Modulation, equivalence, and adaptation are translation techniques. Modulation means using different words or phrases while maintaining the overall meaning. There are recorded and free types of modulation. Equivalence refers to words or phrases that mean the same thing across languages. There are different types of equivalence. Adaptation involves shifting aspects of one culture to express them in a different culture, like in translations of TV or movies.

1. Modulation,
Equivalence
and
Adaptation

2. Modulation:
 Means using a word or phrase that is different in
source language and target language.
 Technique of shaping or regulating the words of
source text.
 Used within same language.
 Exact way of saying things.

3. Types of modulation::
Recorded modulation:
Called as Standard modulation
Used in bilingual dictionaries.
Free modulation:
Secondary type of modulation.
Practical in case of TL rejects the literal translation.

4. What is Equivalence?
A word or a phrase that means exactly the
same thing in both languages.
An expression from a language which has the
same meaning in the other language.
Ex: English-I don’t understand.
French – Je ne comprends pas.

5. Anton popovic- a slovak translation
scientist and text theoretician
classified equivalence into four types:
 Linguistic equivalence
 Paradigmatic equivalence
 Stylistic equivalence
 Textual equivalence/Syntagmatic
equivalence

6. Eugene Nida the American linguist
• Formal equivalence
• Dynamic equivalence
Formal equivalence:
 Formal equivalence focuses attention on the
message itself, in both form and content.
 Also called “Structural equivalence” and “gloss
translation”.
 Makes reader understand the customs,
thoughts and expression.

7. Dynamic equivalence:
• Quality of a translation occurs when
prototext meaning is conveyed to the
receptor language.
• Similar relation between the reader or
the listener and the text.
• Aims to complete expression in a
natural way.

8. Adaptation:
Also called “cultural substitution” or “cultural
equivalence”.
Shift in culture environment.
Adaptation – as a tool
Known as “free translations”
Where it can be seen?
On TV shows or movies

10. Basis Modulation Equivalence Adaptation
Meaning Method where
translators try
to maintain the
naturality.
A word or phrase
with exact
meaning.
Something
specific to one
language culture
is expressed in a
different way.
Usage Helps
translator
generate a
change in the
view point of
message.
Enables
communication.
Better
communication
goals will be
achieved.
Cultural
difference
between
speakers.
Types  Recorded
modulation
 Free
modulation
 Linguistic
 Paradigmatic
 Stylistic
 Textual
 Collocation
 Cultural
 Literary
 Ideological