This document summarizes the civil protection system in Italy based on disasters the country has experienced. It outlines how the system has developed over time in response to events, moving from a more military-style model to a more localized, democratic approach. However, the system remains a work in progress, with issues around coordination, standards, training, and ensuring resources support long-term recovery rather than short-term political goals. While Italy has sophisticated plans at the national level, challenges remain in fully integrating disaster risk reduction into local planning and building community resilience.
The document discusses recovery from recent earthquakes in L'Aquila, Italy; Padang, Indonesia; and Christchurch, New Zealand. It summarizes the impacts of each earthquake in 1-3 sentences and discusses challenges with recovery efforts in each location, such as inadequate or temporary housing solutions and lack of services and infrastructure. Key lessons discussed include the need for evidence-based approaches to disaster risk reduction and recovery, as well as ensuring inclusive long-term recovery outcomes through public participation in decision making.
Questa relazione è stata redatta al termine del periodo di tirocionio curricolare previsto nel percorso di laurea triennale.
This internship report has been done at the end of the training period provided for in the curriculum of undergraduate course.
This document summarizes issues around disasters and resilience in Italy based on a presentation by Prof. David Alexander. It discusses Italy's civil protection system, challenges during the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, problems with transitional housing, criticisms of the political response, and lessons from Covid-19 response. Key points covered include gender bias in earthquake impacts, social issues arising from temporary housing sites, criticisms around lack of local autonomy and focus on short-term politics over long-term reconstruction.
The document discusses recovery from recent earthquakes in L'Aquila, Italy; Padang, Indonesia; and Christchurch, New Zealand. It summarizes the impacts of each earthquake in 1-3 sentences and discusses challenges with recovery efforts in each location, such as inadequate or temporary housing solutions and lack of services and infrastructure. Key lessons discussed include the need for evidence-based approaches to disaster risk reduction and recovery, as well as ensuring inclusive long-term recovery outcomes through public participation in decision making.
Questa relazione è stata redatta al termine del periodo di tirocionio curricolare previsto nel percorso di laurea triennale.
This internship report has been done at the end of the training period provided for in the curriculum of undergraduate course.
This document summarizes issues around disasters and resilience in Italy based on a presentation by Prof. David Alexander. It discusses Italy's civil protection system, challenges during the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake, problems with transitional housing, criticisms of the political response, and lessons from Covid-19 response. Key points covered include gender bias in earthquake impacts, social issues arising from temporary housing sites, criticisms around lack of local autonomy and focus on short-term politics over long-term reconstruction.
This document summarizes the aftermath of the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake in Italy. It discusses the impacts of the earthquake which included over 300 deaths, extensive damage to buildings, and tens of thousands of people being made homeless. It then analyzes the government's response and policies for temporary and permanent housing which suffered from a lack of funding, planning, and democratic governance. This led to problems like social fragmentation, unemployment, and a stagnation of the reconstruction process. The document concludes that disasters can have irrational and deleterious consequences when recovery is driven by short-term political interests rather than participatory decision-making.
Lecture disasters in urban area - Master Degree Urban Engineering, Lille1 Un...Isam Shahrour
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Professor Isam Shahrour Summer Course « Smart and Sustainable City »: Chapte...Isam Shahrour
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The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake in central Italy killed 291 people and injured 1,500. The magnitude 5.8 earthquake damaged over 110,000 buildings in the historic city of L'Aquila and surrounding areas. While some hazard management was in place, such as retrofitting buildings and mapping seismic risks, a scientist had predicted the imminent quake based on increased radon gas levels but was dismissed, and his work was removed from the internet. The earthquake left over 58,000 homeless and caused $15 billion in damages to Italy.
The document discusses flooding in the UK and provides several key points:
1) One in six houses in the UK is at risk of flooding according to the Environment Agency. For every £1 spent on prevention, £6 could be saved on repair costs.
2) The South East of England is the most threatened region. Flooding can have long-term impacts on communities by damaging homes and businesses.
3) The 2007 floods in Hull showed that urban drainage systems may not be adequately designed to handle large storms, especially with climate change increasing flood risks.
Smart City AUST Summer Course_Lecture1 World Challenges_summer2016Isam Shahrour
The first lecture of the Smart City Summer Course at AUST (2016) presents the main world challenges concerning the environment, the economy and the society as well as the role of the city in these challenges. It aims at introducing why we have to focus on the city and on the role of the Smart City Concept to meet the city challenges, the world challenges.
