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- 2. HEATING VENTILATION ANDAIR INDOOR AIR QUALITY CONDITIONING INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) TY THAT REFERS TO THE NATURE OF CON AIR QUALI HEATING, VENTILATION,AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 1s DESIGNED DITIONED AIR THAT CIRCULATES TO ACHIEVE THE ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIRMENTs OF THE COMFORT THROUGHOUT THE SPACE/AREA WHERE OFOCCUPANTS AND A PROCESS HVAC SYSTEMS ARE MORE USED IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUILDINGS SUCH A INDUSTRIAL,COMMERCIAL, ONE WORKS OR LIVES,THAT 1S, THE AIR RESIDENTIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS. ONE BREATHES WHEN INDOORS. IT NOT ONLY REFERS TO COMFORT WHICH NATURAL VENTILATION IS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, AIR TYPICALLY MOVES IN AND OUT THROUGH WINDOws,DOORS, AIR MoVEMENT AND ODOURS BuT ALSO TO VENTS AND OTHEROPENINGS HARMFUL BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINANTS IMPORTANT TO REPLENISH OXYGEN AND TO REMOVE ODORS,CARBON AND CHEMICALS PRESENT IN THE GONDI DIOXIDE AND EXCESSIVE MOiSTURE TIONED SPACE. PoOR IAQ MAY BE SER Ous HEALTH HAZARD. MECHANICAL VENTILATION USES MECHANICAL SYSTEM TO USE AIR IN AND OUT. Table 2. Typical concenfrations and ranges of selected components of indoor and outdoor ai. parehneses) AIR I DRAWN INTO AN AIR HANDLING UNIT WHERE THE WORK BEGINS. Outdoor air concentrations Constituent name Indoor air concentrations AIR IS DRAwN THROUGH FILTERS TO REMOVE DIRT ,DUST AND OTHERS. 780,840 ppm (78%) 209,460 ppm (20.9%) 332 ppm (275-450 ppm) ppb(5-50 ppo Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide 325 ppm(300-2500 ppm) 30 ppb (13-3 P IT IS A ARTIFICIAL PROCESSING INSIDE THE BUILDING INCLUDING Formalde (O) Particles < l10 um dia Fungi 15pnh(3.0 Hm) 25ug/m (10-200 ug/m') 30 cfu/m3 (10-5000 cfu/m') Ozone RETENTION AND EXHAUST AIR. 15 ug/m (10- 100 ug/m) cfu/m 0-100 Ppm-partspermillion PpD = parts per billion Hg/m' = microgram per cubic meter of air Natural ventilation for levator andSalrwellshafts high-rise buildings energy production o (termitemode) solar gain through tited south ines are mounted on the chimneys ctu/m' = colony forming units per cubic meter of air ventiaPressure) light heating roale ventst ncoming tresh air r thow ig windows SOURCE: TIME SAVER,S t e r pre ntlated bufferzoe ir intermitt Table 6. HVAC system causes of IAe problems in buildings tural Air-Leakage enclosure Problem Calegory Physical cauuse Frequency (%) between suites/common Design ereasyno0 ystem problems Inadequate outdoorair Inadequate supply air distribution to occupieu mlexhaust air r flow IN/OUT 6 Cimatic Dag 75 dule return/exhaust air Equipment problems NATURAL STACK EFFECT Inadequate filtration of supply air Inadequate drain lines and drain pans Contaminated ductwork or duct linings Malfunctioning humidifiers Inadequte access panels to equipment + IT IS THE MoVEMENT OF AIR INTO AND OUTOF BUILDING , Operations Inapproprite control strategies Inadequate maintenance Thermal and contaminant load changes 90 CHIMMNEYS OR OTHER CONTAINERs DRIVEN BY BOUYANCY. 15 60 HVAC 01
