The document discusses indoor air quality and HVAC systems. It covers several topics: - HVAC systems are designed to achieve occupant comfort and circulate conditioned air. They are commonly used in different building types. - Natural ventilation relies on openings to replenish oxygen and remove contaminants. Mechanical ventilation uses mechanical systems to circulate indoor and outdoor air. - Proper indoor air quality is important for health. Poor indoor air quality can pose health hazards from biological or chemical contaminants. - The document provides details on various HVAC system types, components, and design considerations for ensuring adequate ventilation and indoor air quality.

2. HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR INDOOR AIR QUALITY
CONDITIONING INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ)
TY THAT REFERS TO THE NATURE OF
CON
AIR QUALI
HEATING, VENTILATION,AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 1s DESIGNED
DITIONED AIR THAT CIRCULATES
TO ACHIEVE THE ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIRMENTs OF THE COMFORT
THROUGHOUT THE SPACE/AREA WHERE
OFOCCUPANTS AND A PROCESS HVAC SYSTEMS ARE MORE USED IN
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUILDINGS SUCH A INDUSTRIAL,COMMERCIAL, ONE WORKS OR LIVES,THAT 1S, THE AIR
RESIDENTIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS. ONE BREATHES WHEN INDOORS.
IT NOT ONLY REFERS TO COMFORT WHICH
NATURAL VENTILATION
IS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY,
AIR TYPICALLY MOVES IN AND OUT THROUGH WINDOws,DOORS,
AIR MoVEMENT AND ODOURS BuT ALSO TO
VENTS AND OTHEROPENINGS
HARMFUL BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS
IMPORTANT TO REPLENISH OXYGEN AND TO REMOVE ODORS,CARBON
AND CHEMICALS PRESENT IN THE GONDI
DIOXIDE AND EXCESSIVE MOiSTURE TIONED SPACE. PoOR IAQ MAY BE SER
Ous HEALTH HAZARD.
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
USES MECHANICAL SYSTEM TO USE AIR IN AND OUT. Table 2. Typical concenfrations and ranges of selected components of indoor and outdoor ai.
parehneses)
AIR I DRAWN INTO AN AIR HANDLING UNIT WHERE THE WORK BEGINS. Outdoor air concentrations Constituent name Indoor air concentrations
AIR IS DRAwN THROUGH FILTERS TO REMOVE DIRT ,DUST AND OTHERS. 780,840 ppm (78%)
209,460 ppm (20.9%)
332 ppm (275-450 ppm)
ppb(5-50 ppo
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide 325 ppm(300-2500 ppm)
30 ppb (13-3 P
IT IS A ARTIFICIAL PROCESSING INSIDE THE BUILDING INCLUDING Formalde
(O)
Particles < l10 um dia
Fungi
15pnh(3.0
Hm)
25ug/m (10-200 ug/m')
30 cfu/m3 (10-5000 cfu/m')
Ozone
RETENTION AND EXHAUST AIR. 15 ug/m (10- 100 ug/m)
cfu/m
0-100
Ppm-partspermillion
PpD = parts per billion
Hg/m' = microgram per cubic meter of air
Natural ventilation for
levator andSalrwellshafts high-rise buildings energy production o
(termitemode)
solar gain through tited south ines are mounted on the chimneys
ctu/m' = colony forming units per cubic meter of air
ventiaPressure) light heating
roale ventst
ncoming tresh air r thow ig
windows SOURCE: TIME SAVER,S
t e r pre ntlated bufferzoe ir intermitt
Table 6. HVAC system causes of IAe problems in buildings
tural Air-Leakage
enclosure Problem
Calegory Physical cauuse Frequency (%)
between suites/common
Design
ereasyno0
ystem problems
Inadequate outdoorair
Inadequate supply air distribution to
occupieu mlexhaust air
r flow IN/OUT
6
Cimatic Dag
75
dule return/exhaust air
Equipment problems
NATURAL STACK EFFECT Inadequate filtration of supply air
Inadequate drain lines and drain pans
Contaminated ductwork or duct linings
Malfunctioning humidifiers
Inadequte access panels to equipment
+
IT IS THE MoVEMENT OF AIR INTO AND OUTOF BUILDING ,
Operations
Inapproprite control strategies
Inadequate maintenance
Thermal and contaminant load changes
90
CHIMMNEYS OR OTHER CONTAINERs DRIVEN BY BOUYANCY. 15
60
HVAC 01