This document discusses the characterization and management of extreme weather events on Italian roads. It provides a history of extreme events in Italy over the past 130 years, including major landslides and floods. Specific examples of extreme events are described, such as heavy rains in 2010 in the Province of Lucca and Massa Carrara that triggered landslides and flooding. The document also discusses the impact of geological and hydrological events in Italy, noting that between 1279 and 2002 there were over 4,500 damaging events related to landslides, flooding, and other hazards according to an Italian catalogue of vulnerable areas.
Chapter1 "World challenges place of the city", Smart City Summer course, AUST...Isam Shahrour
The document discusses major world challenges including population growth, protection of natural resources, pollution, urbanization, and sustainability. It notes that world population is projected to reach 10 billion by 2050, increasing demands on infrastructure, resources, and the environment. Rapid urbanization is straining cities as they struggle to provide housing, services, and adapt existing infrastructure for growing populations, including over 1 billion people living in slums. The challenges outlined threaten to degrade the environment if not addressed through sustainable solutions.
An earthquake with a magnitude of 9 struck off the coast of Japan on March 11, 2011, triggering a massive tsunami with waves up to 29.6 meters high. Over 15,000 people were confirmed dead and thousands more were missing. The tsunami caused widespread destruction, damaging over 16,000 homes and buildings. It also caused a nuclear incident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, damaging reactor cores and containment structures and releasing radioactive material into the surrounding area. The disaster highlighted Japan's quick emergency response but also issues with the country's nuclear evacuation plans and public information management during the ongoing nuclear problems.
The document discusses disasters, including definitions, types, causes, impacts and management. It provides details on several key points:
1) A disaster is defined as an event that causes damage or loss of life on a scale beyond normal capacity to cope. Disasters can be natural or man-made.
2) The impacts of disasters include direct effects like deaths and injuries, as well as indirect effects on infrastructure, the economy and society.
3) Disaster management aims to reduce risks through prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities over the disaster cycle.
4) Major disasters that have impacted India are described, such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones and industrial accidents
The document discusses the context of disasters and argues that traditional models of viewing disasters as isolated physical events do not consider broader social and economic factors that influence vulnerability. It advocates taking a holistic view of the root causes of vulnerability, including issues like poverty, inequality, the prioritization of capital over people, and the role of neo-liberal policies in weakening regulations and safeguards. The Grenfell Tower fire tragedy is used as a case study to illustrate how these wider issues can contribute to disasters. The document also examines the increasing importance of human mobility and migration in the modern world.
Natural disasters are casualties that occur outside of human consciousness and activity. They can occur quickly or gradually. These are events that end with the disappearance. Natural disasters: landslides, floods, strong winds, fires, droughts, landslides, avalanches, rain. Some natural emergencies lead to the development of man-made emergencies. The causes of earthquakes are divided into: - Tectonic earthquakes; - volcanic earthquake; by Ravshanova Inoyatkhon Erkinovna and Shermatova Yoqutkhon Sobirovna 2020. Natural emergencies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 170-171. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.878. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878/835 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878
Towards Implementation of Disaster Reduction Measures to Build Disaster Resi...Yasuhiro Kawasoe
Presentation by Dr. Satoru NISHIKAWA
Executive Director of Research, JCADR
Ex-Vice President, Japan Water Agency
Advisory Group to SRSG on the Post-2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
Global Agenda Council on Risk and Resilience, World Economic Forum
at 1st JICA ERAKV Project Seminar
The document discusses Barcelona's response to irregular migrants and settlements. It provides background on Barcelona's population, including that 17.4% are foreign and the top nationalities. It outlines the city's strategy, including the Padron register providing access to services and SAIER providing assistance. Regarding settlements, it defines them, notes risks, and discusses the Unauthorised Settlements Plan and Office, which aims to offer alternatives. It provides data on users, resources allocated like accommodation and training, management indicators, budgets, and appraises the plan's impact in addressing the situation.
This document summarizes a paper presentation on disaster management during floods. It discusses:
1) The phases of flood disaster management including preparedness, impact, response, recovery and mitigation.
2) The roles of civil engineers in flood control activities like reservoir construction, river channelization, drainage improvement, and flood water diversion.
3) Current flood management practices and developments in India, including structures like dams, embankments, and drainage improvement works.
