, cheerfulness, security,
labor-saving and up-to-dateness. It must also prove to be a
good investment.

•Privacy
Privacy is the seclusion or isolation of an individual or a
couple or a group from the rest of the inmates of the house.
It is essential for a bath room, water closet, bed room and an
office room.
• Privacy is classified as
1. Internal Privacy
2. External Privacy

1. Internal privacy : Internal privacy is the privacy within the
building. It can be easily achieved by
a) Proper grouping of rooms as bed, dressing and toilet,
kitchen and dining.
b) Careful planning of entrance and circulation space.
c) Better disposition of doors and windows and mode of
their hangings. Locate the doors at one corner rather at
the middle.

2. External privacy: Privacy of the whole building with reference to
the surrounding buildings and roads. External privacy can be achieved
by:
a) Having a compound wall to a height of 1.35 m to 1.5 m above the
adjacent road level.
b) Construction of porch or portico at the main entrance.
c) Planting trees along the compound walls which acts as sound
barriers and sight barriers as well.
d) Providing screen walls, curtain walls and dwarf wall on verandah.
e) Planting creepers along the boundary fencing or growing shrubs.

• Furniture Requirement
One of the most important requirements of a building planner, is to
know how much space is needed for each function in a particular
building.
Dimension of furniture to be used in that room is also known. Hence,
arranging furniture in that particular room keeping clearance for
circulation, dimensions of the room can be finalized. Hence, while
planning a building, furniture arrangement must be shown to justify
the size of a room.
Hence, planning of a room depends on the number of users and its
furniture and alignment of furniture.

• Roominess
It is the general feeling created after a room is well-furnished
with all the Permanent furniture as a spacious and well-
planned.
A square room has no advantage and a rectangular room of
the same floor area gives a better outlook.
A breadth-to-length ratio of 1 : 1.2 to 1 : 1.5 is desirable.
When the length exceeds 2 times its breadth, it creates a
tunnel-like effect i.e., a feeling as when one is inside a long
tunnel or a railway compartment.

• Grouping
Grouping is the planning of two or more related rooms in Proximity of each
other. It minimises the length of circulation and at the same time improves
the comfort, privacy and convenience of the inmates of the house.
The following points are to be considered while planning residential
buildings:
i) Verandah adjacent to the drawing room has its own advantage. When
the visitors are more in number they can be accommodated on the
verandah.
ii) The dining room close to the kitchen permits an easy serving of dishes
in the desirable state i.e., hot or cold.
iii) The bed room, toilet and dressing room may be grouped together for
better privacy.

iv) Kitchen should be nearer to the backyard and the doors
and windows are so located that the housewife can have a
free unobstructed sight of the children playing in the open
space or in the drawing room.
v) If more than one bedroom is provided, they should have
an easy access to the dining-room.
vi) Staircase should be centrally located and easily accessible
from drawing room.

• Circulation
circulation is the access into or out of a room. It is the internal
movement inside a building and the area earmarked for it.
Circulation inside a house should be simple, systematic and short.The
sequential operations like the movements from kitchen to dining and
bedto toilet control the provisions for circulation.
Circulation area should be straight, short, bright, lighted both day and
night and well ventilated. It should neither affect the privacy of a
room nor interfere with the utility space.

• Type of circulation
1. Horizontal circulation – When circulation with in the floor
it is called horizontal circulation. Area of horizontal
circulation may be about 20% to 25% of the total plan
area of the residential building.
2. Vertical circulation – When circulation is between the
different floor to floor is called vertical circulation. It can
be achieved by stairs, rams, lifts, escalators etc.

• Sanitation
It is the provision and upkeep of the various components of a
house to keep the inmates cheerful and free from
disease.The factors influencing sanitation are
1. Lighting
2. Ventilation
3. Cleanliness.

• Elegance
Elegance is the grand architectural appearance of a building because of
grand elevation which in turn depends on very good plan.
A better elegance can be obtained by
i) Selecting superior building materials for facing such as polished
stonesof granite, marble or mosaic.
Glass — either transparent or opaque, coloured or plain.
Timber — polished teak or sun-glass.
Paints and varnishes with proper contrast.
ii) Providing projections like sunshades, balconies, canopies, porch with
or without Pergola openings.

• Flexibility
Flexibility in design should be consider, as function of
room may changes & further expansion of building
may be desire in future.
Flexibility means planning the rooms in such way that
rooms can be used for some other purpose.

• Economy :
It obtain maximum profit or advantages with minimum cost the
building should have minimum floor area with maximum utility.
Economy can be achieved by implementing the following measures
without affecting the utility and strength of the structure.
1. Providing simple elevation.
2. Dispensing of porches, lobbies and balconies.
3. Reducing the storey height.
4. By standardization of sizes of various components and materials.

DESIGN CONSIDERATION FOR BUILDING PLANNING
1. Strength and stability of structure with convienace & comfort of
the occupant should be the first consideration in planning.
2. In feature the owner which to add or extend some part of house
provision for this should be made in the planning so that some
already build part not be dismantle for extension.
3. The elements of the building should be strong & capable of with
standing the adverse effect of environmental factors that are likely
to be a rise.

4. As far as possible size of room should kept large
because large room should be providing partition but
smaller room can not be enlarge.
5. Life period of building should be at least 50 years.
6. The number of doors and windows should be
minimum from the safety & strength point of view.

CLIMATE AND IT’S INFLUENCE ON BUILDING PLANNING
• Elements of climate
1. Solar Radiation
2. Temperature of air
3. Wind
4. Humidity
5. Precipitation
6. Topography of the place.

1. Solar Radiation –
• 'radiation' is a fast mode of heat transfer that needs no medium.Short wave
solar radiation from the sun is the only source of heat reaching the earth on a
bright day (without clouds).The best orientation of any building is the building
as whole should receive the maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum
radiation in summer.
2.Temperature of the air –
• The temperature of a large area is determined by the amount of solar
radiation which falls upon that area during each season.
• Lowest temperature of the day may be recorded at the day break and highest
temperature around 2 p.m.
• Concrete roof slabs, cement plastered walls and heat absorbing dark colours
readily conduct heat and at times make the (enclosed) room hotter than
surroundings.

3. Wind –
• Wind is air in motion. It is designated by the direction of its origin
i.e. West wind flows from West (to East).Its direction and velocity
are very important in controlling cooling, dust carrying and
sedimentation, raining and ventilation.
• Based on the velocity of flow, moving air may be branded as breeze,
wind, gale, tempest and hurricane.
4.Humidity –
• Humidity is the percentage of water vapour in the
atmosphere.Relative humidity varies from 10% to 100% depending
on temperature.
• The climate is said to be dry when relative humidity is less than 50%
and humid when it is more than 50%.

5. Precipitation –
It is the amount of rainfall and snowfall at a place. Growth of vegetation mainly depends
on it. Pitched roofs are to be provided where rainfall is heavy.
6. Topography-
It is the physical appearance of the land
(i) Plains: Flat site making an angle of less than 4 degree with horizontal i.e. a slope of
7% or less.
(ii) Hilly regions making more than 20 degrees with horizontal i.e. a slope greater than
36%
• The topography or landform of a site and surroundings could either be flat, sloping or
undulating. If the land is flat similar conditions would prevail over the entire site.
• However, in the case of undulating ground in hot — dry climates, constructing a
building in a depression implies relatively lower air temperature. It is due to fact that
cool air being heavier than hot air tends to settle down in a depression while hot air
rises.

• Climatic Zones of India
1. Hot dry zone
2. Warm humid zone
3. Composite zone
4. Cold zone

(1) Hot dry zone: It is the land in between the latitudes of 15° to 25°c on
either side of the equator.
• Solar radiation is very strong.
• Mean maximum temperature is more than 45° (even 50° may be reached
in summer).
• Altitude is not greater than 500 m above mean sea-level.
• Rainfall is scanty which varies from 50 to 150 mm.Sky is clear most of the
time.
• Relative humidity is between 10% and 50%.Dust storms (wind blowing at
25 to 30 kmph) frequently occur.
• Vegetation is less and unevenly distributed due to scanty rainfall and water
table is very low.

• The variation in temperature in a day may exceed 20° C and
this causes cracks in structures.
• Highly inert material as are mud quite common for
construction and outer are very thick. Flat roof is adopted
due to less rainfall.
• Store, stairs, toilet and similar rooms of least occupancy are
to be planned on west. wall may be insulated i.e. treated
with inert material, double or cavity wall may be provided
or to shaded by trees.

(2) Warm humid zone: It is the land between latitudes of 5° to 10° on
either side of the equator.
• Moderately hot temperatures of 25° C to 37° C during summer and
10° C to 25° C in winter are quite common.
• Temperature variation within a day is the least i.e., not greater than
8° C.
• Relative humidity may vary from 50% to 100%. Altitude is not
greater than 100 m above mean sea-level.
• Wind velocities are low and calm.Mean annual rainfall is heavy.
Annual rainfall very from 2000 mm to 5000 mm and monthly rainfall
may exceed 500 mm.
• Luxuriant growth of vegetation is recorded.