3. TYPEs OF HIGH RISE HVAG SYSTEM VARIABLE REFRIGERENT FLOw
(VRF) SYSTEM
SINGLE SPLIT S YSTEM
THOUGH SINGLE AND MULTI SPLIT SYSTEMM
AFFORDABLE OPTION
ARE COST EFFECTIVE HVAG TYPES, THEY
THEY HEAT AND COOL INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS
DON'T WORK WELL IN LARGE COMMERCIAL
CHEAPER THEN CENTRALIZED SYSTEM SPACES.HEAT PUMP VRF S YSTEMS ARE IDE-
AL FOR LARGE BUILDINGS WITH OPEN FL0
ALLOw TENANTS TO CONTROL THE TEMPERATURE OR PLANS BECAUSE THEY PROVIDE HEATIN-
GAND COOLING TO LARGE AREA.
TF ONE UNIT BREAKS DOWN, IT WON'T NEGATIVELY AFFECT
THE OTHER UNITS5 Outdoor Unit Indoor Unit
Refrigerant
NOT IDEAL FOR LIMITED SPACES VRF Systems
AIR HANDLING UNIT(AHU)
MULTI SPLIT SYS TEM DEVICE USED TO CONDITION AND GIRCULATE
AIR As PART OF AN HVAC SYSTEM.
AN ENERGY EFFIGIENT SYSTEM THAT REQUIRES LESS OUTDOOR
LARGE METAL BOX CONTAINING A BLOWER,
SPACE THAN A INGLE SPLIT SYSTEM ARE GREAT OPTION HEATING OR COOLING ATTENUATORS.
MULTIPLE INDOOR UNITS CONNECT TO ONE OUTDOOR UNIT TD TYPICAL AHU GOMPONENTS:
1) SUPPLY DUCT
SAVE s PACE. THEY REQUIRE MORE EXPENSIVE PIPEWORK AND
2) FAN COMPARTMENT
IF OUTDOOR UNITs BREAKS DDWN IT AFFEGTS MULTIPLE UNITS. 3)FLEXIBLE CONNECTION
4)HEATING/coOLING COIL
5)FILTER GOMPARTMENT
6)RETU RN AND FRESH AIR DUCT
exhaust ait
ling ceidifier
Fefilter
E a s t air
Return air Tan
02

4. LIGHTING AND VENTILATION. 1 EVERY HABITABLE ROOM
SHALL BE FURNIS HED WITH SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF
SYSTEM OF AIR CONDITIONINGS
ALL AIR SYSTEM
OPENINGS SUCH AS wINDOwS AND VENTILATORS AFFORD
CONSTANT VOLUME SYSTEM
ING EFFECTUAL MEANS OF ADMISSION OF LIGHT AND AIR
VARIABLE VOLUME SYSTEM
BY DIRECT COMMUNICATION WITH THE EXTERNAL AIR OR
SHALL BE SU FFICIENTLY LIGHTED AND VENTILATED BY AIR AND WATER SYSTEM
ARTIFICIAL MEANs. ALL WATER SYSTEM
(2 NO PORTION OF A ROOM SHALL BE ASUMED TO BE UNITARY SYSTEM
LIGHTED IF IT IS MORE THAN 7.5 METRES AWAY FROM
VAPDUR GOMPREssION WATER GHILLER
THE OPENING ASSUMED FOR LIGHTING THAT PORTIONN
UNLESS IT 1S ARTIFICIALLY LIGHTED. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER CHILLING
PACKAGES BY TYPE OF COMPRESSORS
(3 WINDOwS AND VENTILATORS WHICH OPEN INTO A VE-
RANDAH SHALL BE DEEMED TO COMMUNIGATE
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESsORS
WITH THE EXTERNAL AIR, IF SUCH VERANDAH IS NOT MORE
SCREW COMPRESsORS
THAN 3 METRES WIDE AND DPEN THROUG HOUT ITS ENTIRE
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS
ENTIRE LENGTH INTO AN OPEN SPACE OPEN TO SKY,THE
WIDTH OF SUCH OPEN SPACE BEINGNOT LESS THAN 3.0MM
TRELLISING ,MESH,GRILL OR NET MAY HOWEVER BE PRO
MATERIALS
VIDED ON THE OPEN SIDE OF THE VERANDAH.
DUCTWORK IS NORMALLY FABRICATED, ERECTED AND
(4) EVERY KITCHEN SHALL BE VENTILATED ACCORDING TO FINISHED TO THE REUIREMENTS.
THE STANDARDS STIPULATED FOR HABITABLE ROOMS
AND SHALL HAVE SUITABLE FLUE FOR THE ESCAPE OF GENERALLY MANUFADTURED FROM GALVANIZED STEEL
SMOKE AND HEATED AIR UNLESS IT IS PROVIDED SHEET.
WITH AN APPROVED FORM OF SMOKELESS INSTALLATION.
BUILDING MATERIALS sUCH AS CONCRETE DR BRICK
(5) EVERY BATHROOM OR LATRINE SHALL BE PROVIDED
ARE USED IN THE FORMATION DF AIRWAYS, THE INTE-
WITH SUFFICIENT LIGHT AND VENTILATION. RESIST
RIOR SURFAGE SHOULD BE FIRE
(6) EVERY BATHROOM DR LATRINE SHALL HAVE AT LEAST ANT,SMDOTH,AIRTIGHT AND NDT LIABLE TO EROSION.
ONE OF ITS WALLs ABUTTING ON AN OPEN SPACE OR
OPEN VERANDAH OR AN AIR SHAFT IF NOT GENTRALLY AIR
CONDITIONED; THE SIZE OF AIR SHAFT S HALL NOT Internal Unit
HOTREFRIGERANT cLREFRIGERANT 2 Internal
BE LESS THAN THAT SPECIFIED.(SOURCE:KMBR) *an
Hot AirIn
ompresso External
cooLAR
TO INS1IDE
3
Cool Air Out
an Coil
MARMAR
TABLE 18 SIZE
OF AIR SHAFT 5
Condenser
Expansion
SI. No. No.ofStoreys Area of the airshaft in Minimum W
idth
Valve
e metre
WARMREFRIGERANT wCOLDRERIGERANT cONDENSATION
DRAINS TO OUTSIDE
Hot Air C
ut
1) (2)
Upto 3 1.08 0.9
ptoo
Opto
03
Above 100

