This document discusses elements, compounds, and mixtures. It defines elements as pure substances made of only one type of atom that cannot be separated into simpler substances. Compounds are made of two or more elements chemically bonded together in fixed ratios. Mixtures contain two or more substances mixed but not chemically combined. The document classifies elements and provides examples, discusses properties of compounds and how to write chemical formulas, and describes different types of mixtures and methods to separate them.
A nearly-comprehensive list of vocabulary terms needed for introductory chemistry in grade 9 science, including a variety of source websites for reference.
A reaction intermediate or an intermediate is a molecular entity that is formed from the reactants (or preceding intermediates) and reacts further to give the directly observed products of a chemical reaction.
A nearly-comprehensive list of vocabulary terms needed for introductory chemistry in grade 9 science, including a variety of source websites for reference.
A reaction intermediate or an intermediate is a molecular entity that is formed from the reactants (or preceding intermediates) and reacts further to give the directly observed products of a chemical reaction.
Chemistry is involved with various and diverse interactions of matter either around us or simply inside the laboratory. These are described using the language of chemistry which consists of symbols, formulas and equations.
CBSE - This ppt is made by referring the concepts of Living Science (Ratnasagar) .
For instant Assessment,after every sub -topic Recap slides are added to test students knowledge.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
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spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
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Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
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3. Elements
Any pure substance which cannot be broken into two or more simpler substances by any chemical
means is called element .
Chemist have discovered 114 elements so far .
82 normal elements (normal element – which do not give out harmful radiation )
32 radioactive elements (which give out harmful radiation )
5. Characteristics of elements
Elements are pure substances that consist of only one kind of atoms .
Each element has its own unique properties .
The atoms of an element exhibit the same properties as the element .
Elements cannot be separated or broken down into simpler component by
physical or chemical methods.
7. Metals
An element is a metal if it has lustre is a good conductance of heat and electricitry is malleable and ductile and
has high melting point and boiling point .
{We have read few terms in this definition :
Lustre :Metals in their pure state have a shining surface. This property is called metallic lustre. Metals can be
polished to give high reflective surface.
Good conductance :good electrical and thermal conductivity.
Malleable :ductility is the ability of a solid material to deform under tensile stress. Practically, a ductile material
is a material that can easily be stretched into a wire when pulled
Ductile :A malleable material is one in which a thin sheet can be easily formed by hammering or rolling. In
other words, the material has the ability to deform under compressive stress.
Melting point :The temperature which causes solids to melt. Same as freezing point.
freezing point: The temperature at which liquids become solids. Same as melting point.
Boiling point :The temperature which causes liquid to boil.
8. Each element is denoted by first letter of its name.(in English or latin language )is
capital letter .
When the first letter name of several element is same then the element is denoted
by two letters.
First letter of the symbol is in capital letter , followed by the second or third letter
in the name of element in small letter .
Symbol of metals
9. Name in English Name in language other
than English
Symbol
1.Sodium Natrium Na
2. Magnesium Mg
3. Aluminium Al
4. Potassium Kallium K
5. Calcium Ca
6.Chromium Cr
7.Manganese Mn
8.Iron Ferrum Fe
9. Nickel Ni
10. Copper Cuprum Cu
11.Zinc Zn
12. Silver Argentum Ag
13.Platinum Pt
14.Gold Aurum Au
15. Lead Plumbum Pb
16.Mercury Hydragyrum Hg
10. Non metals
An element is a non metal if it is a soft solid, liquid or gas at room temperature
has no lustre is bad conductor of heat and electricity is non malleable and non
ductile and has low melting point and boiling point .
11. Non metal State at room temp . Symbol
1.Hydrogen Gas H
2.Nitrogen Gas N
3.Oxygen Gas O
4.Fluorine Gas F
5.Chlorine Gas Cl
6.Bromine Liquid Br
7. Iodine Solid I
8.Carbon Solid C
9.Sulphur Solid S
10.Phosphorous Solid P
11. Silicon Solid Si
12. Nobel gas
The elements found in air in small traces in gaseous state , which do not react
chemically with any other element are called noble gases .( as found in small
traces called rare gases )
14. Compounds
When the molecule of a pure substance which contains two or more atoms of different element combined
together in a definite ratio , then it is said to be a molecule of a compound .
A molecule of a compound can be broken into elements by chemical means .
For example , molecule of water contrains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen .
It can be broken into elements of hydrogen and oxygen by passing electric currents through it .
15. Formula of compound
Information that we get from the formula of a compound:
It tells us about which elements are present in a compound .
It tells us the number of atoms of each element present in a compound .
16. Formula
A symbolic representation of one molecule of a compound representing the
number of atoms of various elements present in it is called formula .