• Rusting of metals and rotting of wood is quite
common and hence more ventilation is required
particularly where heat and moisture are more.
• High humidity is more unpleasant and requires
natural air currents for comfort. Hence, 'open'
detached houses with more ceiling height, broad
windows, greater area of balconies and deep
verandahs without any clustering of houses are
recommended.

(3) Composite zone: It is the land away from the equator and near the tropics of
Cancer.
• It is variable climate being 'Warm wet' in coastal areas or along the banks of
river during summer and 'Hot dry' during winter.
• Temperatures may go up to 40° C during summer and fall to 5 °C or even lower
during winter.
• Relative humidity may be between 50% and 95% during different seasons.
• Rainfall may be highly fluctuating being too heavy at some places and too low at
others. Hence, fertility of the soil and growth of vegetation vary considerably.
• Different types of buildings varying from detached houses, row houses, sky
scrappers and multi-storeyed flats are built depending on the environmental
conditions. Clustering of houses is quite common where humidity is low.
Greater window areas are provided in general.

(4) Cold zone: It is the land to the extreme north. Temperature falls considerably
with altitude. Day time temperature may be between 10° C and 30°C.
• Night time temperature may vary from 0° C to 15° C. Altitude may be greater
than 1200 m above mean sea-level. Chilling winds are quite common.
• Relative humidity may be between 45% and 100%. Rainfall is quite heavy and
cloudy days are more in an year.
• Clustering of the houses is quite common to prevent cold winds. Insulating
material as wood is quite common for flooring, wall construction and ceiling.
• Orientation is to be done for sun only.Pitched roofs are quite common to resist
heavy rains. Room heaters and fire places are provided.
• Damp proof walls and cavity walls are quite common.Small windows on leeward
side and along East and West are to be provided to be opened only during day-
time to receive the sun.

• Climate & Comfort
1. A temperature between 18° C and 28° C shall be quite pleasant.
2. A relative humidity between 15% and 70% gives us better comfort.
3. Air movement is not necessary during dry weather. It is a must in humid
environment. Neither hot wind nor chill wind is welcome.
4. An air with a velocity of 0.3 m/s goes unnoticed, a gentle soothing breeze of
velocity 0.3 to 0.5 m/s shall be quite pleasant, a gently sailing wind at 0.5 to 1
m/s makes its motion felt and a value of I to 1.5 m/s is draughty. A velocity
greater than 1.5 m/s may not be comfortable at all unless temperature or
relative humidity or both are more accordingly.

5. At high temperatures, more velocities of wind are required
for comfort Similarly at low temperatures comfort can be
achieved by controlling air movement.
6. Lighting should be such that adequate level Of
illumination falls on the work place. A jeweler shop would
need higher illumination than a person reading a book.

EARTH AND IT’S MOTION
• Because of the inclination of the
axis (23. 5° to the vertical) about
which the earth rotates itself, only
twice in an year the sun shall be on
the equator. The sun drifts towards
south between sunrise and sunset.

DIRECTION AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
• North: It is cool and less bright. It never receives direct solar isolation
any time. Hence, guest room, "Meditation" or "Puja" room, where
stay is for a smaller duration and store room which should be dark and
cool are to be located along North.
• North-East: It gets diffused light at sunrise and hence, ideally suited
for the location of "Pujaa" and "Study" room which needs light but
without heat.

• East: The day breaks with the pleasant sight of rising sun
with brightness devoid of heat which activates life and is
bactericidal. With time solar intensity escalates and
moisture content of air declines.Kitchen is the hottest room
of a residential house which needs more brightness and it
requires east aspect as it gets cooled in the afternoon.
• South East: South east receives the warming sun and shall
be bright for most part of the day. Hence, it is quite suitable
for the location of Drawing room.

• South: It is the direction that receives the highest solar
intensity for most part of the day.It is suited for the location
of the drawing room which need be bright. Bed room may
be located along south if it is suitably shielded from excess
solar radiation.
• South West: Rooms along this direction get the late
afternoon sun. Hence, the rooms remain less bright during
the forenoon and brighter and hotter in the
afternoon.Drawing room, Dining room and Bed room may
be located along this direction. Heat absorbed during the
daytime may be radiating inside after night fall.

• West: West gets the sun for the entire afternoon resulting
in brightness with heat and with less humidity. Hence,
external walls of habitable rooms are to be shielded against
dry heat when located in west direction. Drawing room and
Bed room may be located along West.
• North West: This direction gets less light and that too in the
late afternoon. Hence, remains relatively cooler. Hence,
suited for Bed room and Study room.

ORIENTATION OF BUILDING
• Orientation of building is the proper placement of building
components with respect to weathering elements such as sun, wind
& rain.
• Factors Affecting Orientation
• Orientation of any building depends on climatic conditions. Three
parameters which govern the orientation of building are:
1. Temperature
2. Wind
3. Rain

• These three parameters consequently depends on:
1. Sun's path throughout the year and its relative
position with respect to the locality.
2. Direction of prevailing wind particularly in summer
when it is required most and in winter when it is to
be controlled.
3. Character of rain and its intensity.

1. Sun
• Sun is a source of heat and natural light.
• Sun influence the physical and mental health of the people.
• Sun rays possess powerful bactericidal property.
• Sun rays supplement ventilation by heating the air and
causing convective currents.
• No growth of vegetation is possible in the absence of the
sun.

(i) Provide the large walls towards north and south and short walls
towards east and west. A rectangular house with long walls
along east—west, i.e., only short walls facing east and west get
minimum solar radiation during summer and minimum heat
loss during winter.
(ii) Provide sun breakers on the sunny faces, particularly on the
south which receives heat for most part of the daytime.
(iii)Provide verandahs on south and west so that the walls o n
those sides are less heated. Verandah on east reduces the light
Of the morning sun and hence it is not recommended.

2. Wind
• Wind is air in motion with any degree of velocity. Warm air should
be expelled and fresh air should be induced into all the rooms and in
particular into the bedroom where an average person spends 40%
to 50% of his life either sleeping or relaxing. Hence, locate bed room
on windward side.
• Kitchen, which is hotter than any other residential room and where
at most coolness is desired, should be towards east.
• Place the bedrooms in the direction of prevailing wind direction and
provide open verandah to protect them from the heat of the
afternoon sun.

3. Rain
• The rain direction is not predictable and its angle of
incidence varies from time to time.
• Where there is continuous rainfall throughout the year, the
predominant rain direction can be noted and taken care of
by .making minimum opening in that direction.

C.B.R.I. SUGGESTION FOR OBTAINING OPTIMUM ORIENTATION
Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), Roorkee has suggested following
considerations for obtaining optimum orientation of the building:
• The building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter and
minimum in summer.
• In hot climates, habitable rooms on the south and west sides should be
protected by verandah, bathroom, store etc.
• Sun breakers may serve better than a verandah on south but when
provided the verandah may be with south and west facings.
• Exposure to sun can be reduced by shady trees on sunny side and also
keeping the shorter walls along east and west.

• For hot and humid zones, the orientation is governed by the
direction of the breeze.
• All the rooms which are occupied in the daytime should preferably
be placed on north and east side. The bedrooms should be placed in
the direction of prevailing wind and at the same time protected by
verandah from the heat of afternoon sun. Eastern or north-east
corner with cross ventilation is regarded as the best location for
kitchen.
• For proper orientation, the height of the house should not be more
than twice the width of the street.

Prof. S. B. Gawande
ICEEM, Aurangabad
UNIT 2: BUILDING GENERAL CONCEPT

BUILDING BYE-LAW
• Minimum provisions designed from National Building Code by Town
Planning Authorities, Urban Development Authorities and Municipalities,
to protect the of the
(1) inmates living in the house
(2) neighbors
(3) public passing by the side of the building
against structural failures, fire accidents and insanitary conditions are
called BUILDING BYE-LAWS.
• The building bye-laws also cover aspects of administrative regulations,
general building requirements, fire protection requirement, materials and
structural design, rules for design of electrical installation, lighting, air
conditioning and lifts.

• For ventilation, acoustics and plumbing, sanitation and gas supply,
measures to ensure safety of workers and public during construction,
requirements for greenbelts and landscaping and rules for erection of
signs and outdoor display structures
• National Building Code has been published in 1970 by Bureau of Indian
buildings Standards to maintain uniform building regulations
throughout the country for the guidance of Government departments,
Municipal bodies, Urban development authorities and other
construction agencies.
• This National Building Code has been revised in 1983 and 2005
• National Building Code provisions will serve as a model for adoption by
PWD's and Other government construction departments, local bodies
and other private construction agencies.

• Objectives of Building Bye-Law
The building bye-laws and regulations should be enforced by proper
authority to achieve the following objectives:
1. Building bye-laws prohibit irregular growth and permit disciplined and
systematic growth of buildings along roads by clearly earmarking
Residential Areas, Commercial Areas, Industrial Zone, Parks, Lakes and
Transport.
2. They regulate the open space around the building, window area and
head room for different rooms, there by creating conducive conditions
for natural lighting and breeze supply to the inmates (ventilation). Also
minimizing traffic dangers as dust and noise.
3. The standard dimensions for various structural members are specified
which give strength and long life for the building.

