The establishment of the latest IoT systems available today such as smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are let the main design restriction on the inadequate supply of battery power. Hence proposing a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) system which is designed DC-DC buck-boost converter with an improved modular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The output voltage depends on the inductor, capacitor values, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency, and duty cycle. This paper focuses on the design and simulation of min ripple current/voltage and improved efficiency at PV array output, to store DC power. The stored DC power will be used for smart IoT systems. From the simulation results, the current ripples are observed to be minimized from 0.062 A to 0.02 A maintaining the duty cycle at 61.09 for switching frequencies ranges from 300 kHz to 10 MHz at the input voltage 48 V and the output voltage in buck mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining constant 99.7 efficiencies. The improvised approach is compared to various existed techniques. It is noticed that the results are more useful for the self-powered Embedded & Internet of Things systems.
Application of dc micro grids for integration of solar home systems in smart ...Brhamesh Alipuria
The paper discusses the application of DC micro grids and how they can be used to form smart grids which can easily incorporte solar systems. Such grids have various advantages over the existing grid infrastructure, which has been discussed at length.
If you have any questions, please write to me.
Application of dc micro grids for integration of solar home systems in smart ...Brhamesh Alipuria
The paper discusses the application of DC micro grids and how they can be used to form smart grids which can easily incorporte solar systems. Such grids have various advantages over the existing grid infrastructure, which has been discussed at length.
If you have any questions, please write to me.
Kuching | Jan-15 | Feasibility of DC-microgrid For Off-grid Communities Elect...Smart Villages
Given by Dr. HS Che
The second in our series of workshops designed to gather input from stakeholders involved in existing off-grid projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This event is workshop scheduled to be held in Malaysia for the ASEAN countries will be organised by the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
Integrated arrangement of advanced power electronics through hybrid smart gri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
As an enabler component for renewable energy integration, power electronics (PE) technology in smart grid system is one of the most important issues of development the electrification, decentralization and information-technology/operation-technology (IT/OT) digitization within the electrical energy transmission and distribution systems. The arrangement of PE may different along the feeder either for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, fuel cells, wave energy system and battery storage unit, respectively.This is due to the electric voltage that might need to be converted from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and vice versa. For that reason, this paper proposed a concept of advanced PE as an integrated arrangement of several AC/DC/AC-and DC/AC- converters in such ways that support thepreviously mentioned grid-connected hybrid renewable energy sources and distributed generators (DGs) along the distribution feeder. Additionally, for the system that supported by battery storage unit, then this hybrid smart grid concept might become the answer for future utility needs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SSD2014 Invited keynote: Research challenges in Microgrid technolgiesJuan C. Vasquez
microgrid could be defined as a part of the grid with elements like distributed energy sources, power electronics converters, energy storage devices and controllable local loads that could operate autonomously islanded but also interacting with the main power network in a controlled, coordinated way. Following the introduction of distributed control of these elements, cooperative control and hierarchical control schemes for coordination of the power electronics converters in order to control the power flow and to enhance the power quality will be elaborated. The focus will be on the analysis, modelling, and control design of power electronics based microgrids as well as power electronics control and communications. Further, the interconnection of microgrid clusters will be emphasized as an important step towards utilization of the Smartgrid concept.
The wi-fi energy transfer (WPT) is an emerging era with increasingly more ability packages to transfer energy from a transmitter to a cellular receiver over a noticeably huge air gap. but, its extensive utility is hampered due to the relatively low performance of modern wireless power switch (WPT) structures. This study gives an idea to maximize the performance in addition to to increase the quantity of extractable electricity of a WPT system operating in resonant operation. The proposed method is primarily based on actively modifying the equal secondary-side load impedance by controlling the section-shift of the active rectifier and its output voltage degree. The offered hardware prototype represents an entire wireless charging machine, consisting of a dc–dc converter that is used to price a battery at the output of the system. Experimental results are shown for the proposed concept in comparison to a traditional synchronous rectification approach. The supplied optimization technique sincerely outperforms trendy solutions in phrases of efficiency and extractable power.
This article presents the system design and prediction performance of a 1kW capacity grid-tied photovoltaic inverter applicable for low or medium-voltage electrical distri-bution networks. System parameters, for instance, the longitude and latitude of the solar plant location, panel orientation, tilt and azimuth angle calculation, feasibility testing, optimal sizing of installment are analyzed in the model and the utility is sim-ulated precisely to construct an efficient solar power plant for residential applications. In this paper, meteorological data are computed to discuss the impact of environmen-tal variables. As regards ensuring reliability and sustenance, a simulation model of the system of interest is tested in the PVsyst software package. Simulation results yield that the optimum energy injected to the national grid from the solar plant, specific pro-duction, and performance ratio are 1676kWh/year, 1552kWh/kWp/year, and 79.29% respectively. Moreover, the predicted carbon footprint reduction is 23.467 tons during the 30 years lifetime of the system. Therefore, the performance assessments affirm the effectiveness of the proposed research.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The decline of competence effectuated by the unreplenishable energy etymology due to the plummet of fossil fuels has created an alternate need for renewable energy sources to play a vital role in providing power at a larger scale. Thus, a new system of distribution of energy resources is introduced to tackle the ever-growing demand for power and safety of the environment using renewable energy sources with the traditional ways of transmitting power. Such challenges can be overcome by using hybrid microgrids which helps in detecting and hegemonizing faults more dexterously sanctioning sharing of load and instinctive switching through various algorithms thus improving the system accuracy and adaptability. This exertion incorporates the modeling of an AC hybrid microgrid system analyzed in the is-landed mode. Fuel stack and the photo-voltaic cell are used as renewable energy power sources. It also includes the PID control method to the solution the most encountered problems in a microgrid. The engaged control modus operandi can modulate and regulate the output voltage at an expected and paradigm value. The whole AC hybrid microgrid and its control are simulated in MATLAB/simulink R2020b.
Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed Generation For Radial Distribution S...inventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
In India, more than 200 million people live in rural areas without access to grid-connected power. A convenient & cost-effective solution would be hybrid power systems which can reduce dependency on grid supply, improve reliability. For a typical domestic load a solar –wind hybrid system is designed with charge controller to charge a conventional battery. To optimize system efficiency, a simple algorithm is developed for system sizing. Total cost of unit is calculated using life cycle cost analysis and payback period
THE ADVANCED DESIGNING OF LED DRIVER WITH THE DIFFUSIONAL ACCOMMODATION OF CU...ijiert bestjournal
The High Brightness LEDs for street lighting has ga ined popularity in street lighting owing to energy efficiency and the long life. The amalgamate d feature of brightness and the dimming solutions makes it equally adoptable in outdoor lig htings. The street lighting utilizes the power supply from the lines. The invent of renewabl e energy resources for appliances and illumination systems highlights the usage of solar system for lighting and heating systems. The solar photovoltaic panels are most featured sol utions. The standalone PV systems require the designing knowledge of electrical,thermal and optical properties of LEDs. These parameters allow the development of driver system f or design of the luminaire. Different strategies have been proposed for driver circuits t o provide stable characteristics. The selection of Drivers is dependent on various factor s like,energy efficiency,cost effectiveness,operation and maintenance,losses as sociated with the components and the assembly. The aim is to obtain a stable driver syst em for reliable operation using solar energy. The power supply and the battery management system reflect the efficient operation of the complete system. The approach is to design a nd manage a driver system for highly efficient HB-LEDs for street lighting and commercia l outdoor applications. The multiple stages enhance the efficiency by maintaining the de ciding factors such as power factor,losses and the long life. The 3 stage and expandable conve rter topology uses the maximum power point tracking and empowers the LEDs for required n umber of hours of glowing. An approach has been made to improve the energy conver sion efficiency along with standby power consumption management system during the wint er seasons which is a crucial factor around 92% has been made. The innovative methodolog y provides groundbreaking LED driver systems that help the consumers to gain a co mpetitive edge.
Distributed energy resources (DER) based micro grid and Nano-grid framework is most technically viable bottom-top approach to sustainably meet ever-increasing demand of rural and urban communities. Recently the growth of DC operative home appliances like mobile and lap top chargers, ovens and hair dryer’s etc. are increasing and therefore a DC/DC converter is an efficient way to meet the electricity need from the local DER and helps in improving the system efficiency. This paper presents simulation results of a buck boost converter, MPPT algorithm (P & O method) for solar PV module and closed loop PI control system for obtaining constant 12 V and 24 V DC output voltage at DC bus. The proposed methodology is to extract maximum DC power from solar PV system and it is directly fed to DC load or DC Nano grid.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
Kuching | Jan-15 | Feasibility of DC-microgrid For Off-grid Communities Elect...Smart Villages
Given by Dr. HS Che
The second in our series of workshops designed to gather input from stakeholders involved in existing off-grid projects in Africa, Asia and Latin America. This event is workshop scheduled to be held in Malaysia for the ASEAN countries will be organised by the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (ASM) in collaboration with Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS).
Integrated arrangement of advanced power electronics through hybrid smart gri...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
As an enabler component for renewable energy integration, power electronics (PE) technology in smart grid system is one of the most important issues of development the electrification, decentralization and information-technology/operation-technology (IT/OT) digitization within the electrical energy transmission and distribution systems. The arrangement of PE may different along the feeder either for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine, fuel cells, wave energy system and battery storage unit, respectively.This is due to the electric voltage that might need to be converted from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and vice versa. For that reason, this paper proposed a concept of advanced PE as an integrated arrangement of several AC/DC/AC-and DC/AC- converters in such ways that support thepreviously mentioned grid-connected hybrid renewable energy sources and distributed generators (DGs) along the distribution feeder. Additionally, for the system that supported by battery storage unit, then this hybrid smart grid concept might become the answer for future utility needs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
SSD2014 Invited keynote: Research challenges in Microgrid technolgiesJuan C. Vasquez
microgrid could be defined as a part of the grid with elements like distributed energy sources, power electronics converters, energy storage devices and controllable local loads that could operate autonomously islanded but also interacting with the main power network in a controlled, coordinated way. Following the introduction of distributed control of these elements, cooperative control and hierarchical control schemes for coordination of the power electronics converters in order to control the power flow and to enhance the power quality will be elaborated. The focus will be on the analysis, modelling, and control design of power electronics based microgrids as well as power electronics control and communications. Further, the interconnection of microgrid clusters will be emphasized as an important step towards utilization of the Smartgrid concept.
The wi-fi energy transfer (WPT) is an emerging era with increasingly more ability packages to transfer energy from a transmitter to a cellular receiver over a noticeably huge air gap. but, its extensive utility is hampered due to the relatively low performance of modern wireless power switch (WPT) structures. This study gives an idea to maximize the performance in addition to to increase the quantity of extractable electricity of a WPT system operating in resonant operation. The proposed method is primarily based on actively modifying the equal secondary-side load impedance by controlling the section-shift of the active rectifier and its output voltage degree. The offered hardware prototype represents an entire wireless charging machine, consisting of a dc–dc converter that is used to price a battery at the output of the system. Experimental results are shown for the proposed concept in comparison to a traditional synchronous rectification approach. The supplied optimization technique sincerely outperforms trendy solutions in phrases of efficiency and extractable power.
This article presents the system design and prediction performance of a 1kW capacity grid-tied photovoltaic inverter applicable for low or medium-voltage electrical distri-bution networks. System parameters, for instance, the longitude and latitude of the solar plant location, panel orientation, tilt and azimuth angle calculation, feasibility testing, optimal sizing of installment are analyzed in the model and the utility is sim-ulated precisely to construct an efficient solar power plant for residential applications. In this paper, meteorological data are computed to discuss the impact of environmen-tal variables. As regards ensuring reliability and sustenance, a simulation model of the system of interest is tested in the PVsyst software package. Simulation results yield that the optimum energy injected to the national grid from the solar plant, specific pro-duction, and performance ratio are 1676kWh/year, 1552kWh/kWp/year, and 79.29% respectively. Moreover, the predicted carbon footprint reduction is 23.467 tons during the 30 years lifetime of the system. Therefore, the performance assessments affirm the effectiveness of the proposed research.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The decline of competence effectuated by the unreplenishable energy etymology due to the plummet of fossil fuels has created an alternate need for renewable energy sources to play a vital role in providing power at a larger scale. Thus, a new system of distribution of energy resources is introduced to tackle the ever-growing demand for power and safety of the environment using renewable energy sources with the traditional ways of transmitting power. Such challenges can be overcome by using hybrid microgrids which helps in detecting and hegemonizing faults more dexterously sanctioning sharing of load and instinctive switching through various algorithms thus improving the system accuracy and adaptability. This exertion incorporates the modeling of an AC hybrid microgrid system analyzed in the is-landed mode. Fuel stack and the photo-voltaic cell are used as renewable energy power sources. It also includes the PID control method to the solution the most encountered problems in a microgrid. The engaged control modus operandi can modulate and regulate the output voltage at an expected and paradigm value. The whole AC hybrid microgrid and its control are simulated in MATLAB/simulink R2020b.
