Mo theory
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The document discusses the molecular orbital (MO) theory of coordination complexes. It explains that in MO theory, the symmetry of combining atomic orbitals must be the same to allow maximum orbital overlap. When forming molecular orbitals, lower energy atomic orbitals contribute more to bonding orbitals, while higher energy ones contribute more to antibonding orbitals. For an octahedral complex, the d-orbitals split into lower energy eg and higher energy t2g sets, and the document provides an example electronic configuration of the [Co(NH3)6]3+ complex.
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Shapes_of_Molecules.ppt
The document summarizes key concepts about molecular structure and bonding:
- Electron-dot structures are used to represent bonding and lone pairs of valence electrons. Lewis structures must obey the octet rule.
- Resonance structures represent the blending of different valid Lewis structures for molecules like CO3^2-.
- Formal charges help identify the most accurate Lewis structure by minimizing formal charges on atoms.
- The VSEPR model predicts molecular geometry from the number of electron pairs around a central atom. Common electron pair arrangements result in molecular shapes like bent, trigonal planar and tetrahedral.
- Bond polarity arises from unequal sharing of bonded electron pairs. A polar molecule has asymmetric bond arrangements or off-
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Mo theory
- 1. Welcome
- 2. • The M O theory is more complicated than the V B and C F theories, explains more satisfactorily the nature of bonding involved in coordination complexes. • The symbols a, e and t stand for non-degenerate, doubly degenerate and triply degenerate orbitals. • The symmetry symbol for a particular orbital of the metal may be different in different environments. M O Theory of Coordination complexes
- 3. • Thus a set of P orbitals of a metal has t1u symmetry in octahedral environment whereas it has t2 symmetry in tetrahedral environment. • An effective combination of atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals requires that • 1. The symmetry of the combining atomic orbitals must be the same so the additive combination of atomic orbitals permits the maximum overlap of orbitals. • 2.The difference in the energies of the combining orbitals is not very large.
- 4. • 3.If two atomic orbitals are of unequal energies , then the bonding molecular orbital would have more characteristics of the lower energy atomic orbital and the antibonding molecular orbital would have more characteristics of the higher energy atomic orbital.
- 5. • Consider the case of an octahedral complex(d2SP3). • Out of the five 3d orbitals the dz2 and dx2-y2 are directed towards the ligands providing the +ve overlap.. Complexes with no Π bonding
- 6. • The three remaining d-orbitals dxy, dxz and dyz are directed between the ligands and the net overlap is zero. • The metal t2g orbitals can not form ϭ bonds.They may be considered as non-bonding orbitals. • S orbital transform as a1g. P orbitals as t1u.d-orbitals split into two eg and t2g.
- 7. • The spherical 4s orbital (a1g) combines with LGOs of t1u symmetry. • The overlap of 4s and 4p orbitals with the ligands is considerably better than that of the 3d orbitals. • As a result the a1g and t1u molecular orbitals are the lowest energy and the corresponding a1g* and t1u* antibonding orbitals the highest in energy. • The eg and eg* orbitals arising from the 3d orbitals are displaced less from their bary centre.
- 8. • The t2g orbitals are non bonding in a σ only system. They are used for Π bonding. • Electrons may be added to most of the complex in the order of increasing energy. • Consider the complex [Co(NH3)6]3+ .There will be a total of 18 electrons, 12 from lone pairs on the nitrogen atom and 6 from the 3d6 configuration of Co3+ ion. • Electronic configuration will then be a1g 2, t1u 6, e1g 4, t2g 6 .The complex is diamagnetic.
- 9. • Thus both MOT and CFT account for the magnetic and spectral properties of octahedral complex ions by supporting the existence of two sets of orbitals separated by an energy gap 10Dq.
- 10. Thank you