On April 26, 1986, a nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl power plant in Ukraine exploded, releasing massive amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Over 100,000 people had to be evacuated and hundreds of thousands were exposed to high levels of radiation. "Liquidators" who helped contain the disaster suffered high rates of illness and death due to radiation exposure without proper protection. The disaster caused widespread health and environmental impacts across Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, increasing cancer and birth defect rates for generations to come.
Expo Milano 2015 is a Universal Exhibition hosted in Milan, Italy from May 1 to October 31, 2015. The theme is "Feeding the Planet, Energy for Life" and focuses on finding solutions to issues like hunger, obesity, and food waste. Over 140 countries will participate to showcase technologies that can ensure healthy, safe, and sufficient food for all while respecting the planet. The Italian Pavilion covers 14,000 square meters and includes Palazzo Italia, buildings along the Cardo, and a Lake Arena featuring a sculpture called the Tree of Life.
Diagnosis of the relative failure of disaster risk reduction in the modern world and proposal for a cure - at least regarding disaster response, if not also prevention.
1) The document discusses systemic risks and emerging future challenges, including issues like complexity, cascading consequences, climate change, and digital insecurity.
2) It argues that participatory democracy and human rights are key to reducing disaster risks but that inequality can undermine efforts if human rights are not upheld.
3) Looking ahead, the document stresses that foresight, planning, and clear communication according to established quality standards will be crucial for success in addressing future disasters and challenges in a rapidly changing world.
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The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake in central Italy killed 291 people and injured 1,500. The magnitude 5.8 earthquake damaged over 110,000 buildings in the historic city of L'Aquila and surrounding areas. While some hazard management was in place, such as retrofitting buildings and mapping seismic risks, a scientist had predicted the imminent quake based on increased radon gas levels but was dismissed, and his work was removed from the internet. The earthquake left over 58,000 homeless and caused $15 billion in damages to Italy.
The document discusses flooding in the UK and provides several key points:
1) One in six houses in the UK is at risk of flooding according to the Environment Agency. For every £1 spent on prevention, £6 could be saved on repair costs.
2) The South East of England is the most threatened region. Flooding can have long-term impacts on communities by damaging homes and businesses.
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This document discusses the characterization and management of extreme weather events on Italian roads. It provides a history of extreme events in Italy over the past 130 years, including major landslides and floods. Specific examples of extreme events are described, such as heavy rains in 2010 in the Province of Lucca and Massa Carrara that triggered landslides and flooding. The document also discusses the impact of geological and hydrological events in Italy, noting that between 1279 and 2002 there were over 4,500 damaging events related to landslides, flooding, and other hazards according to an Italian catalogue of vulnerable areas.
Chapter1 "World challenges place of the city", Smart City Summer course, AUST...Isam Shahrour
The document discusses major world challenges including population growth, protection of natural resources, pollution, urbanization, and sustainability. It notes that world population is projected to reach 10 billion by 2050, increasing demands on infrastructure, resources, and the environment. Rapid urbanization is straining cities as they struggle to provide housing, services, and adapt existing infrastructure for growing populations, including over 1 billion people living in slums. The challenges outlined threaten to degrade the environment if not addressed through sustainable solutions.
An earthquake with a magnitude of 9 struck off the coast of Japan on March 11, 2011, triggering a massive tsunami with waves up to 29.6 meters high. Over 15,000 people were confirmed dead and thousands more were missing. The tsunami caused widespread destruction, damaging over 16,000 homes and buildings. It also caused a nuclear incident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, damaging reactor cores and containment structures and releasing radioactive material into the surrounding area. The disaster highlighted Japan's quick emergency response but also issues with the country's nuclear evacuation plans and public information management during the ongoing nuclear problems.
The document discusses disasters, including definitions, types, causes, impacts and management. It provides details on several key points:
1) A disaster is defined as an event that causes damage or loss of life on a scale beyond normal capacity to cope. Disasters can be natural or man-made.
2) The impacts of disasters include direct effects like deaths and injuries, as well as indirect effects on infrastructure, the economy and society.
3) Disaster management aims to reduce risks through prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities over the disaster cycle.
4) Major disasters that have impacted India are described, such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones and industrial accidents
The document discusses the context of disasters and argues that traditional models of viewing disasters as isolated physical events do not consider broader social and economic factors that influence vulnerability. It advocates taking a holistic view of the root causes of vulnerability, including issues like poverty, inequality, the prioritization of capital over people, and the role of neo-liberal policies in weakening regulations and safeguards. The Grenfell Tower fire tragedy is used as a case study to illustrate how these wider issues can contribute to disasters. The document also examines the increasing importance of human mobility and migration in the modern world.