Optimal Siting And Sizing Of Distributed Generation For Radial Distribution S...inventy
Research Inventy provides an outlet for research findings and reviews in areas of Engineering, Computer Science found to be relevant for national and international development, Research Inventy is an open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide research and applications related to Engineering. In its publications, to stimulate new research ideas and foster practical application from the research findings. The journal publishes original research of such high quality as to attract contributions from the relevant local and international communities.
In India, more than 200 million people live in rural areas without access to grid-connected power. A convenient & cost-effective solution would be hybrid power systems which can reduce dependency on grid supply, improve reliability. For a typical domestic load a solar –wind hybrid system is designed with charge controller to charge a conventional battery. To optimize system efficiency, a simple algorithm is developed for system sizing. Total cost of unit is calculated using life cycle cost analysis and payback period
THE ADVANCED DESIGNING OF LED DRIVER WITH THE DIFFUSIONAL ACCOMMODATION OF CU...ijiert bestjournal
The High Brightness LEDs for street lighting has ga ined popularity in street lighting owing to energy efficiency and the long life. The amalgamate d feature of brightness and the dimming solutions makes it equally adoptable in outdoor lig htings. The street lighting utilizes the power supply from the lines. The invent of renewabl e energy resources for appliances and illumination systems highlights the usage of solar system for lighting and heating systems. The solar photovoltaic panels are most featured sol utions. The standalone PV systems require the designing knowledge of electrical,thermal and optical properties of LEDs. These parameters allow the development of driver system f or design of the luminaire. Different strategies have been proposed for driver circuits t o provide stable characteristics. The selection of Drivers is dependent on various factor s like,energy efficiency,cost effectiveness,operation and maintenance,losses as sociated with the components and the assembly. The aim is to obtain a stable driver syst em for reliable operation using solar energy. The power supply and the battery management system reflect the efficient operation of the complete system. The approach is to design a nd manage a driver system for highly efficient HB-LEDs for street lighting and commercia l outdoor applications. The multiple stages enhance the efficiency by maintaining the de ciding factors such as power factor,losses and the long life. The 3 stage and expandable conve rter topology uses the maximum power point tracking and empowers the LEDs for required n umber of hours of glowing. An approach has been made to improve the energy conver sion efficiency along with standby power consumption management system during the wint er seasons which is a crucial factor around 92% has been made. The innovative methodolog y provides groundbreaking LED driver systems that help the consumers to gain a co mpetitive edge.
Distributed energy resources (DER) based micro grid and Nano-grid framework is most technically viable bottom-top approach to sustainably meet ever-increasing demand of rural and urban communities. Recently the growth of DC operative home appliances like mobile and lap top chargers, ovens and hair dryer’s etc. are increasing and therefore a DC/DC converter is an efficient way to meet the electricity need from the local DER and helps in improving the system efficiency. This paper presents simulation results of a buck boost converter, MPPT algorithm (P & O method) for solar PV module and closed loop PI control system for obtaining constant 12 V and 24 V DC output voltage at DC bus. The proposed methodology is to extract maximum DC power from solar PV system and it is directly fed to DC load or DC Nano grid.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
Performance Comparison of PID and Fuzzy Controllers in Distributed MPPTIJPEDS-IAES
With an increase of Green Technology applications, Photovoltaic have
emerged as the most appropriate solution for electricity generation purposes.
However, due to variable temperature and irradiance, under the partial or
shaded conditions Maximum Power Point Tracking is needed to determine
highest efficiency of the system. The paper describes dynamic modeling and
control of variable temperature and irradiance on solar panel in SIMULINKMATLAB
environment. The implementation of Buck Converter is used for
power switching and impedance matching on connecting the panel to the
load. The effectiveness of the model, with enhanced efficiency through
voltage stabilization, is performed using Proportional-Integral-Derivative and
Fuzzy-Logic-Controllers. A comparative study is made for PID and FLC on
the basis of outputs to deal with online set point variations. FLC gives closer
results to Standard Test Conditions when compared with PID. The Fuzzy
system developed, using tested membership functions serve as a platform for
sustainable standalone and grid-based applications using distributed MPPT.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, nowadays, require real-time communication, which demands cautious design consideration to resolve inherent conflicts between energy efficiency and the need to meet Quality of Services (QoS), such as end-to-end delay communications. Numerous innovative solutions are proposed such as Real-time Power-Aware Routing (RPAR) protocol, which dynamically adapts transmission power to meet specified communication delays at low energy cost. Hence, to enable real-time communication with RPAR protocol, an adaptive Power Management Circuit (PMC) using hybrid energy harvester to support WSN real-time communication is proposed. In this paper, a high-level architecture of the proposed PMC is discussed, which consists of Thermal Energy Generator (TEG), and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEG) as energy providers, with low-power Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) feature enabled. Preliminary simulations which analyze and characterize TEG and PEG system are conducted separately to determine the optimal design parameters to support the conventional WSN QoS requirement. Next, both systems will be integrated into a single PMC implementation prior to fabrication and lab characterization.
GA Based Controller for Autonomous Wind-DG Micro gridIOSRJEEE
A single renewable source of energy when integrated with other sources of energy it is termed as hybrid system. In this paper an active power control strategy has been developed such that when the wind alone is not able to meet the energy demand, without compromising the frequency a transition occurs to wind diesel mode so that the energy demand is met. This work proposes the coordination of WDG(Wind DG), VSC’s are used for two purposes one is frequency control and another is voltage control. PMBLDC generator is used as a wind power generator and the Incremental conductance method is used as MPPT along with boost converter. This output is stored into battery system (BS) and surplus is supplied to the consumer loads. Back propagation feed forward (BPFF) control scheme is used for VF control of VSC. This controller provides harmonics elimination, load leveling and reactive power compensation and also regulates the voltage at PCC. Genetic algorithm is used for the purpose of tuning PI controller of BPFF. The performance and the analysis is done in a user friendly MATLAB/Simulink environment.