4. The bye-laws regulate the planning, design and execution of building
elements so that structural and seismic failures affecting inmates of
the house, neighbors and passers by does not take place.
5. The bye-laws enable the inmates to easily get access to utilities as
piped water supply, electric power and connection to public sewer.
6. The damage caused due to fire, structural or constructional defects
shall be localized and its impact on neighborhood is minimized.
7. The growth of township is streamlined by maintain uniform height Of
buildings, uniform frontage so that the abutting road is straight, gently
sloping, free from blind corners and can be easily widened in future if
required.

• Principles underlying building bye laws
• The following bye-laws and regulations cover all aspects of
different types of buildings:
1. Line of building frontage and minimum plot sizes.
2. Open spaces around residential building.
3. Minimum standard dimensions of building elements.
4. Provisions for lighting and ventilation.
5. Provisions for safety from fire and explosion.
6. Provisions for means of access.

7. Provisions for drainage and sanitation.
8. Provisions for safety of works against hazards or accidents.
9. Requirements for off-street parking spaces.
10. Requirements for greenbelt and landscaping.
11. Special requirements for low income housing.
12. Sizes of structural elements.

• Minimum Plot Size and Building Frontage
Building frontage is the margin to be left beyond the extreme edge
of the road (right of way) to the front of the building line (including
excavations for foundations and projections of sunshades or balcony of
superstructure).
That is, it is the width of clearance of land to be left (before a road)
within the private plot to facilitate,
(1) widening of roads in future,
(2) more sight distance at junctions avoiding blind corners,
(3) minimizing sound pollution for inmates of the house
(4) to create a buffer space between public (i.e. roads) and private
(plot) properties.

• The clearance depends
(1) Status of the area:
(i) within the municipal/panchayat limits (more than 20,000 population —
Urban, less than 20,000 population — Rural);
(ii) along approaches, i.e., suburban areas — areas adjoining the towns,
depending on the nature of the town it may extend from 2 to 7 km
around the municipal limits which may be governed by village
panchayats of the adjoining villages;
(iii) beyond the municipal limits and approaches called open (agricultural)
country' where no municipal or panchayat regulations hold good.
(iv) Clearance margin should be more within the municipal limits where
more traffic is expected. It is also more along open agricultural country
where no speed restrictions exist on vehicles.

• (2) Nature of road adjoining the building:
Within a city:
a) Main road-Road open to any type of traffic including heavy
trucks,
b) Road open to mixed traffic, i.e., slow moving as animal or men
drawn carts as well as speedy moving motor vehicles,
c) Feeder roads - just connecting two residential areas.

Outside the city:
The roads may be classified as:
a) National and Express Highways — connecting state capitals
b) State Highways — connecting district head quarters
c) Major District Roads — connecting all important towns of the district
d) Minor District Roads — connecting less important towns of the district
e) Village Roads connecting villages.
Maximum clearance is required on either side of National Highways and
least on either side of Village Roads.

• Residential buildings require minimum clearance. Public buildings
require more clearance. Commercial buildings as cinema halls
which release a lot of rush at a time need still more clearance.
• 'Set back line' or 'Front building line' is the line (inside the plot) up
to which we can extend our construction.
• Each plot shall have a minimum size of frontage corresponding to
the type of development as given in table

Type of residential building Plot size m2 Frontage m
Detached building above 250 above 12
Semi-detached building 125-250 8 to 12
Row type building 50-125 4.5 to 8

• Open spaces
• These open spaces inside and around a building are essential to cater
for lighting and ventilation requirements of the rooms.
• (1) Outer open spaces: They are additional margins to be left within
the Plot (from set-back line) to isolate the building from the road and
neighbouring buildings
1.provide more privacy,
2.provide more ventilation and natural lighting,
3.localize the impact of fire accidents, gas cylinder explosions etc.

• (2) Inner open spaces: They are open spaces within a building. They
are needed in heavily congested areas to
(i) provide lighting to the interior rooms
(ii) create an inner courtyard.
Every interior or exterior open space should maintained for the
benefit of such building exclusively and have to be entirely within the
owner's premises.

• Minimum Standard Dimensions of Building Elements
• (1) Area limitations: The limitation of area and height of the buildings
of different types of construction and occupancy is achieved by
satisfying floor area ratio (FAR). FAR is specified taking into account the
following aspects:
i) Occupancy class
ii) Type of construction
iii) Width of street fronting the building and the traffic load
iv) Locality where the building is proposed and the density
v) Parking facilities
vi) Local fire fighting facilities

• vii) Water supply and drainage facilitie.
• viii) Land availability
• ix) Harmony with surrounding developments and other facilities
amenities and services.
• Area of the plot is the area in which the house is coming up.Built
up area is the area (of floor) enclosed between walls of the
building (excluding inner courtyard if any).
• Covered area: Area under an actual roof.
• Carpet area : Actual usable area excluding wall thickness and step
inside house.
• Super Build up area : Sum of Build up area and Balcony area.

• Floor Area Index=Total covered area of all floors
Area of plot
• Floor area ratio for residential buildings is ranging from 0.33 to 2.0
depending on the number of floors and the type of construction. It
restricts the height of the building and number of storey's
provided.
• FAR is also used in classifying the type of construction on the basis
of resistance offered by building against the fire.
Area of plot (m2) Permissible Built-up area
200 Not greater than 63.67%
200 to 500 Not greater than 50%
500 to 1000 Not greater than 40%
> 1000 Not greater than 33.33%

• (2) Maximum permissible FAR: Maximum permissible FAR for individual
building are given below
• It is used as a measure of the intensity of the site being developed. FAR
is one of the most important tools which regulates the bulk of the built
space. Higher FAR value, more will be floor area within the same plot.
Road width FAR
Maximum height
permissible
Less than 12 m 1.25 11 m
12 m to 18m 1 .50 13 m
More than 18 m 1.75 13 m

• (3) Floor space index: It is a legal term and same as FAR.
• Floor Space Index (FSI) =Total permissible built up area (in all floors)
Area of plot
• FSI regulates the density of population in a street, i.e. type of buildings and
their height. An FSI of 0.5 to 4 is quite common for residential buildings
while it may be 0.5 to 1.5 for commercial complexes.

• (4) Height of the building: The height and number of storeys for a
building are related to FAR and the provisions of open spaces are
already explained earlier. Where the building height is not covered
by FAR, the maximum height should be limited to the width of the
street as follows.
1. The maximum height of building shall not exceed 1.5 times the
width of road abutting plus the front open space.
2. If a building abuts on two or more streets of different widths, the
building shall be deemed to face upon the street that has the
greater width.

3. Appurtenances like water tank on the
roof, ventilating and air-conditioning
appliances, lift rooms, chimneys and
parapet walls not exceeding 1.2 m in
height are not included in the height of
the building.
4. 63.5° Rule : The height of a building
should be such that the angle made
from the extreme edge of the road on
the opposite side to the top of the
building should not be greater than
63.5°

5)Plinth height: The height of the plinth shall not be less than 450
mm ground level. A minimum height of 600 mm is the best from
drainage or other considerations. It is a minimum of 900 mm in
water logged soils.
6) Parapet wall: Parapet walls and hand-rails provided on the edges
of roof terraces, balcony, verandah etc. shall be not less than 0.6 m
and not more than1.20 m in height from the finished floor level.

• 7)Boundary wall: The requirements of the boundary wall are given
below:
i) Except with the special permission of the authority, the
maximum height of the compound wall shall be 1.5 m above the
centre line of the front street. Compound wall upto 2.4 m height
may be permitted if approved by the authority.
ii) In the case of a corner plot, the height of boundary wall shall be
restricted to 0.75 m for a length of 10 m on the front and side of
the intersection

Requirements of the different types of Rooms
Sr. No Name of the room Minimum
area
Minimum size of side Height
1 Habitable rooms
Bed room, Living room,
Drawing room, Dining room,
Study room
9.5 m2 One room Minimum
width 2.4m
Not be less than 2.75m
2 Kitchen
Kitchen +Dinning
5m2
7. 5m2
Width of the room not
less than 1.8m
Kitchen + dinning
width is not less than
2.1m
Not less than 2.75 m
3 Bed room and water closet 1.8 m2 for
Bathroom
0. 9m2 for
W. C.
Minimum width for
bathroom 1.2m
Width of W. C. 1.2m
Not less than 2.1 m

Sr. No Name of the room Minimum
area
Minimum size of
side
Height
4. Store room 3m2 - Not less than 2.2m
5. Garage 12.5m2 3m x 6m Not less than 2.4m
6. Stair case - Minimum width of
stair is 0.9m
Minimum clear
head room shall be
2.2m

• Provisions For Lighting and Ventilation
• 1.Except the store room, all rooms of a residential house require
illumination and free air circulation.
• 2.Ventilators, fanlights and windows serve the purpose of lighting and
ventilation.
• 3. Door openings are not counted in the lighting and ventilation of the
building.
• 4. If a window is partly fixed, only the area of shutters those can be
opened shall be counted. Also no portion of a room is assumed to be
lighted if it is more than 7.5 m away from the opening.