17. Name of a compound Formula
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Nitric acid HNO3
Sulphuric acid H2SO4
Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Calcium oxide CaO
Sodium carbonate (washing soda ) Na2CO3
Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda ) NaHCO3
Ferrous sulphide (iron sulphide ) FeS
Sodium chloride NaCl
Potassium nitrate KNO3
Aluminium chloride AlCl3
Silver nitrate AgNO3
Copper sulphate (blue vitrol ) CuSO4
18. Gas Formula
Carbon dioxide CO2
Carbon monoxide CO
Sulphur dioxide SO2
Sulphur trioxide SO3
Hydrochloric acid gas HCl
Nitrogen dioxide NO2
Methane CH4
Steam H2O
19. Metal sulphide formula
Calcium sulphide CaS
Magnesium sulphide MgS
Zinc sulphide ZnS
Lead sulphide PbS
Copper sulphide CuS
Mercury sulphide HgS
20. How to read information in the formula of
a compound ?
i) The symbols in a formula can be prefixed or suffixed by a numeral.When the numeral is written on the left
hand side before the formula , it represents number of molecules of the compound , and hence the number
of atoms present in each molecule .For example;
When we write 2S ,3Cl or 4Al, it means two atoms of sulphur , three atoms of chlorine, 4 atoms of
aluminium .
ii) When the numeral is written on the write bottom side of the symbol , it represents the number of atoms in
one molecule of a compound .For example :
When we write H2, O2, it means that one molecule of hydrogen has 2 atoms in it . Similarly one molecule of
oxygen has two atoms of oxygen in it .
21. Valency
The no of electrons donated or accepted by an atom of an element so as to have
8 electrons in its outermost shell /orbit is called valency .
22. Positive valency
Metals have 1-3 electrons in their outermost shell which they tends to donate to
the other elements .In donating to the other element , the no of protons increases
as compared to the number of protons . Thus the metallic ion gets positively
charged .
The no of electrons donated by an atom is equal to its electropositive
valency .
Monovalent electropositive valency :The metallic ion formed by the donation
of only one electron from their outermost shell /orbit are called
monopositive ions .
24. Bivalent valency
The metallic ion formed by the donation of only two electron from their
outermost shell /orbit are called .bivalent electropositive ions
26. Trivalent valency
The metallic ion formed by the donation of only three electron from their
outermost shell /orbit are called trivalent electropositive ions .
27. Variable valency
Sometimes it has been found that the elements (metallic ) can losde electrons
from their innermost orbit along with outermost orbit in certain experimental
condition .
Exampple : irom can lose 2 electron from its outermost shell in normal condition
and form (Fe+2)where as in certain special experimental condition it lose electrons
from its innermost shell as well as from outermost shell and forms (Fe +3).In such
situation the element exhibits variable valency .
28. Naming of variable valency
If an element exhibits two electropositive valency then , lower valency a suffix –
ous is attached at the end of the name of metal .For higher valency a suffix –ic is
attached at the end of the name of the metal .Example : The latin name of iron is
ferrum , for lower valency it is named as ferrous(Fe+2) .
For higher valency it is named as ferric (Fe+3 )
29. metal Name and lower
valency
Name and higher
vaelncy
Iron (ferrum ) Ferrous Ferric
Copper (cuprum ) Cuprous Cupric
Silver (argentum ) Argentous Argentic
Mercury Mercurous Mercuric
30. Negative valency
Non-metals have 4 to 7 electrons in their outermost shell.They tends to
accept electrons from other elements so as to have eight electrons in their
outermost shell .
The no. of electrons accepted by an atom of an elewment is its
electronegative valency .
The group of 2 or more non-metals which has negative charge on it is called
radical .
31. Monovalent electronegative ion or
radicals
An ion or a radical formed by the acceptance of an electron is called
monovalent electronegative ion or radical.
32. Ion or radical Formula
1. Chloride Cl-
2. Bromide Br-
3. Iodide I -
4. Hydride H-
5. Nitrite NO2
-
6. Nitrate NO3
-
7. Bicarbonate or hydrogen carbonate HCO3
-
8. Bisulphide or hydrogen sulphide HS-
9.Bisulphite or hydrogen sulphite HSO3
-
10.Bisulphate or hydrogen sulphate HSO4
-
11. Hydroxide OH-
12. Acetate CH3COO-
33. Bivalent electronegative ion or radicals
An ion or radical formed by the acceptance of 2 electrons is called bivalent
electronegative ion or radical.
39. Mixtures
A mixture is a substance that contains two or more different substances (elements
, compounds or both ) mixed together in such a way that no chemical change
occur between them .
The different types of substances present in a mixture are called its components or
its constituents .
Air , tap water , oil in water , sugar in water , soil , alloy are a few examples of
mixture .
40. Characteristics of mixture
A mixture does not exhibit any characteristic property of its own. The components
of a mixture do not lose their properties and thus retain their original properties in
the mixture .
In a mixture the components are not present in fixed proportion or ratio .
The components of a mixture can be separated easi.ly through physical methods
of separation .
Mixtures are not pure substances as they contain more than one type of
component .
42. Types of mixture
On the basis of distribution of components :
A) Homogeneous mixture – When the components in a mixture are distributed uniformly and
cannot be seen distinctly called a homogeneous mixture .