A non-isolated tri-port converter is a fully compact and functional system by the integration of basic converters. This can be used for renewable energy applications. This converter is capable of achieving different switching patterns of power flow between the source and load, interfaced sources of various voltage and current levels with the dc grid. This tri-port converter has to be used for continuous power distribution of rechargeable battery, photovoltaic panels and load. Due to the implementation of this dc-dc converter some operations like buck, boost and buck-boost operations became easy. Use of this converter helps in easy implementation of the system. The solar PV panel implementation boosts the system to a high level and bidirectional flow became easy from source to load and vice versa.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
Active and reactive power sharing in micro grid using droop control IJECEIAES
The development of renewable energy contributes to the global objectives of reducing our greenhouse gas emissions, obtaining and increasing our energy efficiency. In the face of these changes, the electric-network must adapt, while maintaining a high level of reliability and a quality of energy production. To meet this objective, it is recommended to use highly developed electrical network by integrating renewable energy sources in order to adapt the energy consumption to their production, using electrotechnical software information and telecommunications technologies. We are talking about intelligent grids (Smart Grid). The main objective of the work presented in this paper is the contribution to the study of intelligent network for efficient management of energy produced by several sources linked to the AC bus via the voltage inverters. Numerical simulations have been presented to validate the performance of the proposed active and reactive power controller (Droop Control).
simulation and hardware implementation of grid connected solar charge control...editor1knowledgecuddle
A renewable energy source plays an important role in electricity generation. Various renewable energy sources like
wind, solar, geothermal, ocean thermal, and biomass can be used for generation of electricity and for meeting our daily energy
needs. Energy from the sun is the best option for electricity generation as it is available everywhere and is free to harness. On an
average the sunshine hour in India is about 6hrs annually also the sun shine shines in India for about 9 months in a year.
Electricity from the sun can be generated through the solar photovoltaic modules (SPV). The SPV comes in various power
output to meet the load requirement [1]. Maximization of power from a solar photo voltaic module (SPV) is of special interest as
the efficiency of the SPV module is very low. A peak power tracker and DC-DC Boost Converter is used for Extracting the
maximum power from the SPV module. And simulation in PSIM software and hardware result is compare and solar panel
maximum efficiencies is increase nearby 85% using dither routine algorithm method use.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Water Industry Process Automation and Control Monthly - May 2024.pdf
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and IoT applications
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2021, pp. 3660~3670
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp3660-3670 3660
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy
harvesting embedded and IoT applications
Krishnaveni Kommuri1
, Venkata Ratnam Kolluru2
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram,
Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 11, 2020
Revised Feb 10, 2021
Accepted Mar 5, 2021
The establishment of the latest IoT systems available today such as smart
cities, smart buildings, and smart homes and wireless sensor networks
(WSNs) are let the main design restriction on the inadequate supply of
battery power. Hence proposing a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) system
which is designed DC-DC buck-boost converter with an improved modular
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The output voltage
depends on the inductor, capacitor values, metal oxide semiconductor field
effect transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency, and duty cycle. This paper
focuses on the design and simulation of min ripple current/voltage and
improved efficiency at PV array output, to store DC power. The stored DC
power will be used for smart IoT systems. From the simulation results, the
current ripples are observed to be minimized from 0.062 A to 0.02 A
maintaining the duty cycle at 61.09 for switching frequencies ranges from
300 kHz to 10 MHz at the input voltage 48 V and the output voltage in buck
mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining constant 99.7 efficiencies. The
improvised approach is compared to various existed techniques. It is noticed
that the results are more useful for the self-powered Embedded & Internet of
Things systems.
Keywords:
Buck-boost transitions
Internet of things
Maximum power point tracking
PV system
Remote monitoring
Wireless communication
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Krishnaveni Kommuri
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
KLEF, Green fields, Vaddeswaram
Andhra Pradesh, India, 522502
Email: krishnavenikommuri@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, energy consumption continues to increase. The world is therefore moving to the field of
renewable energy sources as pollution-free, free of charge, and easy to access in remote areas. The green
renewable energy sector is data-intensive and project-based, with a broad variety of targets and insights. For
decades, utility producers, commercial and industrial customers have been working to optimize production
and solar energy storage systems, while also helping to control costs [1]-[5]. Today the new system of things,
such as the main design smart cities, smart buildings, and smart home and wireless sensor networks (WSN),
is fed with battery power. Researchers concentrate primarily on solar PV systems to generate power as it is
more stable and easier to load. The output voltage of the photovoltaic system is variable due to uncertainty in
the radiances. However, to ensure a constant or controlled production voltage, DC-DC electronic power
converters are used [6]-[11]. DC-DC converter based on green energy is becoming an increasingly attractive
solution for these applications. A DC-DC converter technique was invented in the 1920 s. It has been in the
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and… (Krishnaveni Kommuri)
3661
study for the past six decades and plays a predominant role in power engineering and driving. This is
commonly used in many industrial applications, in computer hardware circuits, and the production of
renewable energy. Power-based DC-DC converters are used to overcome the use of traditional single voltage
divider circuits. Thus, the proposed DC-DC buck-boost constructed to have an improved modular MPPT
algorithm based solar photovoltaic systems. This paper mainly focuses on performance analysis of minimum
ripple current which the maximum efficiency of the converter. So that it leads to maximum power storage to
the batteries in turn utilized for embedded & IoT systems [12]-[30].
This article has been divided into various sections. Section 2 tells the literature review. Section 3
discusses PV system implementation for Embedded and IoT systems. Section 4 deals with the motivations
towards quantum efficiency. Section 5 discusses the improvised DC-DC buck-boost converter model. Section
6 presents the flow chart design approach and simulation of improved modular MPPT algorithm section 7
described results and discussions of improvised MPPT for Embedded IoT systems. The paper is ended with a
conclusion and future scope in section 8.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
A high frequency zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) synchronous non-inverting buck-boost converter in
[1] for tens-of-Watt applications achieve ZVS under different load currents without raising voltage stress
through power field effect transistor (FETs) by using two pairs of small-sized auxiliary inductors and
condensers. DC-DC boost converter, [2] a conventional proportional integral (PI) controller, the modified
incremental conductance MPPT technique is found that the modified Inc Cond MPPT tracks 7.4% more
power than the traditional PI controller. A single-diode-model circuit [3] with the five parameters for a given
environmental condition reflects the output of a photovoltaic (PV) module. The main goal here [4] is to
achieve a circuit-based simulation model of a photovoltaic (PV) cell to estimate the functional cell’s
electrical behavior concerning changes in environmental parameters such as irradiation and temperature. To
explore the variations between NIBB and traditional buck-boost converters [5] performed a detailed
evaluation and study of these two converters in terms of their operating concepts, which here involves a
multi-mode control mechanism and dual-edge modulation, and also studied the characteristics of switches
and passive components in both converters.
A new dead zone compensation strategy to smooth the transition between operating modes is
introduced in this article [6], reducing the voltage ripple, and increasing regulatory compliance while keeping
high output. This paper [7], Weng et al. introduces a new modified two-switch buck-boost (TSBB) converter
topology. While the converter has less conductive and semi-conductor switches than a traditional TSBB.