• The minimum aggregate area of such openings, excluding doors
shall be not less than
1. 1/10th of the floor area for dry hot climate;
2. 1/6th of the floor area for wet hot climate;
3. 1/8th of the floor area for intermediate climate;
4. 1/12th of the floor area for cold climate.
The area of openings as given in (1) to (4) above shall be
increased by 25% in the case of a kitchen.

• Provisions For Safety From Fire and Explosion
• It can be achieved by
1.dividing the city into different zones as Residential, Commercial and
Industrial
2.isolating readily inflammable goods as gasoline, polythene etc.
Storage spots as godowns and commercial outlets from densely
populated areas
3.rendering the stairs of multi-storeyed buildings fire resistant so that
people can safely use the stairs when fire broke out.
4.isolating the building by providing front, rear and side open spaces
so that the damage caused because of fire is contained and does not
quickly spread to the neighbouring buildings.

• 5.providing doors and windows flush with outer wall so that
people can push them open and 100% of door opening can be put
to use during the disaster.
• To avoid fire explosions
• 1.Kitchen should be well ventilated to easily disperse and dilute
leaked cooking gas.
• 2.Tubelights light which produce bare sparks are avoided.

• Provisions For Means of Access
• Every building shall abut on a public/private means of access like
streets/roads duly formed.
• This access way well illuminated and well maintained should be free
from any obstruction in all weathers.
• No building should deprive the means of access to other buildings. The
residential plots shall abut on a public means of access like street/road.
• In no case development of a plot shall be permitted, unless it is
accessible by a public street of a minimum width of 6 m and the
maximum length of feeder road is not greater than 75 m.
• In case of multi-storeyed buildings and other public building, the width
of the main street on which building abuts shall not be less than 12 m.

• Size of Structural Elements
1. A load bearing brick wall should have a minimum thickness of
200 mm.
2. Any brick column should be at least 200 mm thick.
3. The minimum dimensions of a concrete column should be 150
mm X 150 mm with a minimum of 4 steel bars of diameter not
less than 12 mm.
4. The minimum diameter of a circular concrete column is 150 mm
with a minimum of 6 bars of 12 mm diameter.
5. 1:2:4 cement concrete is most commonly used for the
construction of load bearing members.

6. Minimum thickness of a load bearing (flat) slab is 100 mm.
7. Glass panels for Door and Window shutters should have a
minimum thickness of 5 mm.
8. Wooden panels for Door and Window shutters should have a
minimum thickness of 12 mm and rails a minimum thickness of 25
mm.
9. Wooden door frames should have a minimum thickness of 75 mm
and window frames a minimum thickness of 60 mm.

• (1) Exterior open space: Exterior open space may be in the front, rear
and sides of the building.
(i) Front open space:
(a) Every building fronting a street shall have a front space, forming an
integral part of the site as shown in table.
Width of Street abutting the
plot in meter
Front open space minimum (m)
Upto 7.5* 1.5*
7.5 to 18 3.0
18 to 30 4.5
above 30 6.0
* For building upto a maximum of height of 7 m.

(b) In case a building is fronting two or more sides to streets, the
average width of the front open space should be 3 m and at nowhere
less than 1.8 m.
(c ) No construction work of a building shall be undertaken within 5 m
from the centre line of the street.

ii) Rear open space: Every residential building shall have a rear open
space, forming an integral part of the site.
a) The average width of rear open space should be 3 m, but at no
place measuring less than 1.8 m.
b) In case of back to back site, the width of the rear open space shall
be 3 m throughout. For plots of depth less than 9 m, for buildings
upto 7 m in height, the rear open space may be reduced to 1.5 m.
c) If a building abuts on two or more streets, such rear open space
shall be provided throughout the face of the rear wall.
d) In case of corner plots less than 300 m2 in area, the rear open space
should be a minimum of 2.4 m.

• (iii) Side open space: Every detached and semi-detached building
shall have a permanent open air space, forming an integral part of
the site.
a) Detached building shall have a minimum of 3m side open space at
both sides, whereas semi-detached building will have 3 m minimum
side open space on one side only.
b) For row type of buildings, no side open space is required.
c) Provision of rear open space and side open space mentioned before
are not applicable to parking lock-up garages upto 3 m in height
located at a distance of 7.5 m from any street line or front boundary
of the plot.

• Side and Rear open space for different height of buildings
Height of buildings (m)
Side and rear open spaces to be left
around building (m)
10 3
15 5
18 6
21 7
24 8
27 9
30 10
40 12
45 13
50 14
55 and above 16

• 2) Interior open spaces:
i) Inner courtyard: Inner court yards are common in rural houses
which may also have a front open yard or rear open yard or both
the yards in addition to the inner courtyard. In towns only spacious
(public) buildings have an inner yard of 3 m wide for ventilation and
illumination.
ii) Outer courtyard: The width of the outer courtyard shall be not less
than2.4 m.
iii) Joint open space :All the interior and exterior open air space shall
be entirely within the owner’s own premises.

(3) Exemption to open spaces:
i) Projections into open spaces: Every open space provided, either
interior or exterior shall be kept free from any erection thereon and
shall be open to the sky, except as mentioned below:
a) Cornice, roof or weather shade not more than 0.75 m wide.
b) Sunshades over windows, ventilators or other openings not more
than 0.75 m wide.
c) Projected balcony at higher floors of width not more than 1.2 m.
d) Projecting rooms, balconies at alternate floors such that rooms of
the lower two floors get light and air and the projection being not
more than the height of the storey immediately below.

(ii) Sunshades over windows and ventilators: Projections of sunshades
over windows or ventilators in existing built up or congested areas
when permitted by the authority shall fulfil the following conditions:
a) No sunshade shall be permitted over the road or over any portion
outside the boundaries of the site below a height of 2.8 m from the
road level.
b) Sunshades provided above a height of 2.8 m from the ground level
shall be permitted to project upto a maximum width of 600 mm, if
the road over which they project is wider than 9 m.
c) No sunshade shall be permitted on roads less than 9 m in width or
on roads having no footpaths.

(iii) Accessory building: The following accessory building may be
permitted in the open spaces.
a) In an existing building, sanitary block of 2.4 m in height subject to a
maximum area of 4 m2 in the rear open space at a distance of 1.5
m from the rear boundary may be permitted, where facilities are
not adequate.
b) Parking lock up garages not exceeding 2.4 m in height shall be
permitted in the side or rear open spaces at a distance of 7.5 m
from any road line or the front boundary of the plot.
c) Suction tank and pump room each upto 2.5 m2 in area.

(iv) Porticos in existing developed area: Porticos in bazaar areas of
existing developed areas may be permitted to project on road land
subject to the following limitations:
(a) Porticos may be allowed on such roads leaving a minimum clear
space of 18 m between kerbs.
(b) It should have a minimum width of 3 m.
(c) Nothing shall be allowed to be constructed on the portico which
shall be used as an open terrace.
(d) Nothing shall be allowed to project beyond the line of arcades.
(e) The space under the portico shall be paved and channelled
according to the directions of the authority.

• (4) Building setback requirements: The open space requirement for
individual residential buildings as per existing bye-laws in
municipalities are given below.
(i)For buildings upto 300 m2 plot area.
S. No Plot area (m2)
Open space
(m)
Front Rear Sides
1 upto 50 0.75
2 51 to 75 1 1 0.5
3 76 to 100 1.25 1 0.5
4 101 to 150 2 2 1.25
5 151 to 200 2 2 1.25
6 201 to 300 3 2 1.5

(ii) For buildings above 300 m2 plot area and height upto 13 m
(a) Minimum front set back
width of abutting road in
metres
minimum setback in
metres
upto 12 3
12 to 18 4
above 18 4.5

(b) Minimum rear set back: 3 metres
(c) Minimum side backs
Plot area m2 Minimum set back in meters
301 to 670
1.5 m or 1/4th of the height of
the building on each side
Whichever is higher
Above 670
3 meter on both side or 1/4th of
the height of building on either
side
Whichever is higher

• Some general concepts about building planning
• Procedure of building permission
• Structural Audit of building
• Low costs Housing Material and method

• Procedure of Building Permission
• Introduction
• Getting a Building Plan approved is a long process in India.
• Commencing a building construction without the permission of required
authorities is illegal and the constructed portion of that building is liable
for demolition and the developer will be prosecuted for the said act.
• Therefore, the developer has to ensure that all the necessary permissions
and approvals are obtained from the relevant authorities before
commencing the construction.
• Different authorities are set up to deal with different permissions required
for approval of the project. The process differs not only from State to State
but it also varies for different cities.

• Title
• Firstly, the developer/builder has to get a clear title of the land on
which he proposes to undertake construction. He has to ensure that
he is the owner of the land.
• He has to show that the land is free from encumbrances and it
should not be in any other person's possession, nor there should be
any charges ie lien/mortgage over the land, there should not be a
dispute of any kind over it nor any financial or heirship claims.
• If the land is given to the developer/builder for redevelopment the
development right should have been given to the developer/builder
by the landowner.

