The first lecture of the Smart City Summer Course at AUST (2016) presents the main world challenges concerning the environment, the economy and the society as well as the role of the city in these challenges. It aims at introducing why we have to focus on the city and on the role of the Smart City Concept to meet the city challenges, the world challenges.

1. Smart City Solution and Implementation
AUST Summer Course 2016
Chapter 1 : World challenges & Role
of the City
Professor Isam SHAHROUR
Isam.shahrour@univ-lille1.fr

2. Q1 : Major world challenges?
Q2 : Role of the City ?
2 Questions

3. 1. World population growth
2. Natural resources
3. Pollution
4. Urbanisation
5. Socio-economic challenges
6. Sustainability
Major world challenges

4. 1. World Population Growth
UN High
UN Medium
UN Low
10 Billions
16 Billions
6 Billions

5. World Population Growth

6. Consequences of the population growth
Increase demand for:
• Natural resources (Energy, water, raw materials…)
• Food
• Constructions (housing, services, industry,…)
• Infrastructures (roads, energy, water,
communication, municipal wastes,..)

7. Increase demand for services:
- Education,
- Health,
- Transportation
- Culture, Entertainment,
- Customized services (old people,..)
Consequences of the population growth

8. 1. World population growth
2. Natural resources
3. Pollution
4. Urbanisation
5. Socio-economic challenges
6. Sustainability
Major world challenges

9. Resources :
• Water
• Energy
• Air
• Raw materials
2. Natural resources

10. Availability to consumers
• Quantity
• Quality
• Transport / Logistic
• Accessibility (poverty)
2. Natural resources

11. Major menaces
• World population growth
• Limited resources
• Over exploitation
2. Protection of natural resources
• Pollution
• Provision security

12. Energy challenges
OECD : Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

13. OECD 35 members

14. Energy supply Security
Other blackout :
• Italy (2003):
$ 55 billions
• Indonesia (2005)
$ 100 billions
US Blackout (2003)
• 50 Million people
• 24 hours for full recovery
• Cost: $6 to $10 billion

15. http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2013/08/30/blackout-risk-tool-puts-price-tag-on-power-reliability/
“Our grids are old and our equipment is aging,”
said Robin Luo, vice president and blackout model project manager at
Hartford Steam Boiler.
US, the yearly cost of electrical outages = $ 150B

16. Water Challenges stress evolution
Source: Le Monde diplomatique
(% Water withdrawal of the total available water)
Water stress

17. Lack of infrastructures:
1 billion of the world population do not have access
to drinking water service (health risk,..)
Water Chalenges

18. Water Chalenges
Lack of infrastructures:
2.4 billion of the world population do not have access
to sewage water service (health and flood risks,..)

19. Water leakage :
• 20% of the water supply
• in some cities about 40%

20. 1. World population growth
2. Protection of natural resources
3. Pollution
4. Urbanisation
5. Socio-economic challenges
6. Sustainability
Major world challenges

21. Pollution
- Air
- Water
- Soils
3. Pollution
Origin:
- Buildings
- Transport
- Industry
- Agriculture

22. 3. Pollution
Menaces:
• Health
• Life quality
• Biodiversity
• Climate change/Global Warming

23. Air pollution
Buildings, Transport, industry
Air pollution map Population concentration
map

24. Source: USGCRP (2009)
Greenhouse gas emission

25. Air pollution impact
Kills 7 millions / year
Economic cost: Europe (2009) : € 170 billion

26. Soil and water pollution
Industrial activity - Brownfields

27. France : Brownfield repartition

28. 1. World population growth
2. Protection of natural resources
3. Pollution
4. Urbanisation
5. Socio-economic challenges
6. Sustainability
Major world challenges

29. 4. Urbanisation
Urban planning
- City Design (spatial organization)
- Infrastructures
- Public space
- Housing
Consequences :
- Quality of Life
Attractiveness
- Social stability
- Economic activity
- Slums

30. 4. Urbanisation
Challenges :
• Population Growth (huge metropolis)
• Increase demand for quality of life (services,
public space,..)
• Transport congestion (new urban and social
models)
• Opportunities offered by the digital and social
innovations

31. Slums issue
Mumbai’s Slum
More than one million
Neza-Chalco-Itza, Mexico City,
4 Million

32. Slums issue
The slum population is projected to increase from 780
million (in 2000)to somewhere between 900 and 1, 500
million (in 2020).
What to do ?