After evaluating the shortcomings of current IQE measurement techniques, we present the recently an
approach based on the improved AB mode in [8], called the reference-point room-temperature (RTRM)
approach to demonstrate how the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) testing methods can be used to
quantitatively evaluate their optoelectronic outputs. In certain power conversion applications, DC-DC
converters with voltage boost capacity are commonly used, from fraction-of-volt to tens of thousands of volts
at power rates ranging from milli watts to megawatt. The literature has reported on [9] various voltage
boosting strategies in which simple energy storage elements (inductors and condensers) and/or transformers
are used in the circuit in combination with switch (s) and diode (s). This paper proposes a [10], [11] non-
inverting buck-boost (NIBB) continuous-conduction mode (CCM) converter with a quick duty cycle
calculation (FDCC) control and duty cycle locking technique. Nowadays the research is going in wide
varieties of wireless sensor networks [12]-[19], embedded system [20]-[22], antennas with IoT applications
[23]-[30].
3. PV SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION FOR EMBEDDED AND IOT SYSTEM
Recent innovations focused on emerging technologies and upcoming startups working on energy
harvest industry solutions. Many startups are working on a wide variety of solutions, looking at promising
energy harvesting solutions for embedded systems & IoT systems. Studying after many methods 4 important
techniques were found. Those are: i) Mechanical energy harvesting, ii) Thermal energy harvesting, iii) Light
energy harvesting, iv) Switches and sensors-electromagnetic energy harvesting. This paper concentrated on a
green energy technique which is light energy harvesting. To obtain the maximum light energy, used the solar
panel, and arranged it as shown in Figure 1. The working DC voltage can be sustained at the required loads.
DC source activity is measured and shared among microcontroller (MCU) and sensors. The Buck-boost
operations will be kept by the voltage regulator. The ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04), air humidity sensor
(DHT11), soil moisture sensors connected as displayed in Figure 1. The estimated power budget of the
designed ultra-low power management circuit with a modular MPPT controller to extract maximum available
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2021: 3660 - 3670
3662
power from the solar panel is tabulated in Table 1. The product A, B, C, and D listed are rating with different
powers that are seen with the respective efficiency in the simulation. A detailed description of
implementations and simulations is discussed in the following sections.
Figure 1. Energy harvest approach to IoT system
Table 1. Load evaluation calculator
Device Name Estimated Power in mW Efficiency
Product A 10 99.97
Product B 15 99.95
Product C 20 99.94
Product D 25 99.91
Note: Under Power loss0.49 uW, f=300 KHz to10 MHz
4. MOTIVATION TOWARDS QUANTUM EFFICIENCY
The aim of working on a component level analysis for the improvised modular MPPT algorithm is, a
single-diode PV cell found the relationship between the quantum efficiency and diode current [3]. It
improvises the MPPT point and efficiency of the PV system. The term quantum efficiency (QE) is derived by
an incident photon to converted electron (IPCE) of a photosensitive device.
The quantum efficiency of solar cellsis often considered into 2 types. External quantum efficiency
(EQE) is defined as the no.of carriers collected by the solar cell to the no.of photons shining on the solar cell.
The ratio of no.of charge carriers collected by the solar cell to no.of photons that are absorbed on the solar
cell is called internal quantum efficiency (IQE). The IQE is always larger than the EQE. In this aspect, [5]
considered IQE for improvisations. If all photons of a given wavelength are absorbed and the resulting
minority carriers are captured, then unity is the quantum efficiency at that wavelength. The quantum
efficiency for energy-saving photons below the bandgap is zero. Quantum efficiency is decreased for most
solar cells because of recombination. A mathematical equationused is shown in [2]. In the ideal case scenario
quantum efficiency is a function of wavelength, and electron can be written as (1),
,e
(1)
where ɳ is a function of wavelength (λ) and charge of an electron (e).
The diode current equation is expressed as (2),
/ 1
0 ( )
s t
qv n v
d
I I e
(2)
Under conditions where significant recombination of carriers in the diode transfer zone V-I
characteristic can be observed. Where Io extremely important parameter as larger recombination leads to
larger Io.I0 ∞ related combination of reverse saturation current.
0
[exp( / 2 ] [exp( / 2 ] 1
V R
I I I qv kT I qv kT
(3)
To find open circuit voltage Voc, I become zero,
0
0 [exp( / 2 ] [exp( / 2 ] 1
V R
I I qv kT I qv kT
(4)
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and… (Krishnaveni Kommuri)
3663
Assume, 260 i
kT q mv
, exp( ) exp( )
2
qv qv
kT kT
Substitute, exp( )
2
qv
Y
kT
in (4) becomes (5),
2
0 0
R V
I Y I Y I
(5)
By solving (5)
2
0
0
4
2
R V
I I R I I
Y
I
(6)
Relating to I0, apply modulus on both sides the simplified given below,
0
I
From the above, it’s been proved that the dark saturation current of the solar PV cell directly
proportional to quantum efficiency. It’s observed that I0 improves then there is more possibility of reaching
the MPPT point for the given radiance which is useful to store the DC power. The detailed improvisations are
discussed in the following sessions.
5. IMPROVISED PV SYSTEM DC-DC BUCK BOOST CONVERTER MODEL
The general configuration of the Buck-Boost converter is shown in Figure 2. The DC-DC boost
converter [1] is a power electronicsdevice is also called as a step-up converter. Step down conversion also
can be designed if it is considered as DC-DC Buck-Boost converter.
Step-down converter
Step-up converter
The circuit operation can be divided into two modes.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Configuration: (a) Buck-Boost converter in mode 1, (b) Buck-Boost converter in mode 2
During mode 1 Figure 2(a), the switch S1 is turned on and the diode D is reversed biased. In mode 1
the input current, which rises, flows through inductor L and switch S1. In mode 2 Figure 2(b), the switch S1
is off and the current, which was flowing through the inductor, would flow through L, C, D, and load. In this
mode, the energy stored in the inductor (L) is transferred to the load and the inductor current (IL) falls until
the switch S1 is turned on again in the next cycle. The simplified schematic [2] of a DC-DC inverting buck-
boost converter is shown in Figure 2. Most converter designs assume that a closed power switch has zero
volts across it.