• Land Clearance
• There are different zoning laws for different zones which regulate the
development, construction, and usage of real estate properties in
India.
• Land-use zoning in India is classified into categories such as
residential, multi-family, commercial and specific zones created to
segregate real estate properties.
• If the land was an agricultural land and has been converted into a
nonagricultural land which is being developed for residential or
commercial use the developer/builder has to obtain permission from
the Urban Development department and once the use of the land is
converted after being approved by the town planning department
and the municipal authority.

• Submit Building Plan
• Now here comes a major role of the Architect. The developer/builder's
architect has to submit the building plan for approval.
• He has to submit the proposed plan with all the required documents now
the proposal goes for two levels of check.
• First level scrutiny check is done by Assistant Town Planning/Municipal
officer and the second level scrutiny check is done by the Chief Officer. If
the file is in order and complete he can proceed to pay the scrutiny fees.
• The ATP/Municipal Engineer verifies the documents uploaded by the
applicant. Once the documents/drawings are verified, the site visit is done
for the proposal. Engineer/ATP himself go for site visit inspection and fill
the questionnaire draft of site visit building permission.

• Obtain Intimation of disapproval (IOD) from the Building proposal
department
• After the site is inspected the developer/builder's application file is
sent back to the Building Proposal Office to get an Intimation of
Disapproval (IOD) (authorization) it is also known as Building Permit
in some places.
• IOD are instructions which a developer/builder has to comply within
an under-construction project. The concerned officer i: e the Sub-
Engineer scrutinizes the report and forwards it to the assistant
engineer and executive engineer.
• If the everything is Proper then executive approved it.

• Submit structural plans approved by a structural engineer to the
Municipal Corporation
• Once the developer/builder obtains an Intimation of Disapproval
(IOD) he has to apply for a review of structural plans which is done
simultaneously with the No Objection Process (NOC).
• Types of NOC
• Non Agriculture Permission
• NOC From Tree department of Municipal Corporation.
• NOC from electric department.
• NOC from Traffic and coordinate department.
• NOC from costal zone Management Authority
• NOC from Airport Authorities of India.

• Obtain bore well Registration Certificate
• Maharashtra is one of the few states which has enacted the
Groundwater (Regulation for Drinking Water Purposes) Act.
• It is enacted to regulate the overexploitation of watersheds and
prohibition of construction of new wells. The developer/builder has
to obtain a Bore well Registration Certificate.
• Road Access/Highway/Expressway Permission
• Without prior approval from the Highway Authority, no one is
allowed to construct, form or layout any means of access to or from a
highway, or erect any building or materially alter any existing
building, extend any excavation or construct or form or layout any
work.

• Water Connection
• The developer/builder has to apply to the waterworks department to
get a water connection. The documents required for getting a water
connection are
• Duly filled in the application form for new water connection
• Receipt of payment of property tax or date of application
• Location map of the property
• Affidavit in a prescribed format.

• Certificate of Commencement
• A commencement certificate is a document from the local municipal
authority that permits the developer to begin construction of the
project. The commencement certificate (or CC) is usually granted,
only after the developer has met the legal requirements and
obtained the relevant sanctions for the building's plan.
• Completion & Occupancy
• Completion certificate & Occupancy Certificate is that CC shows that
the building construction is done as per the plan which was approved
by the concerned authorities. The OC is issued only once
the building has been completed in all respects and can be occupied.

• Structural Audit of building
• Structural Audit is an overall health and performance checkup of a
building like a doctor examines a patient. It ensures that the building
and its premises are safe and have no risk. It analyses and suggests
appropriate repairs and retrofitting measures required for the
buildings to perform better in its service life. Structural audit is done
by an experienced and licensed structural consultant.

• Purpose of Structural Audit
• To save human life and buildings
• To understand the condition of building
• To find critical areas to repair immediately
• To comply with statutory requirements
• To enhance life cycle of building by suggesting preventive and corrective
measures like repairs and retrofitting.
• Bye-Laws
• As per clause No.77 of revised Bye-Laws of Cooperative Housing Societies:
“The Society shall cause the ‘Structural Audit’ of the building as follows:
• For building aging between 15 to 30 years once in 5 years
• For building aging above 30 years Once in 3 years

• Low cost Housing materials and methods
• The materials commonly used for modern low-cost construction are
hollow concrete blocks, bamboo, extruded clay bricks, compressed
earth bricks, concrete panels, along with non-
conventional materials like polymers and recycled composite blocks,
as they can reduce construction time by half.

Prof. S. B. Gawande
ICEEM, Aurangabad
UNIT 3: BUILDING SERVICES

Flooring
Floors are the horizontal element of a building structure which divide
the building into different levels for the purpose of creating more
accommodation within a restricted space one above the other and
provide comfortable support for the occupants, furniture and
equipments.
(1) Components of a floor: A floor is composed of two essential
components:
i) Sub-floor or base course or floor base
(ii) Floor covering.

The purpose of floor base is
i) To provide an even base for men and material to rest
ii) To impart strength and stability
iii) To support floor covering
iv) To provide damp resistance and thermal resistance.
The materials used for floor base are
(i) Cement concrete
(ii) Lime concrete
(iii) Stone
(iii) Brick
(iv) Wooden blocks

(2) Cement concrete flooring: This floor is most commonly used for
residential, commercial and industrial buildings, since it is
moderately cheap, quite durable and easy to construct and maintain.
The cement concrete flooring consists of two components:
i) a base course or subgrade
ii) a wearing course or floor finish or topping.

(3) Mosaic flooring: This flooring is commonly used in operation
theatres, temples, bathrooms and superior types of buildings.
Mosaic flooring is made of small pieces of broken tiles of China glass
or of marble arranged in different patterns.
For construction of mosaic flooring, first of all a hard flooring is
prepared as in the case concrete flooring. Over this concrete base,
while it is still wet, a 20 mm layer of cement mortar is spread and
levelled and is left to dry for about 4 hours.

Building services
A) water supply requirement
i) for residential building:- 135 liter / capita / Day are required, for
sanitary propose and other for domestic use 41 litre/ head/ day.
ii) for public building
a) factories or industries required 45 litre/ head/day
b) Hospital required 450 litre/ head/day
c) for hostel required 135 litre/ head/day
d) for office required 45 litre/ head/day
e) for hotels and resorts requited 70 litre/ head/day
f) for school and colleges required 45 litre/ head/day

B) drainage system
Important terms
1) waste water
The use or spent water from Bath, wash basin, Sink etc. Which does
not contain human extract this term as a wastewater
2) waste pipe
It is a pipe which is provided to carry only the liquid waste. It does
not carry human extract.
3) soil waste
The discharge material from Water closet urinary, slope sink is term
as soil waste

4) soil pipe
A soil pipe is a pipe through which human extract flows or the pipe
which receives the soil waste is term as file pipe
5) ventilating pipe
It is a pipe which provided for the purpose of the ventilation of the
system a vent pipe is open at top and bottom to facilitate removal of
foul gases it is a carry at least one meter higher than roof level.
6) rainwater pipe
Pipe which carry only the rain water

7) anti Siphonage pipe -
It is a pipe which is installed in the house drainage to preserve the water
sill of traps.
8) Flushing cistern
It is a cistern which discharge water for flushing water closet, urinary.
9) drain
A line of pipe which all fitting and equipment such as open channel,
manhole, inspection chamber, trap use for drainage purpose that is for
removal of liquid, such as surface water, foll water is a term as drain.

10) Sewer
It is a closet drain for carrying soil and other water waste.
11) man hole
It is an opening fitted with cover by which a man may enter or leave
either a drain or a sewer or other closet structure for various
purposes such as inspection, cleaning, maintenance and operation.
12) surface water
The water from rainwater as a runoff and other water face including
paved area, unpaved land and is term as surface water

13) drainage of house
The arrangement provided in a house or building for collecting and
conveying waste water through drainage pipe by gravity to join a
public Sewer or a domestic septic tank is term as a house drainage or
building drainage

• Objective of house drainage
House drainage provided
1. To maintain healthy condition in a building
2. To dispose of wastewater as earlier and quickly as possible
3. To avoid entry of foul gases from the sewer or the septic tank
4. To collect and remove waste material systematically.

principle of house drainage
1. The laboratory block should be so located that the length of drainage
line is minimum in case of multi story building they should be located one
above the other .
2. The drainage pipe should be laid by the side of the building rather than
below the building
3. All the drainage should be aline straight between successive inspection
chamber all sharp bends or junction should be avoided expect through
chambers
4. The slope of the drainage should be sufficient to develop self cleaning
velocity

5. The size of drainage should be sufficient so that flooding of
drainage does not take place while handling maximum discharge
6. The drainage system should contain enough number of trap at
suitable location
7. All connection should be water tight
8. all material and fitting of drainage system should be hard, strong,
resistance to corrosion action

sanitary fitting
sanitary fitting are generally made of of fireclay earthenware or
Chinaware this fitting are in thr form of
1. wash basin
2. sink
3. bath tub
4. Water closet
5. Ventilations system

1. wash basin
wash basins are usually made up of
porcelain ware. sometime they are also
made up of porcelain enamelled, cast
iron or plastic where number of users
are more
an ordinary wash basin is mounted on
a bracket fix on wall normally as was
basing is a provide it with the two trap
one for hot water and other for cold
water mounted at it top it has an oval
shape with an overflow slot at the top.