5. OUTDDOR AIR REQUIREMENTS FOR VENTILATION1)OF AR
CONDITIONED AREAS AND COMMERCIAL FACILITIES
SL
APPLICATION ESTIMATED MAXIMUM2) OUTDOOR AIR
NO. CCUPANGY REQUIREMENT REMARKS
PERSONS/100 M2 ua/PERSON UBMZ
1 cOMMERGIAL DRY DLEANER 30 15
OOD AND aEVERAGE SERvICE
DINING ROOMS
CAFETERIA, FAST FOOD
BARS, coCKTAIL LOUNGES 100 SUPPLEMENTARY SMOKREMOVAL EQUIPMENT
REQUIRED.
KITOHEN (COOKING) MAKE UP AIR FOR FOOD EXHAUST MAY REQUIRE MORE
VENTILATING AIR. THE BUM OF THE OUTDDOR AIR AND
TRANSFER AIR OF AGGEPTABLE UALITY FROM
ADJAGEN
BPAGES SHALL BE SUFFICIENT TO PROVIDE AN EXHAusT
RATE OF NOT LEBB THAN 27.5 M3
1) HOTELB, MOTELB, REBORTB, INDEPENDENT OF RODM BZE.
DEDRODMB
LIVING RDOMS
BATHS INSTALLED CAPAGITY FOR INTERMITTENT USE.
LOBBED
cONFERENGE RODMS 50
ADEMLERODM
BEE ALB0 FODD AND BEVERAGE SERVIGES, MERDHAN
DORMITORY SLEEPING AREAS
DIBING, AND BEAUTY SHOPs, GARAGES, DFFIGES.
DFFIGE SPADE sOME DFFIGE EQuIPMENT MAY REDUIRE LDGAL EXHAUST
REGEPTIDN AREAS 60
4

6. SL ESTIMATED MAXIMUM2)
APPLICATION
NO. OGGUANCY REMARKS
PERSONS/1 O0 M2 L/S/PERSON (L/S/M12
TELECOMMUNICATION CENTERS AND
DATA ENTRY AREAS
CONFERENCE ROOMS 50 10
PUBLIC SPACES
CORRIDORS AND UTILITIES O.25
PUBLIC RESTROOMS, L/S/WC OR URINAL 25 NORMALLY SUPPLIED TRANSFER AIR.
LOCKER AND DRESSING ROOMS 2.5 LOCAL MECHANICAL EXHAUST WITH NO
ELEVATORS 5.0 NORMALLY SUPPLIED BY TRANSFER AIR.
RETAIL STORES, SALES FLOORS AND
SHOW ROOM FLOORS
BASEMENT AND STREET 30 1.50
UPPER FLOORS 20 1.00
STORAGE ROOMS 15 .75
DRESSING ROOMS 1.00
MALLS AND ARCADES 20 1.00
SHIPPING AND RECEIVING 10 O.75
NORMALLY SUPPLIED BY TRANSFER AIR, LOCAL
WAREHOUSES 5 0.25
SMOKING LOUNGE 70 30 MECHANICAL EXHAUsT; EXHAUST WITH NO
RE-CIRCULATION
RECOMMENDED.
THEATRE
TICKET BOOTHS 60 10
LOBBIES 150 10
AUDITORIUM 150 3
STAGES, STUDIos 8
SPECIAL VENTILATION WILL BE NEEDED TO ELIMINATE
PECIAL STAGE EFFECTS (FOR EXAMPLE, DRY 1CE VAPOURS,
MISTS, ETC).
05

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