This document discusses levels and typologies of public policy. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which are to identify the levels of policies, classify policies, identify policy types, and describe examples of public policy types. It then defines four levels of policy: individual, family, organizational, and government (public policy). The document goes on to classify policies as either substantive or procedural. It identifies and provides examples of four major types of public policy: distributive, redistributive, regulatory, and constituent. Group assignments related to public policy analysis are also listed.

1. LEVELS AND TYPOLOGIES OF PUBLIC
POLICY
PSU08108
INSTRUCTOR : Mr. SANCHAWA, DH
Office: 301, Second Floor, Uhuru.
dsanchawa@mnma.go.tz.

2. Learning objectives
• By the end of this two hrs lecture, learners
should be to
• Identify the levels of policies
• Classify policies
• Identify the types of policies
• Describe with examples the types of public
policies

3. Introduction
• Policies exist at different levels . For example
as individuals we have policies, based on
values and interests, that guide how we act in
specific circumstances.
• Other levels include family policies ,
organizational policies and government
policies. Government policy also known as
public policy

4. Individual policy
• Individuals have policies based on values and
interests personal safety I always shop locally.
... value > support ones own community

5. Family policies
• Families have policies which operates at the
family level. For example in our family we
always say grace before eating supper. ... value
> spirituality
We limit telephone calls to 10 minutes. ...
value .> respect for the needs of others

6. Organizational policies
• Every organization has its own policies for the
proper functioning of its businesses . These
policies among others include but not limited
to ;-
• Personnel policies (hiring, vacation leave,
salary levels, office size, etc.)
• Operational policies (shift scheduling, client
complaints, inventory control, etc.)

7. Government policies
• Governments have policies also known as
public policies.
• These policies guide decisions and actions that
relate to society as a whole.
• They are developed by the central and local
governments.

8. Reflections: Students
• Take five minutes to think of one or more
policies in each of the following categories:
a) Individual policies
b) Family policies
c) Organizational/Workplace policies
d) Government policies

9. Classification of policies
• In this lecture, policies are classified into two
classes.
• Thus, they can either be substantive or
procedural (Dr. Eneanya, 2010)
• Their descriptions are as follow in the next
slide/page.

10. Substantive policies
• Substantive policies involve what government
is going to do, such as constructing highways,
paying welfare benefits, acquiring bombers, or
prohibiting the retail sale of liquor.
Substantive policies directly allocate
advantages and disadvantages, benefits and
costs, to people (Dr. Eneanya, 2010)

11. Procedural policies
• These policies entail how something is going to
be done or who is going to take action.
• They include laws providing for the creation of
administrative agencies, determining the matters
over which they have jurisdiction, specifying the
processes and techniques that they can use in
carrying out their programmes, and providing for
presidential, judicial and other controls over their
operations (Dr. Eneanya, 2010).

12. Types of public policy
• There are various or several types of public
policies from different scholarly work. But for
better understanding and effective
communication we will focus on the following
major types of public policies

13. 1. Distributive policy
• Distributive policies involve allocation of
services or benefits to particular segments of
the population – individuals, groups,
corporations, and communities. Some
distributive policies may provide benefits to
one or a few beneficiaries. The policies involve
using public funds to assist particular groups,
communities, or industries

14. Examples of distributive policies
• Education Policy
• Economic Policy
• Fiscal Policy
• Tax Policy
• Continuity & Change in Public Policy etc

15. 2. Redistributive policies
• Redistributive policies involve deliberate efforts
by the government to shift the allocation of
wealth, income, property, or rights among broad
classes or groups of the population, such as:
haves and have-nots etc
• Redistributive policies are difficult to enact
because they involve the reallocation of money,
rights, or power. Example of re-distributive policy
is graduated income tax or taxing the wealthy to
allocate resources to the poor.

16. Examples of redistributive policy
• Social Welfare Policy
• Social Policy
• Health Care Policy
• Civil Rights Policy
• Immigration Policy

17. 3. Regulatory policies
• Regulatory policy issues are those which are
concerned with regulation and control of
activities or behaviors
• They impose restrictions or limitations on the
behavior of individuals and groups..
• Also, they may deal with control of pollution or
regulation of transportation industries
• Examples of regulatory policies are: consumer
protection policies, policies that regulate entry
into businesses-National Communication
Commission,.

18. Examples of regulatory policies
• Environmental Protection Policy
• Labor Policy
• Competitive Regulatory Policy
• Fertility Control Policy
• Criminal Justice Policy

19. 4. Constituent policy
• Constituent policy issues are those which are
concerned with the setting-up or re-
organization of institutions. Each of these
policy issues forms a different power arena.
• Constituent policies create executive power
entities, or deal with laws (Warioba, L, 2012)

20. Group Assignment
2. Public policy is an expression of the government
actions or in actions. Discuss
3. Who are the public policy actors? Discuss their
influences/roles in public policy formulation.
4. Critically discuss the key factors and
considerations in public policy development
5. Looking at Tanzania experience in education
policy, what do you think are the challenges/
limitations of the policy? What are the areas
which need some improvements?

21. Group Assignment
6. What is agenda setting? In what ways an issue
becomes an agenda? How does it contribute to
policy formulation?
7. What is public policy evaluation? What are the
key indicators for public policy evaluation?
8. What is MKUKUTA? Describe its objectives and
areas of achievements
9. Identify and describe at least five approaches or
modes for public policy analysis
10. Discuss the objectives, achievements and
challenges of health policy in Tanzania

22. Text Books
• Wilson, Carter A. (2006). Public Policy:
Continuity and Change. Long Grove, IL:
Waveland Press.
• Adolino, Jessica R. & Charles H. Blake, (2001).
Comparing Public Policies: Issues and Choices
in Six Industrialized Countries. Washington,
DC: CQ Press.