2. Sink
a sink is used in kitchen this may be
made up of glazed fireclay, stainless
steel, steel or metal procleain a Sink
may be also of constructed of cast in
situ concrete with suitable finish in
surface such as marble, terrazzo
etc.outlet pipe provided with the
gradient

3. bath tub
bathtub are usually made up of iron or steel coated with inner melt
peroclin or plastic material they may also be made up of cast in situ
concrete finish with marble chips and terrazo or any other material
it has length of 1.7 to 1.85 metre may vary between 0.7 to 0.75 metre
and depth varing from 0.43m to 0.55m

4. water closet
water closet are designed to receive and
discharge human extract directly from
person using it the appliance is connected to
the soil pipe by means of a suitable trap
it is a usually connected to a flashing cistern
to flush the closet and discharge the human
extract to the soil pipe it is a to type Indian
type and European type or Western type

system of drainage
the following three system of drainage are used
1. combined system
2. Separate system
3. Partially separate system

Combined system in which foul water as well as surface water are
convey by the same sewer and Drainage
Separate system in which the foul water and surface water are
conveyed by separate sewer and drain
Partially separate system a part of surface water is convey separately
while a part of this is convey along with foul water through the foul
sewer and drain

System of plumbing
There are four principle system of plumbing drainage of building
1. Single stack system
2. one pipe system
3. Partially ventilated single stack system
4. Two pipe system

1. Single stack system
This is the simplest system in which
waste matter from bilath,Sink as well
as foul matter from water closet are
discharged into one single pipe called
the soil and Waste pipe.
This pipe terminate as a vent pipe at
its top and no separate vent pipe is
provided the single stack system is
effective only if the traps are fitted
with water of not less than 75 mm
the system is simple and economical
scenes only one pipe is used

2 One pipe system
In this system a separate when
pipe is provided and the trap of all
WC, basing are completely
ventilated in multi storey building
the blocks of different floors are
situated one above the other so
that the waste water discharge
from various unit at a different
floor can be carried through a
common soil and waste pipe this
system is costlier than single stack
system

3. Partially ventilated single stack system
This is a modified form of single stack
system and one pipe system in this system
the waste from WC, basin and sink is
discharge into one common soil and waste
pipe. in additional to a relief when pipe is
also provided which provide it ventilation
to the Trap of the wc. the Trap of basin in
are not directly connected to the vent pipe

4. Two pipe system
in this system separate soil Pipe and
Waste pipe are provided. the
discharge from the Wc is connected
to the soil pipe while the discharge
from the bath, sink are connected to
the waste pipe all the Trap are
completely ventilated by provided
separate ventilating pipe thus 4
pipes are required

Septic tank
A septic tank is underground chamber in which the extract from WC
is digested by the anerobic action normally the in the septic tank is
design for disposal of soil waste. The wastewater from wash basin,
Sink etc. Disperse into a garden. The liquid discharge from the septic
tank after digestion called the effluent should be given to secondary
treatment
It is a tank which deal with sewage where the municipal sewage
system has not be installed
Watertight, single stories underground tank in which sewage retain
to carry out sedimentation of suspended solid and partially digest of
settle flood by anaerobic action

• Design of Septic tank
• The septic tank consists of rectangular or circular underground chamber
which brick masonry or stone masonry.
• The floor should be plaster inside and outside which 1:4 cement mortar
• The septic tank should have a minimum liquid capacity of 1000 litre
with a minimum width of 750 mm and depth of 1000 mm
• A minimum free Board of 300 mm should be provided
• Twi Chambers separated by baffle wall first chamber is grit chamber and
second is anaerobic chamber
• In grit chamber sand, gravel settle down at the bottom
• in Anaerobic chamber organic solid settle at bottom where anaerobic
bacteria convert unstable compound to simple stable compound

Types of septic tanks
1. Domestic septic tank
2. Public septic tank
Design consideration of septic tank
1. Floor area should be adequate to reduce the velocity of sewage flow
2. Capacity of septic tank should be adequate to provide detention time
any liquids take for particular time divided by storage duration 12 hours to
3 days
3. Septic tanks should be adequate to permit deposition for certain
duration period
4. Safety tank must be properly ventilated

• pipe size and gradient
Easy maintenance and repair the following minimum size of the
drainage pipe may be adopted
1. Underground horizontal is slope pipe having 10 cm diameter
2. Vertical soil stack 10 cm diameter
3. Vertical sludge stand above ground how centimetre
4. Branches for soil pipe above ground greater than 1.8 metre length
and diameter is 6 cm

5. Branches for soil pipe above groundis greater than or equal to 1.8
length and diameter is 7.5 cm
6. Deleting pipe should be 5 centimetre diameter
7. Waste pipe for individual kitchen ,sink laboratory basin is 4 centimetre
diameter pipe
8. waste pipes for urinary is 3 cm diameter pipe
• Gradient and pipe size
• 10 cm pipe having 1 in 60
• 15 cm having 1 in 100
• 20cm having 1 in 120

• Electrification
Concealed Wiring
As a word suggest concealed means “Hidden”. So, this wiring is done inside
the floors/walls and it is further concealed/ hidden by plastering the wall. In
other words, using plastic or electrical wiring inside a wall, ceiling or floor
with plastic or metallic piping is called secret concealed conduit wiring.

Open Wiring
As a word suggests open means exposed. It is a wiring method using cleats,
knobs, tubes and flexible tubing for the protection and support of insulated
conductors running, on walls and not concealed or hidden under any
elements of building.

Concept of earthing
The electrical potential of the Earth is considered to be zero. Hence on
connecting the electrical channels of any appliance to the Earth, its potential
would become zero too.
This is the main concept behind Earthing, which is a process bonding
noncurrent bearing parts of an electrical device or the neutral summit of the
electrical organization to the earth through wires possessing minor
resistance to flow of current.

Prof. S. B. Gawande
ICEEM, Aurangabad
UNIT 4: DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

Classification of building
1.Classification of building base on nature of Occupancy
1. Group A - residential building
Example - single and multi storey houses, apartment
2. Group B - educational building
Example - School, colleges etc.
3. Group C - institutional building
Example - Hospital, cottages, orphanage etc.
4. Group D - assembly building
Example - assembly halls, auditoriums, theatres, bus stand, railway station
etc

5. Group E - business building
Example - they are the buildings meaning for public transaction as
offices, banks, consultancy offices etc
6. Group F - Mercantile building
Example - this building involve money transaction towards purchase
like shopping complexes, market, showrooms etc
7. Group G - industrial building
They are specially construct structures to manufacture products after
processing assembling and fabrication. Example, power plant, pumping
station and factory buildings.

8. Group H - storage building
This building constructed mainly for Storage propose. Example -
godowns, garage, warehouse.
9. Group I - Hazardous building
This building Stored, manufacture or process
Hazardous products which are explosive, highly inflammable, chemical
producing flame. Example nuclear power plant, chemical plant.

2. Classification of building based on Fire resistance
1. Type 1 construction -
In which all structural member Shall be 4 Hour fire resistance.
2. Type 2 construction-

Classification of residential building
Residential building is a one in which people reside permanently or for
a considerable time.
The residential building can be divided into following five types
1. Detached houses
2. Semi detached houses
3. Row houses
4. Block of flats
5. Duplex type houses

1. Detached house
It is an independent house for one and two storey to accumulated one family.
No Structural member is share by the neighbouring building.
This houses offer independence, good ventilation, and maximum privacy and
space.
These houses shall be having one or two and sometime three bedrooms with
attach toilet, drawing rooms, dining, kitchen and verandah enclosed by
compound.

2. Semidetached Houses
It is nothing but two detach houses arrange side by side with wall separating
them and one portion on side of if being there Mirror image of the other.
It had all the advantage of the detached houses with less privacy.
Expensive renovation of one portion may not be possible. The common wall
running north south direction is desirable. It is a cheaper to built.

3. Row Houses
These are single storeyed houses in a straight line with common long walls.
ventilation of rooms is to be compromised and at times inmates may be
deprived of privacy.
All the houses are of the same plan and occupy the least area, compared to
detached and semi detached houses.
These types of houses are very common in India. Railway staff quarters are
mostly of this type because accommodation is to be provided for many in the
proximity of a railway station. It is the common tendency of anybody to prefer
a house nearer to his place of work than a spacious one far away.
Each house may have two rooms one kitchen cum dining and another living
cum bed room. A front verandah and backyard may be separately provided for
every house.

4. Block of Flats
Flats or apartments are a cluster of detached or
semi-detached houses grouped and assembled at
different levels of a single building.
Any flat is a framed structure of 3 or more floors. In
general its ground floor shall be free from walls and
used for parking of vehicles.
Two bed roomed and three bed roomed houses
along with drawing, dining, kitchen, bath and toilet
rooms are generally provided. In addition to the
above, pooja, store and guest room may also be
provided, Flats accommodate tens of families in a
smaller area. Any type of plan of 'Detached or semi
detached houses' can be adopted for flats.