Natural disasters are casualties that occur outside of human consciousness and activity. They can occur quickly or gradually. These are events that end with the disappearance. Natural disasters: landslides, floods, strong winds, fires, droughts, landslides, avalanches, rain. Some natural emergencies lead to the development of man-made emergencies. The causes of earthquakes are divided into: - Tectonic earthquakes; - volcanic earthquake; by Ravshanova Inoyatkhon Erkinovna and Shermatova Yoqutkhon Sobirovna 2020. Natural emergencies. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 170-171. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.878. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878/835 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/878
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Ex-Vice President, Japan Water Agency
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Global Agenda Council on Risk and Resilience, World Economic Forum
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This document summarizes a paper presentation on disaster management during floods. It discusses:
1) The phases of flood disaster management including preparedness, impact, response, recovery and mitigation.
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3) Current flood management practices and developments in India, including structures like dams, embankments, and drainage improvement works.
On April 26, 1986, a nuclear reactor at the Chernobyl power plant in Ukraine exploded, releasing massive amounts of radioactive material into the atmosphere. Over 100,000 people had to be evacuated and hundreds of thousands were exposed to high levels of radiation. "Liquidators" who helped contain the disaster suffered high rates of illness and death due to radiation exposure without proper protection. The disaster caused widespread health and environmental impacts across Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia, increasing cancer and birth defect rates for generations to come.
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Diagnosis of the relative failure of disaster risk reduction in the modern world and proposal for a cure - at least regarding disaster response, if not also prevention.
1) The document discusses systemic risks and emerging future challenges, including issues like complexity, cascading consequences, climate change, and digital insecurity.
2) It argues that participatory democracy and human rights are key to reducing disaster risks but that inequality can undermine efforts if human rights are not upheld.
3) Looking ahead, the document stresses that foresight, planning, and clear communication according to established quality standards will be crucial for success in addressing future disasters and challenges in a rapidly changing world.
This document provides tips for making an article more acceptable for publication in a major research journal. It discusses focusing the article on topics relevant to the journal's scope, using proper formatting, writing an accurate abstract, avoiding plagiarism, and ensuring the language and submission are correct. Key recommendations include double-spacing, adding page numbers, using the journal's style guide, writing the abstract as a summary rather than introduction, and carefully checking for any plagiarized or copyrighted content. The goal is to present the manuscript professionally so editors and reviewers have a positive impression.
1) Complex disasters are increasing due to factors like climate change, technology, and interconnected infrastructure and systems. Lessons must be learned from past events to reduce future risks.
2) Cascading failures across critical infrastructure like energy, water, and communications can severely impact health, emergency response, and other sectors. Contingency plans need to account for impacts across multiple domains.
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1. Civil protection grew out of civil defence, which was originally designed to protect non-combatant populations from armed aggression by a foreign power.
2. Over time, civil defence evolved to focus on preparations for nuclear war during the Cold War, but then declined as political tensions eased.
3. In the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War, civil protection emerged as a new approach focused on peacetime disasters rather than war, with an emphasis on collaboration over command and inclusion of the population.
4. Modern civil protection must adapt rapidly to changes in hazards, society, emerging risks, and political and public demands. It encompasses activities like disaster risk reduction, humanitarian relief, civil defence,
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(1) The Grenfell Tower disaster in 2017 revealed the dangerous conditions in residential buildings that had been ignored for years despite warnings.
(2) Direct causes of the disaster included combustible cladding, dangerous wiring, lack of sprinklers and fire alarms, and advising residents to "stay put."
(3) Long-term causes were related to reduced building regulations, privatization of management, and austerity policies prioritizing costs over safety.
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By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
4. VulnerabilityHazard
An asset is not
vulnerable unless
it is threatened
by something
A hazard is not
hazardous unless
it threatens
something
RISK
Extreme
events
Elements
at risk
Resilience
Exposure
7. needs to be shortenedneeds to be
lengthened
preparation
for the
next event
warning
and
evacuation
recovery and
reconstruction
repair of
basic
services
emergency
management
and rescue
isolation
impact
needs to be
strengthenedRisk reduction and disaster mitigation
8. Armed aggression
on the part of states
Civil defence
Natural disasters
Civil protection
"Homeland security"
(civil defence)
Armed aggression
on the part of
groups of dissidents
"Generic" disasters
"Civil contingencies"
(resilience)
13. • civilian vs military command structure
• command function principle
versus support function principle
• centrism versus devolution.