In general, this is a valid assumption that reduces design complexity. The circuit includes MOSFET,
Diode, R, L, C components, and Control circuit. The fact that the power conversions have a finite resistance
means that there will be a non-zero voltage over it during its on/off time operation thus MOSFET can be
placed to fetch this operation. A MOSFET with fast switching speed [6] should be selected. Efficiency goes
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2021: 3660 - 3670
3664
up when the switching speed increases. The diode is selected with the smallest reverse leak current () for
light load and higher efficiency. The resistance is selected as 100 Ohm because it gives the perfect DC-DC
buck-boost operation with the below design,
( 0.7)
( )
out fe
l
c exth
V h
R
Isc I R
(7)
To select the required inductance L can be represented as (8),
( )
i
l p p sw
V D
L
I f
(8)
The average inductor currentis calculated as (9),
0
( )
1
l avg
I
I
D
(9)
The input capacitance is required to hold up the input voltage when energy is decreasing in the
inductor is,
(1 )
sw
D
f
(10)
The minimum effective values of the capacitor Ci (min) can be represented as (11),
( )
(min)
( ) ( ) 0
[ ]
l avg
i
sw i p p p p
I D
C
f V I ESRC
(11)
ESR represents [7] the equivalent series resistance of the input capacitor and it is recommended and
selected of the order of value 100 Ohm. The output capacitance is required to supply the energy to the load
when energy is increasing in the inductor,
( )
0
(min) 0 0( ) 0
[ ]
1 2
l p p
O p p
SW SW
I
I
D D
C I V ESRC
f f D
(12)
In the design of the Inverting Buck-boost converter Maximum duty cycle D gives at minimum input
voltage and can be specified as (13),
0
0 min
f
f
V V
D
V V V
(13)
From the reference [3] and rearrange the (13),
0
1
i
V D
V D
(14)
Controls circuit setup and simulation are shown in Figures 3 and 4. The output of the circuit is pulse
which is given to the MOSFET gate and the input voltage is set to 48 V.A reference voltage is given
according to Buck/Boost operations here it is designed for buck mode 24 V boost mode 100 V. Time sweep
is taken for 4 seconds. Input voltage 48 V dc, output voltage Vo 24/100 V dc, inductor L=10 e-6 H, capacitor
C0=40 e-3F, resistance Rl=100 Ohm, Switching Frequency fsw =10 KHz. Ripple current is calculated as (15),
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and… (Krishnaveni Kommuri)
3665
ripple out out
i
in
I I V
D
V
(15)
Where Di is input current ripple Iout estimation for the inductor current,
out
out
out
P
I
V
(16)
Substituted the values in (12) can be written is being as (17),
( )
0 0
0 0
0 1 2
l p p
sw
I
I D I
V ESRC
f C D
(17)
( )
0 0 0
0
1
[ ]
1 2
l p p
sw
I
D
V I ESRC
f C D
Assume D=1, in (17) becomes,
0
0 0
sw
I
f
V C
(18)
It is been seen by relating that the (4) noted that switching frequency in (18) values observed from
300 kHz to 10 MHz results in a ripple current 0.02 mA shown in Table 2. Switching frequency is inversely
proportional to the signal error which is shown in Table 2. The switching frequency started from 300 kHz for
L=33.32 uH and saw a ripple current of 0.62 mA. Repeated the same observations till 10 MHz for L=1 uH
where ripple current is 0.02 mA. It is gradually minimized to 0.02 for the given input specifications. It is seen
that minimum the Inductor and capacitance value changes lead the less in rising time to reach Buck-Boost
designed values. The load resistance is constantly considered as 100 Ohm. Output DC voltage drives the
maximum efficiency of the value 99.97 is in detail discussed in the following sections using the modular
MPPT algorithm.
Figure 3. The simulation output from the BUCK
converter
Figure 4. The simulation output from the BOOST
converter
7. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2021: 3660 - 3670
3666
Table 2. Load evaluation calculation
Switching Frequency (in kHz) Inductance (in uH) Ripple Current (in mA)
300 33.22 0.62
1000 9.9 0.19
2000 4.98 0.09
3000 3.32 0.06
4000 2.49 0.05
5000 1.99 0.04
6000 1.66 0.03
7000 1.42 0.03
8000 1.25 0.02
9000 1.11 0.02
10000 1.00 0.02
6. FLOW CHART DESIGN APPROACH AND SIMULATION OF IMPROVISED MODULAR
MPPT ALGORITHM
The improvised PV system SIMULINK model and modular MPPT algorithm function shown in
Figure 5 respectively. The irradiation and temperature [8] are fed to the solar panel. The virtual private
network (Vpv) and invirtual private network (Ipv) monitored in Buck and Boost conventions. The component
values of the modular MPPT algorithm programmed in a SIMULINK model is being as. PV module
parameters like Vmpp, Impp, Voc, Iscof PM648 are 18.2 V, 2.2 A, 21.6 V, and 2.8 A respectively (at STC).
In this PV system, five series-connected PV modules and 36 cells have existed. The switching frequency,
output capacitance, input capacitance, inductance is 10 kHz, 380 µF, 330 µF, and 5 mH, respectively.
Figure 5. Structure of the improvised PV system with modular MPPT algorithm
Duty signal to determine the duty ratio of pulse-width modulation (PWM). Because to control of the
power it depends on MPPT by its input irradiation. The modular MPPT algorithm is shown in Figure 6. Finds
a global peak point by [9] seeking dP/dV=0 derivative. If power is not changing and voltage is not changing,
then the derivative will be zero and the point will be maximum. Efficiency can be calculated by using this
power. Because divide by zero might give a problem. Overall system efficiency is measured 95.
The modular MPPT control algorithm is being as. Notations are represented in Figure 6. In the,
duty-old=A, duty-min=B, duty-max=C, Duty=D. Initially duty cycle minimum and maximum values are
taken as B=0, C=0.85. The selection of variable is taken which store the data and is named as persistent. It
advisable [10] and easy to keep track of old data and new data by its difference. The algorithm will start with
its B value. Calculating the difference, power and so on it repeats till it reaches its boost mode value. Here
this is simulated for 100 V. Once it reaches its maximum value efficiency calculated through which it finds
an improved version of the PV system.
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and… (Krishnaveni Kommuri)
3667
Figure 6. Flowchart of modular MPPT algorithm
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The simulation model of Simulink is displayed in Figure 7. When the PV system is fed with
irradiation and temperature, the Vpv and Ipv Observed. The Ppv for the model is improvised by modular
MPPT algorithm. It is comparedwith the ideal behavior characteristics. The signal statistics as shown in the
plot named as Figure 7. It is implemented to bring the maximum efficiency of 9.971e-01 over the time of 4
seconds. The rising peak reaches its maximum point at time 0.8 sec maintained MPPT to input irradiation.
The difference value between P-Ideal and P-PV which is very minimum that 0 - 0.015. It resembles the SSE
error 0.6 in [1] proposal.
