The document discusses mobile computing and its evolution. It defines mobile computing as using a computer while on the move. It covers related terms like pervasive computing and discusses how mobile computing evolved through phases of portability, miniaturization, connectivity, and the rise of mobile applications. It also discusses key technologies like mobile IP, how it allows devices to change networks while maintaining connections, and ongoing work in areas like security and routing efficiency.

1. Sk MOHAMED KASIM
Mobile computing

2. Mobile Computing
 A simple definition could be: Mobile Computing is using a computer (of one
kind or another) while on the move
 Another definition could be: Mobile Computing is when a work process is
moved from a normal fixed position to a more dynamic position
 A third definition could be: Mobile Computing is when a work process is
carried out somewhere where it was not previously possible
 Mobile Computing is an umbrella term used to describe technologies that
enable people to access services anytime and anywhere

3. Mobile Computing
 Many other names/overlapping computing paradigms:
 Pervasive Computing
 Ubiquitous Computing
 Wireless Systems
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 Embedded Computing
 Nomadic Computing
 Wireless Sensor Networks
 (Mobile) Ad-Hoc Networks
 Mesh Networks
 Vehicular Networks
 …

4. Mobile Computing
• Applications
• Location-awareness
• Mobility Support
• Security
• Resource Management
• Network Protocols
• Broadcast
• Technologies
• Standards
• Wireless Medium
Wireless Communication
Mobile Computing

5. Wired vs Wireless
 Wired Networks
 high bandwidth
 low bandwidth variability
 can listen on wire
 high power machines
 high resource machines
 need physical access (security)
 low delay
 connected operation
 Mobile Networks
 low bandwidth
 high bandwidth variability
 hidden terminal problem
 low power machines
 low resource machines
 need proximity
 higher delay
 disconnected operation

6. Why Go Mobile?
 Enable anywhere/anytime connectivity
 Bring computer communications to areas without pre-existing infrastructure
 Enable mobility
 Enable new applications
 An exciting new research area

7. Evolution
 Mobile computing can be categorized into seven major categories of focus
 These categories are the basis for the technology that is used today in
research and design of mobile computing
 Each category or section is a different area that was focused on making
mobile computing what it is today
 These seven categories are: Portability, Miniaturization, Connectivity,
Convergence, Divergence, Apps, Digital Ecosystems

8. Portability
 Reducing the size of hardware to enable the creation of computers that could
be physically moved around relatively easily

9. Miniaturization
 Creating new and significantly smaller mobile form factors that allowed the
use of personal mobile devices while on the move

10. Connectivity
 Developing devices and applications that allowed users to be online and
communicate via wireless data networks while on the move

11. Convergence
 Integrating emerging types of digital mobile devices, such as Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, music players, cameras, games, etc., into
hybrid devices

12. Applications (Apps)
 The latest wave of applications (apps) is about developing matter and
substance for use and consumption on mobile devices, and making access to
this fun or functional interactive application content easy and enjoyable

13. Mobile IP - Motivation
 An IP address not only identifies a host but also a point-of-attachment
 A host cannot change its IP address without terminating on-going sessions
 Mobility is the ability of a node to change its point-of-attachment while
maintaining all existing communications and using the same IP address
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14. Mobile IP – The Gory Details
 Mobile node can use 2 IP addresses
 Static Home Address (identifies TCP connections)
 Dynamic Care-of-Address (current point of attachment on the network)
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15. Mobile IP – Details (Contd.)
 Mobile IP is a cooperation of 3 mechanisms
 Discovering the care-of-address
 Registering the care-of-address
 Tunneling to the care-of-address
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16. Mobile IP – Details (Contd.)
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FA
FA Advertises Service
FA
FA
HA
Remote Redirect

17. Mobile IP – Details (Contd.)
 Recap (Remote Redirect)
 MH requests service from FA
 FA relays request to HA
 HA accepts the request (if possible) and its modifies routing table
 FA relays this to ths MH
 See anything missing?
 Malicious node could cause HA to alter its routing table with erroneous COA
(DOS Attack?)
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18. Mobile IP – Details (Contd.)
 Solution?
 Digitally signed Remote Redirect (RR) messages
 Would it work now?
 What about replay attacks?
 Solution?
 RR messages could be made unique – How?
 Timestamps with each message
 Pseudorandom number with each message
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19. How will Mobile IP change with IPv6?
 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration and Neighbor
Discovery precludes the need for Foreign Agents
 Security
 All IPv6 nodes implement strong authentication and
encryption features
 Source Routing
 Correspondent nodes no longer tunnel packets to MHs
 Instead they use IPv6 routing headers (variation of IPv4
source routing option)
 More …
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20. Ongoing Work and Open Questions
 Routing inefficiencies
 Triangle Routing
 Security Issues
 Ingress Filtering
 Slow Growth in the Wireless LAN Market
 Competition from other protocols
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