- 3. TYPEs OF HIGHRISE HVAG SYSTEM VARIABLE REFRIGERENT FLOw (VRF) SYSTEM SINGLE SPLIT S YSTEM THOUGH SINGLE AND MULTI SPLIT SYSTEMM AFFORDABLE OPTION ARE COST EFFECTIVE HVAG TYPES, THEY THEY HEAT AND COOL INDIVIDUAL SYSTEMS DON'T WORK WELL IN LARGE COMMERCIAL CHEAPER THEN CENTRALIZED SYSTEM SPACES.HEAT PUMP VRF S YSTEMS ARE IDE- AL FOR LARGE BUILDINGS WITH OPEN FL0 ALLOw TENANTS TO CONTROL THE TEMPERATURE OR PLANS BECAUSE THEY PROVIDE HEATIN- GAND COOLING TO LARGE AREA. TF ONE UNIT BREAKS DOWN, IT WON'T NEGATIVELY AFFECT THE OTHER UNITS5 Outdoor Unit Indoor Unit Refrigerant NOT IDEAL FOR LIMITED SPACES VRF Systems AIR HANDLING UNIT(AHU) MULTI SPLIT SYS TEM DEVICE USED TO CONDITION AND GIRCULATE AIR As PART OF AN HVAC SYSTEM. AN ENERGY EFFIGIENT SYSTEM THAT REQUIRES LESS OUTDOOR LARGE METAL BOX CONTAINING A BLOWER, SPACE THAN A INGLE SPLIT SYSTEM ARE GREAT OPTION HEATING OR COOLING ATTENUATORS. MULTIPLE INDOOR UNITS CONNECT TO ONE OUTDOOR UNIT TD TYPICAL AHU GOMPONENTS: 1) SUPPLY DUCT SAVE s PACE. THEY REQUIRE MORE EXPENSIVE PIPEWORK AND 2) FAN COMPARTMENT IF OUTDOOR UNITs BREAKS DDWN IT AFFEGTS MULTIPLE UNITS. 3)FLEXIBLE CONNECTION 4)HEATING/coOLING COIL 5)FILTER GOMPARTMENT 6)RETU RN AND FRESH AIR DUCT exhaust ait ling ceidifier Fefilter E a s t air Return air Tan 02
- 4. LIGHTING AND VENTILATION.1 EVERY HABITABLE ROOM SHALL BE FURNIS HED WITH SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF SYSTEM OF AIR CONDITIONINGS ALL AIR SYSTEM OPENINGS SUCH AS wINDOwS AND VENTILATORS AFFORD CONSTANT VOLUME SYSTEM ING EFFECTUAL MEANS OF ADMISSION OF LIGHT AND AIR VARIABLE VOLUME SYSTEM BY DIRECT COMMUNICATION WITH THE EXTERNAL AIR OR SHALL BE SU FFICIENTLY LIGHTED AND VENTILATED BY AIR AND WATER SYSTEM ARTIFICIAL MEANs. ALL WATER SYSTEM (2 NO PORTION OF A ROOM SHALL BE ASUMED TO BE UNITARY SYSTEM LIGHTED IF IT IS MORE THAN 7.5 METRES AWAY FROM VAPDUR GOMPREssION WATER GHILLER THE OPENING ASSUMED FOR LIGHTING THAT PORTIONN UNLESS IT 1S ARTIFICIALLY LIGHTED. CLASSIFICATION OF WATER CHILLING PACKAGES BY TYPE OF COMPRESSORS (3 WINDOwS AND VENTILATORS WHICH OPEN INTO A VE- RANDAH SHALL BE DEEMED TO COMMUNIGATE CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESsORS WITH THE EXTERNAL AIR, IF SUCH VERANDAH IS NOT MORE SCREW COMPRESsORS THAN 3 METRES WIDE AND DPEN THROUG HOUT ITS ENTIRE RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS ENTIRE LENGTH INTO AN OPEN SPACE OPEN TO SKY,THE WIDTH OF SUCH OPEN SPACE BEINGNOT LESS THAN 3.0MM TRELLISING ,MESH,GRILL OR NET MAY HOWEVER BE PRO MATERIALS VIDED ON THE OPEN SIDE OF THE VERANDAH. DUCTWORK IS NORMALLY FABRICATED, ERECTED AND (4) EVERY KITCHEN SHALL BE VENTILATED ACCORDING TO FINISHED