The properties of a homogeneous mixture remain the same in all parts of the mixture . Air is a
homogeneous mixture .
Solution , alloy are examples of homogeneous mixture .
In a solution , the solute particles (salt or sugar ) dissolve in a solvent (water ) completely .Thus ,
the individual component in a homogeneous mixture cannot be seen distinctly .
Example: salt solution , sea water , orange juice etc .
Alloy is a mixture of two or more metals or metals and non metals .
Example : stainless steel , bronze , brass etc .
43. Contd .
Heterogeneous mixture : When the components that make up a mixture are not
distributed uniformly and can be seen distinctly is called a heterogeneous
mixture .
The properties of a heterogeneous mixture differ in different parts of the mixture .
Smoke is a heterogeneous mixture .
Suspension and emulsion are examples of heterogeneous mixtures .
44. Suspension
A suspension contains small , undissolved solid particles suspended in a fluid ( a
liquid or a gas ) .
These particles can be seen distinctly .
When the suspension is kept undisturbed , the particles settle down .
Example ; chalk water , muddy water .
45. Emulsion
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more immiscible liquid (Liquid that do not mix
together completely and formed separate layer when mixed )
An emulsion of oil and water is an example of a heterogeneous mixture in which
oil and water are seen as two separate layer.
46. Mixture
Solid-solid
mixture
Ex- salt and pepper , husk in rice
Solid-liquid
mixture
Ex-sugar solution, sand and water etc
Liquid –liquid
mixture
Ex-water and milk , oil and water
47. Method of seperating mixtures
A) separating solid –solid mixtures :
i) Sublimation :The process in which a solid directly changes into its
gaseous state without passing through its liquid state is called sublimation.
Principle : This method is used when a mixture contains a component that
can sublime .
https://youtu.be/6YYrcHLckMw
48.
49. Method of seperating mixtures
A) separating solid –solid mixtures
Magnetic separation – If you move a magnet through a mixture of iron
filings and chalk , the iron particles attach themselves to the magnet .
Chalk is not attracted by a magnet and its particles are left behind .
A mixture iron and chalk separated by this way .
A method such as this in which a magnet is used to separate the components
of a mixture called magnetic separation .
https://youtu.be/MGLRMRU1d-8
50. Seperating solid –liquid mixture
EVAPORATION :The process in which liquid changes into gaseous state is called
evaporation .
PRINCIPLE :This method involves the evaporation of the liquid component from
the mixture while the solid component is left behind .
https://youtu.be/PtqlB1fttcs
Method of seperating mixtures
51. Method of seperating mixtures
Seperating solid –liquid mixture
Crystallisation :While evaporating a solution , a stage comes when the amount
of solvent become liquid , called concentrated solution .
When it is allowed to cool slowly , crystals of the substance dissolved start
separating , called crystallisation .
Used to obtain pure form.
https://youtu.be/QdwKhbtzsug
52. Method of seperating mixtures
SEPERATION SOLID-LIQUID MIXTURES :
1. heat the mixture in the round bottom flask .
2. The mixture starts to boil and the liquid component
(water ) evaporates .
3. The vapours pass through the condenser , where they
cool and condense to form the pure liquid that gets
collected in the beaker .
4. The solid components (salts ) is left behind .
CONCLUSION : Distillation is used to obtain pure liquid
from a solid liquid mixture .
https://youtu.be/mP4Hgui-g6U
53. Method of seperating mixtures
SEPERATING LIQUID –LIQUID MIXTURES :
Seperating funnel –A separating funnel is used
to separate a mixture of immiscible liquids ..
PRINCIPLE : This method is based on the
principle that in immiscible liquids , the lighter
liquid floats above the layer of the heavier
liquid .
A mixture of oil and water can be separated
using this technique.
https://youtu.be/7oqLUIHpqOc
54. Method of seperating mixtures
SEPERATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID MIXTURE :
FRActional distillation :
It is a method used to separate a mixture
of miscible liquid (liquids that can be
mixed together completely ).
PRINCIPLE : This method is based on the
difference in the boiling point of the liquid
components to be separated.
This method is used to get petroleum
products from crudfe loil , such as petrol ,
kerosene , diesel , gasoline , tar etc .
https://youtu.be/Ag9Dym0Fwd0
55. Method of seperating mixtures
SEPERATION OF LIQUID-LIQUID MIXTURE :
PRINCIPLE : Based on the adsorption .[ a solid / liquid substance (adsorbate )form a layer on the
surface of another substance (usually a solid ) called adsorbent { aluminium oxide , silicon
dioxoide , cellulose } is used as an adsorbent .
Using paper technique (whatman paper) called paper chromatography .
When we place a solution of a mixture over an adsorbent , the different components of the
mixture get adsorbed to different extents .
So, they move with different speeds on the surface of the adsorbent .
It is the solvent that drives the solute on the adsorbent i.e chromatographic paper.
Solvent used : water-acetone , water –alcohol etc.
The adsorbent is called stationary phase , the solution called mobile phase , and the band of
colours obtained on the paper is called a chromatogram.