The development of today’s new IoT technologies such as smart cities, smart houses, and smart
homes and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) makes the key architecture constraint on insufficient battery
power supply. The Solar-powered renewable energy-based PV system designed for DC-DC buck-boost
converters with an upgraded modular MPPT algorithm proved the option for the above applications. This
paper demonstrated the modeling and simulated analysis of min ripples current/voltage and calculated
improved performance at the output of the PV system, to store DC power. From the simulation results,
current ripples are found to be reduced from 0.062 A to 0.02 A retaining the service cycle at 61.09 for
switching frequencies ranging from 300 kHz to 10 MHz at input voltage 48 V and output voltage in buck
mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining the constant performance of 99.7. The onboard power delivery
circuit uses plenty of minimal shares of the overall resources produced for the embedded system as shown in
Figure 7. Shortening the improvised PV system designed to withstand minimum power loss of 0.49 W
operates a minimum DC voltage. By equalizing the power between the input and from the PV panel and
electric power output.
To test the effectiveness of the modular MPPT algorithm, a comparison has been made among the
performances of MPPTs like P&O MPPT [11], adaptive P&O MPPT [12] and auto-tuned MPPT [13], and
9. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2021: 3660 - 3670
3668
self-tuned MPPT [1] implemented in the studied PV system. In Table 3, showing the differences between
P&O, adaptive P&O, auto-tuned P&O, and self-tuned MPPTs. For this, the following parameters are used for
tracking of parameters such as variations in voltage, monitoring time, steady-state error (SSE), step size
update rate (SSUR). i.e. with a step-change in irradiance.
From Table 3, it can be seen that the studied PV system with the improvised Modular MPPT has
minimum tracking time (0.8 s), SSE (0.015%), voltage fluctuation (0.02 V), and higher MPPT efficiency
(99.7%) compared to that of the other MPPTs tabulated in Table 3. From Table 3, SSUR is found to be
variable for improvised modular MPPT which is very much minimum than that of the rest of the algorithms
(6×10-3). Therefore, it has been reported that the studied PV system with modular MPPT performs better
than P&O MPPT, adaptive P&O MPPT, auto tuned MPPT, self-tuned MPPT. Even if the P&O algorithm is
simple. It can be built on a low-cost microcontroller. Efficiency is weaker than modular MPPT PV system.
Figure 7. Maximum efficiency plot for P-Ideal P-PV and SSE
Table 3. Comparison of tracking parameters of the various MPPTS with improvised modular MPPT
algorithm when solar radiation varies from 500 W/M2 to 1000 W/M2
Parameters P&O MPPT
[15]
Adaptive P&O
MPPT [11]
Auto-tuned
MPPT [12]
Self-Tuned
MPPT [1]
Improvised
Modular MPPT
Tracking time 1.6s 1.5s 0.9s 0.6s 0.8s
SSE (%) 4.02 2.5248 0.03 0.012 0.015
Voltage fluctuation 8v 5v 1.5v 1v 0.02v
MPPT Efficiency (%) 96.5 97.8 98.6 99.3 99.7
SSUR(s) 6.0x10-3
Variable Variable Variable Variable
8. CONCLUSION
The improvised modular MPPT algorithm started from the Single diode concept. Solved the relation
between dark saturation current and quantum efficiency. This helps to store the largest DC power storage.
The simulation results are tested in the control loop of the PV system through input PV voltage and a variable
switching frequency supplies better tracking performance. DC-DC Buck-Boost conversions simulated with
the smallest ripple current of 0.02 mA. Improvised modular MPPT algorithm results in the smallest SSE error
which is 0 to <0.015. As a part of future work would like to build an MPPT machine learning algorithm to
make load evaluations required for embedded and IoT systems.
10. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and… (Krishnaveni Kommuri)
3669
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research work was carried and supported by DST- FIST grant number FST/ETI-410/2016(C)
sponsored, internet of things excellence centre, KLEF. I would also like to show my gratitude to Dr. Venkata
Ratnam Kolluru, Assoc. Prof, and, and KLEF for support and comments that greatly improved the
manuscript, although any errors are our own and should not tarnish the reputations of these esteemed persons.
REFERENCES
[1] B. Subudhi and R. Pradhan, "A New Adaptive Maximum Power Point Controller for a Photovoltaic System," in
IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1625-1632, Oct. 2019,
doi: 10.1109/TSTE.2018.2865753.
[2] V. R. Kolluru, K. Mahapatra, B. Subudhi, and T. Ramesh, "Real time implementation and comparison of PI and
modified Inc Cond control algorithms for solar applications," 2014 IEEE 6th India International Conference on
Power Electronics (IICPE), Kurukshetra, India, 2014, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/IICPE.2014.7115780.
[3] Da Rosa, A. Vieira, and J. C. Ordonez, "Fundamentals of renewable energy processes," Academic Press, 2021.
[4] H. Fan, "Design tips for an efficient non-inverting buck-boost converter," Analog Applications Journal, Texas
Instruments, 2014, 20-25.
[5] P. Liu and C. Chang, "CCM Noninverting Buck–Boost Converter With Fast Duty-Cycle Calculation Control for
Line Transient Improvement," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 5097-5107, Jun.
2018, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2734808.
[6] L. Callegaro, M. Ciobotaru, D. J. Pagano, E. Turano and J. E. Fletcher, "A Simple Smooth Transition Technique
for the Noninverting Buck–Boost Converter," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 6,
pp. 4906-4915, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2731974.
[7] X. Weng et al., "Comprehensive comparison and analysis of non- inverting buck-boost and conventional buck-
boost converters," The Journal of Engineering, vol. 16, pp. 3030-3034, 2019.
[8] Shim, Jong-In, and Dong-Soo Shin, "Measuring the internal quantum efficiency of light-emitting diodes: towards
accurate and reliable room- temperature characterization," Nanophotonics, vol. 7, no. 10, pp. 1601-1615, 2018,
doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0094.
[9] L. Callegaro, M. Ciobotaru, D. J. Pagano, E. Turano, and J. E. Fletcher, "A Simple Smooth Transition Technique
for the Noninverting Buck–Boost Converter," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 6,
pp. 4906-4915, Jun. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2731974.
[10] P. Liu and C. Chang, "CCM Noninverting Buck–Boost Converter With Fast Duty-Cycle Calculation Control for
Line Transient Improvement," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 5097-5107, Jun.
2018, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2017.2734808.