33. 1. World population growth
2. Protection of natural resources
3. Pollution
4. Urbanisation
5. Socio-economic challenges
6. Sustainability
Major world challenges

34. United Nation

35. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany#The_Hood

38. Absolute poverty (World Bank):
People living with less than $1.25 per day.
Measured in international dollars, adjusted for:
• Price level in the country (PPP adjustment)
• Price changes over time.
Poverty

39. Absolute poverty evolution
Poverty

40. % of the world population by level of income

41. Globalization, the free market
Unemployment

42. Labor costs : operator Hour
25$
1 $

43. Unemployment rate in Europe (2013)

44. Unemployment rate in Europe (2015)
Eurostat for September 2015 –
http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2015/11/09/investing-in-a-zero-carbon-economy-could-help-the-eu-escape-secular-stagnation/

46. Unemployment
Consequences on
• Economy
• Social cohesion
• prosperity
• Political stability

47. Age dependency ratio (%) =
Population ageing
Lebanon : ?
People older than 64 or less than 15 years old
People between 15-64

48. http://www.indexmundi.com/lebanon/demographics_profile.html

49. Population ageing
Challenges
• Retirement funding
• Health and social care
• Customized services

50. 1. World population growth
2. Protection of natural resources
3. Pollution
4. Urbanisation
5. Socio-economic challenges
6. Sustainability
Major world challenges

51. • Spatial and time scales
• Environmental, social and economic
interaction
6. Sustainability issue

52. Spatial scale
Household
World
Interaction

53. Life
Quality
Time
Future generation
Time scale
1
2
3

54. Sustainability:
Environmental, social and economic interaction

55. Video :
A1 Urbanization and the evolution of cities across 10,000 years - Vance Kite
A2 Human Role in Climate Change
A3 NASA | A Year in the Life of Earth s CO2

56. Q& : Major world challenges?
Q2 : Role of the City ?
2 Questions

57. • High concentration of the world population
• Concentration of the economic activity
• High energy consumption
• High pollution emission
• High risk to disasters
Place of the City ?

58. Concentration of the world population
• 55% of the World
population
• France ( > 80%)
•Lebanon 85%
•2050 : 70 of the World
population

59. By 2030 :
• 400,000 km2 will be constructed for urban
use (doubling the world’s built urban area)
• Nearly 2 billion new urban residents
Developing countries : center of urban
transformation

60. Cities with more than 1 millions inhabitants
Concentration in large cities

61. The light Map

62. Concentration in large cities

63. In the close future, cites with more
than 50 millions inhabitants

64. • High concentration of the world
population
• Concentration of the economic activity
• High energy consumption
• High pollution emission
• High risk to disasters
Role of the City ?

65. The City :
• 70% of the world GDP …
• 600 metropolis generate 60% of the world GDP
• 95% of the population growth in the developing
countries
Concentration of the economic activity

66. GDP of major Cities (billion $)

67. Lebanon GDP

68. • High concentration of the world
population
• Concentration of the economic activity
• High energy consumption
• High pollution emission
• High risk to disasters
Place of the City ?

69. The City :
• 70% of the total energy consumption
• 75% of the electrical energy consumption
Energy consumption

70. Etats Unis
New York
Buildings : 41 %
Transport : 30%
Industry : 29%
Buildings : 76 %
Transport : 24 %

71. Transport
Industry
Buildings
Tokyo
(2005)
Mexico
(2006)
London
(1999)
Shanghai
(2007)

72. Urban Transport Time lost at rush hour
(minutes /hour)

74. Transport Challenges
• Urbanization
• Population growth
• Lack of infrastructures
• Lack of public transportation
• Management
• Lack of innovation

75. Energy consumption - urban densification

76. Smart Stockholm: Reduce Transport Congestion
2005 – 2006:
Traffic reduction : 18%
CO2 Reduction : 14-18 %

77. • High concentration of the world
population
• Concentration of the economic activity
• High energy consumption
• High pollution emission
• High risk to disasters
Place of the City ?

78. The City : 80% of the greenhouse emission
Pollution emission
London

79. Paris
Buildings : 50%
Transport 32%

80. North of France : 48% from the industry, 17% transport
France : 20% from the industry, 26% from transport
Huge variation in countries

81. Targets 2030 :
• Cut greenhouse gases by at least 40%
(reference 1990)
• Renewable energy 27%
• Energy efficiency improvement by 27%
Europe : Targets 2020
(Reference 1990):
Strategies to reduce the Greenhouse Gas Emission

82. • High concentration of the world
population
• Concentration of the economic activity
• High energy consumption
• High pollution emission
• Disasters risk
Place of the City ?

83. High risk to disasters
Urban population subjected to natural disasters :
• Flood : 379 millions
• Earthquakes : 283 Millions
• Storms : 157 Millions

84. Flood Risk (380 millions)

85. Earthquake Risk (283 millions)

86. Storms Risk (157 millions)

87. Conclusion
• Huge increase in the population, mainly in
developing countries, in urban area
• Increase pressure on natural resources
• Increase demand for services and infrastructures
• High environmental risk :
– For the planet (Global Warming, Climate Change)
– For public health

88. Conclusion
In developed countries
- Ageing infrastructures
- Ageing population
- “Economic crisis”

89. Conclusion
Cities is the center of the world challenges,
They should afford for the
– Increase demand for services
– Increase demand for jobs
– Increase demand for comfort
– Social tension,….
Context : Lack of funding (financial crisis)

90. Conclusion
How to do ?
Could the Smart City be a « the » Solution ?
Response : Next chapters

91. VIDEOS
B1 Why are cities so important in assessing global energy?
B2 Mexico City's Urban Sprawl - copie
B3 Sydney Scheme to Go Green and Cut Greenhouse Gases

92. Thank you