5. Duplex Type House
Duplex type houses are detached or semi detached type houses in which
accommodation for a family is spread over two (Duplex) and rarely over three
(Triplex) floors.
Duplex houses are constructed where the cost of land is high to accommodate
all the rooms of the house at the same level. Verandah, drawing, kitchen and
dining are provided at ground level. Sit out, bed rooms and toilets may be
provided at first floor level over the same roof area of ground floor.

Factors Affecting the Selection of Site
(1) Topography:
i) Plain grounds: Plain sites offer easy marking,
excavations and construction. No levelling is
needed. But drainage becomes a problem and
stagnant pools will be formed after a heavy
rainfall.
ii) Sloping grounds: A bare minimum of 1% (1 in
100) slope is required for effective drainage.
2% (1 in 200) is the minimum slope for the
drainage of lawns. Slope easily gets noticed
when it exceeds 5%. Parking (for vehicles) area
should not be steeper than 5%.

Site at higher level: In such cases, where site is above the road level,
drainage does not pose any problem and rain-water and waste-water
flow down, if slopes are utilized properly.
Road at higher level: Runoff from the road may rush into the site which
is highly unhygienic and leads to health problems. It is to be
intercepted by drains on either side of the road.

Undulating ground: Building construction on undulating ground can be
done after levelling. Sometimes split level construction (i.e., different
rooms having different floor levels and some even having a basement
floor below) is carried out when the fluctuations in undulations are
very wide or the ground is sloping very steeply.
Elevated site: An elevated site gives majestic appearance and enhances
the beauty of the structure built over it. Such a site presents good view
of the landscape i.e., nature's beauty and its enchanting view.

(2) Nature of sub-soil:
A permanent building shall be constructed over a soil offering good
bearing capacity. The soil below the ground called sub-soil possessing
good bearing capacity should be available at a reasonable depth.
Otherwise foundations become costly.
Rocky soil: It had the advantage of offering the maximum bearing
capacity. Excavations for foundation shall be costly, but the extracted
rock can be used in construction which shall be in conformity with
surroundings.

Gravels: Gravels come next to rocks in imperviousness and bearing
capacity. Excavations are not that difficult. While practically no
settlement occurs in rocks, it is the least in gravels.
Hard moorum and sandy soils: Because moorum and sandy soils do not
settle or expand but possess good bearing capacity, they are preferred
for the construction of buildings.
Clayey soils: These are cohesive soils. They undergo uneven settlement
when loaded. They lose their water content and shrink during summer.
They absorb water and bulge during the rainy season. Therefore, they
are called expansive soils

Factor affecting the selection of site
(3) Position of ground water table:
If a well is dug at the site, potable water must be available at a
reasonable depth. i.e., the ground water table should not be very deep
as its drawing will be strenuous. But shallow ground water table
reduces the bearing capacity of the sub-soil, causes uneven settlement
and promotes dampness in the buildings constructed over it.
Ground Water Table (GWT) should be at a minimum depth of 3 m
below ground level. When it is at a depth of greater than 1 m but less
than 3 m, better to go in for shallow foundations. If deep foundations
are inevitable efficient drainage system for foundations is to be
provided.

When GWT is at a depth of less than 1 m, only shallow foundations
are to be provided. In this case the minimum height of the basement
is 0.9 m.
Percolation: Soils percolating at 50 s/mm (requiring 50 seconds for a
fall in level of 1 mm) are ideally suited for percolation trenches and
soak pits after septic tank.
Soils percolating at 180 s/mm are relatively less porus and pooling of
waste water is common with them.
Soil recording a rate of percolation of less than 2 s/mm are loose and
hungry soils and are undesirable for soak pits and percolation
trenches.

4) Facilities:
i) Community services such as street cleaning, fire protection, police;
ii) Utilities such as protected water supply, gas supply, electric power
supply, drainage line;
iii) Amenities such as school, recreation, (cable TV) hospital,
telephone; and
iv) Transport system such as well connected road with easy access to
road and rail transport, should be available near to the site at no
extra cost.

5) Neighborhoods: Our living environment is controlled by
neighborhoods. Residential buildings are undesirable in commercial
and industrial areas.
While planning residential buildings in a locality, the important factor
to be considered is economical status of the residents in the locality.
A good neighborhoods is essential for pleasant living.

6) Certain things those should not be near the site:
i) Markets, cine theatres etc. which create noise and nuisance over which we
have no control. Safety and security is also less in and around.
ii) Industries, especially hazardous industries Sewage farms, swamps, marshes,
Garbage disposal land,
iii) Places of incineration of refuse dumps and busy traffic junctions — which
produce foul air, dust, noise and smoke which cause discomfort, uneasiness,
visibility reduction, soiling of exposed surfaces and corrosion of metals.
iv) Slaughter houses and cemeteries which create panic in tender brains.
v) Brick or lime kilns which give out a lot of heat and dust.
vi) Quarries which are quite dusty and a continuous source of noise and blasts.
Vii) Bus station, railway station and aerodrome which are quite noisy.

7) Vegetation:
A site having trees, shrubs and bushes over it is to be preferred to a
bare and barren site.
While trees with fruits and flowers give pleasant atmosphere, even
others provide us with privacy, shade, oxygen during the day,
greenery, pleasant sight and act as barriers of heat, dust and noise.

8) Shape of the site:
Rectangular shape of sites of length 1 to 2 times its width and
preferably the width being parallel to the road is ideal.
Triangular shaped sites are to be avoided.
Irregular and narrow site rarely gets natural light and breeze as the
neighbouring buildings influence it. Also planning becomes very
difficult with very little flexibility.
Slightly irregular shape may present its own artistic beauty, but too
many kinks may increase the length of the boundary. More skill is
required in planning on an irregular site

9) Availability of men and materials:
Materials of construction as stones bricks, timber, steel, lime,
cement, sand and good quality water should be available at the site
in sufficient quantity.
Also skilled labour such as masons, bar benders, carpenters,
electricians, plumbers etc. and unskilled labour should be available
at the site.

10)Proximity to seashore:
Coastal towns present better climate. A building I nearer to the beach has
the following advantages:
(i)Pleasant view of the sunrise or sunset and moonlight, shining watery f
surface can be witnessed.
(ii)Cool breeze in summer and slight warmth during winter can be
experienced,
(iii)Ozone of beaches induces exhilarating effect.
However, the disadvantages of construction along the beach are
(i) Corrosion of metallic surface is accelerated.
(ii) Dust and salty mist are the common accompaniments of breeze.
(iii) Comfort is less because of greater humidity

General guidelines for Building Drawing
The Bureau of Indian Standards related to building drawing have
been listed below:
Drawing sheet (size, layout etc.): IS: 10711 — 2001
Lines: (general principles of presentation of technological
drawings):IS: 10714 (part 20) - 2001 and sp: 46 - 2003
Lettering for technical drawings: IS: 9609 — 2001

Type of line Symbol
Maximum
Thickness
in mm
Application in building drawing
Grade of
pencil
Other
name
Thick line
Visible out line
1
To represent the visible outline of a
building
HB
Principal
line
Medium thick line
Hidden lins
------- 0.5
To show the interior or hidden surface
or in visible line in section on plane
H
Dashed
line
Thin line Dimensions
line
0.3
To show the dimensions of various
building components
2H
Extension line 0.8
It used to help in dimensioning of
various building components
2H
Cutting line
To show the sections of the building or
building components
2H
Section
line
Break line
long break line
0.2
To show the short and long break or
irregular boundary
2H
Short break line 0.6
To show the short and long break or
irregular boundary
2H
Leader line 0.3
To write a note and dimensions of
various building components
2H
Pointer
line

Lettering -
As per BIS 9609 — 2001, nominal size of letters and numerical are designated their
heights.
(1) All letters should be in capital form and generally vertical lettering is used, but
inclined lettering (italic) at inclination of 75° to the horizontal is also used.
(2)Always draw guide lines (with 2H pencil) and draw the lettering between them
with HB pencil.
(3)Different sizes of letters are used for different purposes as follows:
Main title – size of letters in 6mm,8mm,10mm,12mm
Subtitle and heading – 3mm,4mm,5mm,6mm
Notes, dimensions etc – 3mm,4mm,5mm

Guidelines For Planning And Drawing of Residential Building
1) Planning
2) Plan of building
3) Section of building
4) Elevetion of building

1. Planning
• Collect information about the proposed building its purpose and
general scope of its components.
• Select a suitable site or plan the building according to the site
available.
• Place the plan elements with proper correlation giving
consideration to the levels, aspect, prospect, orientation,
convenience, comfort and attention to other planning principles.
• Adopt proper proportion and shape of units of building from
practical utility and aesthetic points of view.

2. Plan
A plan is the arrangement (grouping, positioning and orientation) of
different rooms of a house on a horizontal plane i.e., the drawing
sheet. A plan drawn in building drawings is not simply the top view
seen from the top of the building.The building is imagined to be cut
by a horizontal plane sightly above the window-sill level. The upper
portion cut above the horizontal plane is removed. The building is
seen from the top. A projection of the portion on the building on a
horizontal plane is known as plan.

Let us take a simple building as shown in fig. For taking
plan, the building has been cut above window sill. Now
the building above the window sill (portion A) has been
removed. The remaining portion of the building (portion
B) is shown in fig. The portion B of building is seen from
top and we get projection on a horizontal plane as
shown in fig. as portion C. The portion C of the figure is
properly oriented and we get the plan of the rooms.