TO THE REUIREMENTS. THE STANDARDS STIPULATED FOR HABITABLE ROOMS AND SHALL HAVE SUITABLE FLUE FOR THE ESCAPE OF GENERALLY MANUFADTURED FROM GALVANIZED STEEL SMOKE AND HEATED AIR UNLESS IT IS PROVIDED SHEET. WITH AN APPROVED FORM OF SMOKELESS INSTALLATION. BUILDING MATERIALS sUCH AS CONCRETE DR BRICK (5) EVERY BATHROOM OR LATRINE SHALL BE PROVIDED ARE USED IN THE FORMATION DF AIRWAYS, THE INTE- WITH SUFFICIENT LIGHT AND VENTILATION. RESIST RIOR SURFAGE SHOULD BE FIRE (6) EVERY BATHROOM DR LATRINE SHALL HAVE AT LEAST ANT,SMDOTH,AIRTIGHT AND NDT LIABLE TO EROSION. ONE OF ITS WALLs ABUTTING ON AN OPEN SPACE OR OPEN VERANDAH OR AN AIR SHAFT IF NOT GENTRALLY AIR CONDITIONED; THE SIZE OF AIR SHAFT S HALL NOT Internal Unit HOTREFRIGERANT cLREFRIGERANT 2 Internal BE LESS THAN THAT SPECIFIED.(SOURCE:KMBR) *an Hot AirIn ompresso External cooLAR TO INS1IDE 3 Cool Air Out an Coil MARMAR TABLE 18 SIZE OF AIR SHAFT 5 Condenser Expansion SI. No. No.ofStoreys Area of the airshaft in Minimum W idth Valve e metre WARMREFRIGERANT wCOLDRERIGERANT cONDENSATION DRAINS TO OUTSIDE Hot Air C ut 1) (2) Upto 3 1.08 0.9 ptoo Opto 03 Above 100
- 5. OUTDDOR AIR REQUIREMENTSFOR VENTILATION1)OF AR CONDITIONED AREAS AND COMMERCIAL FACILITIES SL APPLICATION ESTIMATED MAXIMUM2) OUTDOOR AIR NO. CCUPANGY REQUIREMENT REMARKS PERSONS/100 M2 ua/PERSON UBMZ 1 cOMMERGIAL DRY DLEANER 30 15 OOD AND aEVERAGE SERvICE DINING ROOMS CAFETERIA, FAST FOOD BARS, coCKTAIL LOUNGES 100 SUPPLEMENTARY SMOKREMOVAL EQUIPMENT REQUIRED. KITOHEN (COOKING) MAKE UP AIR FOR FOOD EXHAUST MAY REQUIRE MORE VENTILATING AIR. THE BUM OF THE OUTDDOR AIR AND TRANSFER AIR OF AGGEPTABLE UALITY FROM ADJAGEN BPAGES SHALL BE SUFFICIENT TO PROVIDE AN EXHAusT RATE OF NOT LEBB THAN 27.5 M3 1) HOTELB, MOTELB, REBORTB, INDEPENDENT OF RODM BZE. DEDRODMB LIVING RDOMS BATHS INSTALLED CAPAGITY FOR INTERMITTENT USE. LOBBED cONFERENGE RODMS 50 ADEMLERODM BEE ALB0 FODD AND BEVERAGE SERVIGES, MERDHAN DORMITORY SLEEPING AREAS DIBING, AND BEAUTY SHOPs, GARAGES, DFFIGES. DFFIGE SPADE sOME DFFIGE EQuIPMENT MAY REDUIRE LDGAL EXHAUST REGEPTIDN AREAS 60 4
- 6. SL ESTIMATED MAXIMUM2) APPLICATION NO.OGGUANCY REMARKS PERSONS/1 O0 M2 L/S/PERSON (L/S/M12 TELECOMMUNICATION CENTERS AND DATA ENTRY AREAS CONFERENCE ROOMS 50 10 PUBLIC SPACES CORRIDORS AND UTILITIES O.25 PUBLIC RESTROOMS, L/S/WC OR URINAL 25 NORMALLY SUPPLIED TRANSFER AIR. LOCKER AND DRESSING ROOMS 2.5 LOCAL MECHANICAL EXHAUST WITH NO ELEVATORS 5.0 NORMALLY SUPPLIED BY TRANSFER AIR. RETAIL STORES, SALES FLOORS AND SHOW ROOM FLOORS BASEMENT AND STREET 30 1.50 UPPER FLOORS 20 1.00 STORAGE ROOMS 15 .75 DRESSING ROOMS 1.00 MALLS AND ARCADES 20 1.00 SHIPPING AND RECEIVING 10 O.75 NORMALLY SUPPLIED BY TRANSFER AIR, LOCAL WAREHOUSES 5 0.25 SMOKING LOUNGE 70 30 MECHANICAL EXHAUsT; EXHAUST WITH NO RE-CIRCULATION RECOMMENDED. THEATRE TICKET BOOTHS 60 10 LOBBIES 150 10 AUDITORIUM 150 3 STAGES, STUDIos 8 SPECIAL VENTILATION WILL BE NEEDED TO ELIMINATE PECIAL STAGE EFFECTS (FOR EXAMPLE, DRY 1CE VAPOURS, MISTS, ETC). 05