[11] H. Sharma, M. Sharma, C. Sharma, A. Haque, and Z. A. Jaffery, "Performance Analysis of Solar Powered DC-DC
Buck Converter for Energy Harvesting IoT Nodes," 2018 3rd International Innovative Applications of
Computational Intelligence on Power, Energy a nd Controls with their Impact on Humanity (CIPECH), Ghaziabad,
India, 2018, pp. 26-29, doi: 10.1109/CIPECH.2018.8724183.
[12] N. S. D’Souza, L. A.C. Lopes, and X. J. Liu, "Comparative study of variable size perturbation and observation
maximum power point trackers for PV systems," Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 296-305,
2010, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2009.09.012.
[13] W. Xiao, M. G. J. Lind, W. G. Dunford and A. Capel, "Real-Time Identification of Optimal Operating Points in
Photovoltaic Power Systems," in IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1017-1026, Jun.
2006, doi: 10.1109/TIE.2006.878355.
[14] M. N. M. Hussain, A. M. Omar, and A. A. A. Samat, "Identification of Multiple Input-Single Output (MISO)
model for MPPT of Photovoltaic System," 2011 IEEE International Conference on Control System, Computing and
Engineering, Penang, Malaysia, 2011, pp. 49-53, doi: 10.1109/ICCSCE.2011.6190494.
[15] A. López-Vargas, M. Fuentes, and M. Vivar, "IoT Application for Real-Time Monitoring of Solar Home Systems
Based on Arduino™ With 3G Connectivity," in IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 679-691, Jan. 2019, doi:
10.1109/JSEN.2018.2876635.
[16] T. Kalaipriyan, D. Rajaguru, J. Amudhavel, T. Vengattaraman and P. Sujatha., "Monkey King Algorithm For
Solving Minimum Energy Broadcast In Wireless Sensor Network," Advances and Applications in Mathematical
Sciences, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 129-145, 2017.
[17] N. Srikanth and M. S. Prasad, "Energy-efficient trust node based routing protocol (EETRP) to maximize the
lifetime of wireless sensor networks in Plateaus," International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering
(IJOE), vol. 15, no. 06, pp. 113-130, 2019.
[18] A.V. Prabu and G. Kumar, "Performance Analysis and Lifetime Estimation of Wireless Technologies for WSN
(Wireless Sensor Networks) /IoT (Internet of Things) Application," Jour of Adv Research in Dynamical and
Control Systems, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 250-258, 2019.
[19] A.V. Prabu,Dr.G. Sateesh Kumar, "Hybrid MAC-based Adaptive Preamble Technique to Improve the Lifetime in
Wireless Sensor Networks," Journal of Adv Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, vol. 11, no. 1,
pp. 240-249, 2019.
[20] A. Omairi, Z. H. Ismail, K. A. Danapalasingam, and M. Ibrahim, "Power Harvesting in Wireless Sensor Networks
and Its Adaptation With Maximum Power Point Tracking: Current Technology and Future Directions," in IEEE
Internet of Things Journal, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 2104-2115, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2017.2768410.
11. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 11, No. 5, October 2021: 3660 - 3670
3670
[21] B. Tadikonda, A. V. Prabu, K. R. Rao, and P. S. G. A. Sri, "Secured door lock system based on fingerprint
authentication," Accepted in Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, vol. 10, no. 02,
pp. 473-480, 2018.
[22] K. Srinivas, A. V. Prabu, and K. Sambasivarao, "A Real-Time Prototype Model for Enhancing the Security
Features in the ATM Units," International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
vol. 8, no. 7, pp. 1936-1939, May 2019.
[23] R. L. R. L. Babu, D. Rambabu, A. R. Naidu, and R. D. Prasad, "IoT Enabled Solar Power Monitoring System," in
International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 526-530, 2018,
doi: 10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.16172.
[24] P. Gopi Krishna, K. Sreenivasa Ravi, K Hari Kishore, K KrishnaVeni, K. N. Siva Rao, and R. D. Prasad., "Design
and development of bi-directional IoT gateway using ZigBee and Wi-Fi technologies with MQTT protocol,"
International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 2.8, pp. 125-129, 2018.
[25] C. H. S. S. Krishna Gopal, A. V. Prabu, G. Sateesh Kumar, P. Gopi Krishna, "UPS parameter monitoring and
controlling using IoT and GSM," International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 116, no. 6,
pp. 133-139, 2017.
[26] A. Vamseekrishna, B. T. P. Madhav, T. Anilkumar, and L. S. S. Reddy, "An IoT Controlled Octahedron Frequency
Reconfigurable Multiband Antenna for Microwave Sensing Applications," in IEEE Sensors Letters, vol. 3, no. 10,
pp. 1-4, Oct. 2019, Art. no. 3502204, doi: 10.1109/LSENS.2019.2943772.
[27] V. K. Allam, B. T. P. Madhav, T. Anilkumar, S. and Maloji, "A Novel Reconfigurable Bandpass Filtering Antenna
for IoT Communication Applications," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, vol. 96, pp. 13-26, 2019,
doi: 10.2528/PIERC19070805.
[28] A. V. Krishna, B. T. P. Madhav, R. Avinash, R, "A novel h-shaped reconfigurable patch antenna for IoT and
wireless applications," International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, vol. 8, no. 7,
pp. 1757-1764, 2019.
[29] A. Vamseekrishna and B. T. P. Madhav, "A frequency reconfigurable antenna with Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and WLAN
notch band characteristics," International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, no. 2.7, pp. 127-130,
2018.
[30] S. Varakumari, A. V. Prabu, K. Gopiram, and S. Venkatesan, "Coexistence and fair access on the shared channel
for lteu and wi-fi," Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 728-744,
2017.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Krishnaveni Kommuri was born in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, in 1983. She received M.
Tech (Embedded systems & VLSI) Degree from JNTU Hyderabad, Telangana in 2015. Pursuing
Ph.D. in the Department of ECE, KLEF. Her research interests include embeddedsystems design,
wireless sensor networks, design, and analysis of IoT Application Protocols. Energy optimization
techniques using Solar based PV Systems and PV cells.
Venkata Ratnam Kolluru received M.Sc. (Electronics) Degree from Acharya Nagarjuna
University, Andhra Pradesh in 2003,MTech (Embedded Systems) degree from Bharath
University, Chennai, and Tamilnadu in 2006, and Ph. D (VLSI and Embedded Systems) degree
in Electronics and Communication Engineering from NIT-Rourkela, India in 2016.His current
research interests include IoT, VLSI &Embedded Systems, Solar Cells, and MPPT. He published
6 research papers in different international conferences, 25 research papers published in various
SCI and SCOPUS indexed international journals, and 4 more research papers communicated.
Currently, his h-index is 6, and the i10 index is 2.