Preparation of plan for residential buildings
• First, prepare the line plan for a residential building before
preparing the detailed sketch because alternative line plans would
give scope for comparison by making changes in the size of sotnc
rootns according to owner's requirements.
• While preparing the sketch plan, the line plan with reference to
the site plan, shape of the plot, north direction, direction of
prevailing wind, main road and view of surroundings etc. should
be kept in mind.
• The sketch plan should be prepared on a tracing paper. Beginners
may keep a graph below the tracing paper.

• Wall thickness, area of each unit, name of the unit, location of
sanitary units, staircase, flight of steps, landing up and down
directions, passage width, position of doors and windows, columns
and beams, entrance gate, compound wall, path from gate to the
building, chajjas and canopy projections should be clearly
mentioned in the sketch plan.
• Thickness of the wall should be drawn as per given data. R.C.C.
framed structures may have external walls of 230 mm thickness
and internal walls of 150 mm thickness. Load bearing structures
will have 200 mm to 300 mm thick walls. Any wall having a
thickness less than 200 mm cannot be a load bearing wall.

• Study the movement in the house from one room to another room
or passage through the door and show the shutter with direction
of opening by the symbol.
• Plan door openings judiciously. No shutter should partly or fully
block opening of another door or window. The space between two
adjacent door openings automatically becomes Passage and
Passage should be always free.
• Draw kitchen otta, sink, built in cupboard, W.C. pan (commode),
wash basin, staircase, front and rear steps.
• Projections from walls as sunshades, porches and beams from
verandah column which are above the sill level of windows are to
be shown in dotted lines. Draw extension lines and dimension
lines on all sides.

• Write clear room dimensions as per line plan (first along horizontal
axis and next along vertical axis on the drawing sheet). In case of
framed structures, centre to centre and overall dimensions should
be shown.
• Overall dimensions of all the four sides of building (including off-
sets also if any) should be mentioned.
• Overall dimension of side must tally with the sum Of dimensions in
series along the direction.
• Draw a line of 5 mm height, roughly at the centre of the room for
title.

• Write complete specification for doors, windows and ventilators.
• Scale for plan should be written as 1 cm = 1 metre but not as 1 m =
1 cm., i.e., It should be a fraction but never more than 1.
• Plan is generally drawn to a scale of 1:50, 1: 100 or 1:200 as per
the size of the building.

3.Section
• Section is the full view of a building in vertical plane from
foundation level to top of Parapet wall. It reveals all details of
construction.
• The building is cut by a vertical plane XY as shown in fig. When the
building has been cut by the vertical plane X Y, the part of the
building before the arrow (part 1) is removed as shown in fig.

• Now standing in front of the remaining part (part 2), projection is
taken on a vertical plane behind the building. The product (part 3) will
be section or sectional elevation of the building.

• Sections are drawn to show constructional details, from
foundation bed level to the top of the roof.
• These details give information about the thickness of walls and
foundation for the walls, slab thickness, flooring details for finish
and bed below flooring, vertical heights above the floor top, height
of doors and windows lintel thickness, sunshade projection and
thickness.
• In short, section gives all information for an estimate and
construction which are invisible on plan and elevation.
• Section line is a broken line having one long and two short dashes
alternatively and evenly spaced.

• The section line should be selected with due consideration to show
interior details and should pass through doors, windows, cupboard,
bath room, W.C. and stairs. Section should be drawn by the side of
elevation by projecting lines.
• Draw all vertical lines from floor level representing vertical depths and
heights from floor level to foundation bed level and from floor level to
the top of the roof.
• Study objects like window, chaija, door etc., which are cut by the
section line and project those in walls. Give all vertical dimensions and
write notes.
• The height of a room in case of an R.C.C. slab roof is measured from
floor level to the bottom of roof slab.

3. Elevation
• Elevation is the appearance of the building above ground level in
vertical plane.
• Generally front elevation is drawn, but in some cases, side
elevation is also drawn which is known as end view.
• For drawing front elevation of the building imagine to stand in
front of it. Whatever portion of the building is visible above ground
level, take its first angle projection on a vertical plane behind the
building. It will be the elevation of the building.

(1) Elevation should be drawn vertically above the plan by projecting
vertical lines and to the left of the section by projecting
horizontal lines above ground level.
(2) Dimensions on elevation should be a bare minimum and
preferably to be avoided.

• Standard Dimensions For Various Buildings Units
• In order to be free from weathering effects and for better stability, the
minimum depth of foundation is kept I m below the ground level. The
width of foundation should be such that the stress on the soil is within
its safe bearing capacity.
• Plinth height may be 300 mm to 600 mm but 450 mm is more
common. For water logging prone and important buildings, the
minimum plinth height is 600 mm. With greater plinth height, the
building gets majestic appearance.

• plinth area should be a minimum of 1.2 times the floor area of the
building.
• When number of footings are to be provided preferably their
depths are kept equal.
• Width of the cement concrete bed of foundation width of the brick
footing immediately above the concrete bed + 100 mm + 100 mm.
(i.e., 100 mm is the minimum offset for concrete bed).
• The carpet area should be 50% to 65% of the floor area.

• Minimum width of footing = 2t + 2jwhere t = thickness of wall
immediately above basement level ( not less than 200 mm)j =
offset of concrete ( not less than 100 mm).
• Thickness of the damp proof course is 20 mm to 25 mm.
• Thickness of cement concrete floor is a minimum of 100 mm plus
floor finish over it. Floor finish is generally with 10 mm to 20 mm
thick cement mortar or tiles.
• Ceiling height (i.e., head room) for main rooms (habitable rooms)
of a residential building should be 3000 mm to 3600 mm. For bath
and W.C. the ceiling height may be 2000 mm to 2750 mm.

• Main entrance door of a residential building should be of 1000 mm
x 2100 mm in size. Other doors should have a minimum width of
900 mm and height of 2000 mm. Doors for garage are 2500 mm x
2300 mm and for W.C. and bath rooms are 600 mm to 750 mm x
1800 mm with single-leaf shutter.
• The size of windows depends on the total area of window
openings required.#The following guidelines should be kept in
mind.
• Window width = 1/8 (width of room + height of room). Glass area
in windows should be 10% to 20% of floor area of the room for
good lighting.

• At least one sq.m. of window area should 1be provided for
every 30 cubic metres of inside room space.
• Generally, the minimum size of window is 750 mm X 1000 mm.
• Window sill level (bottom of window) is 900 to 1200 mm above
floor level.
• The minimum size of ventilator is 1000 mm x 500 mm in order
to provide good ventilation for any habitable room. For bath and
W.C. it should be a minimum of 450 mm x 300 mm. Its depth
should be not greater than 450 mm or otherwise privacy is lost.

• Standard dimensions for various building units
• Sizes of various rooms of a residential building:
Type of Rooms General size
Drawing room or living room 4.2 m x 4.8 m to 5.8 m x 7.2 m
Bed Room 3.0 m x 3.6 m to 4.2 m x 4.8 m
Dinning room 3.6 m x 4.2 m to 4.2 m x 4.8 m
Kitchen 2.5 m x 3.9 m to 3.0 m x 3.0 m
Bath and W. C.combine 1.8 m x 1.8 m to 1.8 m x 2.5 m
Bath separate 1.2 m x 1.8 m
W. C. Separate 1.2 m x 1.2 m
Guest room 3.0 m x 3.6 m
Store room 2.5 m x 2.5 m to 3.0 m x 3.0 m

• Stairs:
• Rise in residential building = 130 mm to 190 mm.
• Rise in office building = 125 mm to 150 m
• Tread = 275 mm to 350 mm for public buildings.
• Tread = 250 mm to 300 mm for residential buildings.
• For selecting rise and tread of a building, the following thumb rules are
followed:
• T + 2 x R = 550 to 650
• T X R = 39000 to 48000

• Width of steps is 1000 mm for residential buildings and is range from
1500 mm to 2000 mm for public buildings.
• Number of risers = total height of floor height of riser
height of riser
• Number of treads = Number of risers — 1.

• Thickness of R.C.C. lintel beam is 100 mm to 250 mm and 150 mm
is more common.
• Thickness of R.C.C. roof slab is 100 mm to 150 mm (100 mm is
more common) and that of sunshadesis 25 mm to 50 mm.
• Sunshades project through 450 mm or 500 mm beyond the facing
of , external walls.
• Width of verandah is from 1.8 m to 3 m and width of passage is
0.8 m to 1.2 m in residential houses.
• The height of parapet wall should not be less than 0.60 m and not
more than 1.2 m above the finished floor level.

Description Height (mm)
S. No.
1. Plinth level 450 to 600 from GL
2. Window sill level 900 from floor level
3. Lintel level 2100 from floor level
4. Roof slab level 3000 to 3600 from floor level
5. Parapet wall 600 to 900
6. Courtyard and Garage 150 from GL
7. Foundation for single storey 1000 below GL
8. Foundation for double storey 1000 to 1200 below GL
9. Railing height 850 from tread
10. Rise (of steps) 150 to 190

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