Some dilemmas
22. Harmonisation from above
(national or regional levels)
Organisation and growth from below
(local level: municipalities, volunteers, etc.)
Central
control
Devolution
23. The natural tendency
from above
subordinate
control
repress
restrict
The less than natural
tendency from above
harmonise
negotiate
support
accommodate
act autonomously
empower
enable
liberate
The natural tendency
from below
conform
cede
comply
submit
The less than natural
tendency from below
The pressures of devolution and centrism
25. Local incident Local response A
Threshold of local capacity
Small regional
incident
Co-ordinated local response B
Threshold of intermunicipal capacity
Major regional
incident
Intermunicipal and
regional response
B
Threshold of regional capacity
National
disaster
Intermunicipal, regional
and national response
C
Threshold of national capacity
International
catastrophe
Ditto, with more
international assistance
C
27. Earthquakes:
• Belice Valley, Sicily, 1968
• Friuli, NE Italy, 1976
• Irpinia-Basilicata, S. Italy, 1980
• Umbria-Marche, central Italy, 1997
Floods:
• River Arno, 1966 (Florence), 1991-3
• Versilia, W. Tuscany, 1996
Landslides:
• Valtellina landslide dam, N. Italy, 1987
• Sarno, Campania, S. Central Italy, 1998
Industrial hazards:
• Seveso dioxin incident, Lombardy, 1976
28. Forgotten disasters:
• Balvano 1944:
world's worst rail
disaster
• dam collapse and
mudflow at Val di
Stava, Lombardy,
1985: 264 dead
• etc., etc.
29. The death of Alfredino Rampi
in a well at Vermicino, 1981:
the "emotional birth" of
modern Italian civil protection
Molise 2002
earthquake
collapse of
a school:
26 children
killed.
30. In Italy 60,000
schools are
attended by 6.6
million children:
18,000 of the
schools (30%)
are located in
the country's
main seismic areas.
Avaliable funds are
insufficient for a
complete retrofit.
31. 70% of population
lives in seismically
active areas, 40%
in the 2965
municipalities
subject to
moderate and
high seismicity.
13.8% of homes
are anti-seismic
(but 35.3% of
those in the main
seismic zones).
32. There are now an estimated 10,000
cars in the city centre of Florence
Florence floods, 4-5 November 1966
36. Some emergency preparedness lessons:
• emergency planning is limited by physical,
cultural and conceptual constraints
• a major eruption of Vesuvius
would instantly be a national
and European emergency
• the relationship between prediction
and warning is absolutely critical here,
especially with regard to timing
• the relationship between reference
scenario and response is critical: wrong
scenario equals inefficient response.
38. What is welfare?
The provision of
care to a minimum
acceptable standard
to people who are
unable adequately
to look after
themselves.
But we also need
to focus on what
welfare is NOT...
39. Analysis
• registered
• archived
• forgotten
• ignored
Vulnerability
maintained.
-
• utilised
• adopted
• learned
Disaster
risk
reduced
+
Lessons
Past
events
The process of
disaster risk
reduction
(DRR)
40. • magnitude 6.3, duration 25 seconds
• acceleration on hard rock 0.3g,
on soft sediments 0.7-1.0g
• part of an earthquake swarm
that has lasted many months
• the first earthquake with
epicentre very near a major
urban centre in Italy since 1915.
The L'Aquila earthquake of 6 April 2009
42. • c.21,000 people in tents for summer
months, April-September 2009
• c. 22,000 people in hotels,
some far away from L'Aquila
• rapid construction of transitional
accommodation for 65% of survivors.
Government policy on shelter
43. • 4,600 apartments in 184
buildings on 19 sites
• €280,607 per apartment (€3,875
per square meter of living space).
C.A.S.E. - Complessi Antisismici
Sostenibili ed Ecocompatibili
47. • standard prefabs without base isolation
• 54 sites, half of them in L'Aquila city
• 8,500 people accommodated.
M.A.P. - Moduli abitativi provvisori
48. • social fragmentation leads to
depression, isolation and marginalisation
• total lack of services and transportation
• induced dependence on private transport
without infrastructure improvement
• exclusion of single person 'families'.
Problems with CASE and MAP sites
49. • stagnation of reconstruction
through lack of funds and planning
• political paralysis and
intimidation by central government
• massive rise in unemployment
• local inflation, especially of house rents
• loss of basic services.
Problems with L'Aquila recovery policy
50. The L'Aquila recovery process is driven by
short-term political expediency, leading
to the repetition of ancient policy errors,
particularly lack of democratic governance
55. The orthodox approach: emergency
response begins at the local level.
The Italian approach: in L'Aquila
local administration was swept aside
and remained paralysed for a long time.
56. The Italian approach: overwhelming
force, regardless of cost.
The orthodox approach: response should be
proportional to the size of the emergency.
57. The Italian approach: there isn't one.
The orthodox approach: emergencies
need an incident command structure.
58. The Italian approach: either supply
it all from Rome or abandon the
local forces to their own devices.
The orthodox approach: local
self-sufficiency and autonomous
decision making must be encouraged.
59. The Italian approach: mind-boggling sums
of money have been spent on transitional
settlement, and so far very few funds
have been allotted to reconstruction.
The orthodox approach: transitional settle-
ment should not impede reconstruction.
60. The Italian approach: in L'Aquila
no thought whatsoever was given
to this problem and the result is a
high incidence of socio-psychological
pathologies among the survivors.
The orthodox approach: in
transitional settlement the
social fabric should be preserved.
61. The Italian approach: the guidelines
are incomplete and out of date,
and the training has been foisted
onto the regional governments without
providing any harmonising criteria.
The orthodox approach: guidelines,
standards and norms should be issued
to ensure integrated disaster
response and training.
62. The Italian approach: in less than a
decade 600 ordinances have authorised
the expenditure of more than €10 billion,
some of that on projects that had
nothing to do with emergencies and
were not really useful at all.
The orthodox approach: emergency
measures should be used when
normal measures cannot be.
63. The Italian approach: disasters open
a Pandora's box of bad practice.
The orthodox approach: disasters lead
to improvements in safety and security.
64. The Italian approach: three municipalities
out of 8,104 have taken this to heart.
The UN's Making Cities Resilient initiative
has only one Italian signatory - Venice.
The orthodox approach: disaster risk
reduction (DRR) is a comprehensive
process of creating resilience.
65. • 1980s Pastorelli era - aid to Irpinia
• 1990s Barberi era - aid to Albania
• 2000s Bertolaso era
- misuse of ordinances
• Zamberletti era
- a remarkable interlude.
Scandals:-
67. When the next disaster occurs...
• firemen and military personnel
will be in short supply
• volunteers will be better trained
and equipped than ever before
• there are now trained emergency
planners and managers
• there is a national
civil protection system
Will that be sufficient?
69. • Italian civil protection is democratic
and well-organised at the local level.
• Much is known about hazards in
Italy - so it ought to be, as they
are the most dangerous in Europe.
• Despite the plethora of courses
(1000 in Lombardy region alone),
there is little effective training in
emergency planning and management
and no adequate standards exist.
Conclusions
70. • Disasters are excellent opportunities for
corruption and theft of public money,
largely because surveillance of, and
controls upon, expenditure are relaxed.
• The concept of personal responsibility is
not part of the civil protection culture.
• Italian civil protection responds to
a logic of political short-termism.
Conclusions
71. The development of a viable civil
protection system in Italy has been
impelled (rather selectively) by certain
key disasters, but the system is
incomplete and its maturity varies
considerably from one jurisdiction
to another at all levels.
Great improvements have been achieved
in the professionalism of emergency
planners and responders, but in a major
event it is not clear whether this would
compensate for the reduction in forces.
72. • separation of civil protection from single
ministries and its attachment to the
national Cabinet (Council of Ministers):
non-binding EC national-level directive
• fusion of domestic civil protection
and international humanitarian work:
EC CP/ECHO Directorate.
Italian gifts to European civil protection
73. The recent Italian experiences of
disaster illustrate the importance
of creating a locally-based emergency
management system and of involving the
population in the creation of resilience.
74. The Italian civil protection is
sophisticated, well-developed and
based on proper democratic principles.
Through the voluntary sector
and growth of local structures,
headed by elected mayors, it
is well placed to tackle the
main challenge of the 20th
century in civil protection:
the involvement of the general
population in the maintenance
of its own security.
75. 2009->: Neoliberalism or more
assistentialism? Vote garnering
versus economic stringency.
1908: Liberalism - the state is
not a big source of disaster relief
1980: Assistentialism - the state
is a major source of largesse.