- 27. T HEDE SI GN OFP A R T YWA L L S T O E NSURET HA TNOI SEF ROMONEA P A R T ME NT DOE SNOTI MP A CTI NT O A NOT HE R A DJ A CE NT A P A R T ME NT . T O P ROV I DET HEL E V E L S OFI SOL A T - I ON E X P E CT E DMA NYOFT HE SE WA L L S A RENOW C A V I T YCONST RUCT I ON WA L L S R A T E D T O A MI NI MUM MI NI MUM RW 5 5 . F L OOR I MP A CTI SOL A T I ON F OR T HEMA NA GE ME NTOFI MP A CTNOI SEF ROM HA RD F L OOR SURF A CET O P ROT E CTL OWE R NOI SESE NSI T - I V EA RE A S. F L OOR I MP A CTNOI SEI S ONEOFT HEMOSTCOMMON COMP L A I NT S A B OUTNOI SET HA TWEE X P E RI E NCE. F A ÇA DEA COUST I C I SOL A T I ON – I N P A R T I CUL A R F OR T HEMA NA GE ME NTOFE X T E RNA LROA D T R A F F I C A NDE NT E R T A I NME NTNOI SE . I N T HEDE SI GN OF CUR T A I N WA L L SY ST E MS I TI S I MP OR T A NTT O E NSURET HA T T HEF A ÇA DE P ROV I DE S E F F E CT I V EI SOL A T I ON ( P RI V A C Y ) B OT H V E R T I C A L L Y A ND HORI Z ONT A L L Y . T HECU T HECUR T A I N WA L LI S B E COMI NG A P RE F E RRE D F A ÇA DESY ST E M, B UTHA S T HEL I MI T A T I ON T HA TT HEL I GHT WE I GHTCONNE CT I ONS A TT HEF L OOR SL A B A ND T HE CONT I NUOUS L I NEOFGL A S S ME A NS T HA TNOI SEC A N E A SI L Y T R A NSF E R T O A DJ A CE NTSP A CE S. A RCHI T E CT UR A LDE T A I L S F A CT ORS DE F I NI NG A COUST I C S A MI NI T Y GOOD A COUST I C DE SI GN RE QUI RE S A T T E NT I ON T O DE - T A I LI TC A N B EOF T E N SMA L LF A I L I NGS ( E G DOOR SE A L S T HA TDO NOTSE A LT I GHT L Y ) T HA TME A N A SI GNI F I C A NT L OS S I N P E RF ORMA NCE . I TCOV E RS RE QUI RE ME NT S A ND GUI DE L I NE S RE GA RDI NG P L A NNI NG A GA I NSTNOI SE , A CCE P T A B L ENOI SEL E V E L S A ND T HE RE QUI RE ME NT S F OR SOUND I NSUL A T I ON I N B UI L DI NGS WI T HDI F F E RE NTOCCUP A NCI E S. A COUST I C S
- 28. P OOL S A B OV ESE NSI T I V EA RE A S. SWI MMI NG P OOL SC A NB ESUB J E CTT O HI GH I MP A CTL OA DS F ROM B OI ST E ROUS A CT I V I T YI N T HEP OOL . T HI S I MP A CTC A N E A SI L YB ET R A NS- MI T T E D A S L OW F RE QUE NC YSOUND T O L OWE R A RE A S. T O CONT ROLT HI S NOI SERE QUI RE S HI GH L E V E L S OFV I B HI GH L E V E L S OFV I B R A T I ON I SOL A T I ON USUA L L YA CHI E V E D WI T H A MI NI MUM 4 5 MM DE F L E CT I ON SP RI NGS. ROA D T R A F F I C A ND A I RCR A F TNOI SE SUCH NOI SE S A REA SI GNI F I C A NTI MP A CTI NT O HI GH RI SEB UI L DI NGS A ND WHE N B UI L DI NGS A REL OC A T E D NE A R T O MA J OR T R A F F I C ROUT E S OR UNDE R A I RCR A F T F L I GHTP A T HS I TI S A P P ROP RI A T ET O CONSI DE R A CO- UST I C DOUB L EGL A Z I NG SY ST E MS. SUCH SY ST E MS A REOF T E N A COMP L E T EDOUB L EWI NDOW SUCH SY ST E MS A REOF T E N A COMP L E T EDOUB L EWI NDOW SY ST E M, I NCL UDI NG T WI N SL I DI NG DOORS. WA ST EP I P E S. WA ST EP I P E S F ROM ONEL E V E LOF T E NP A S S T HROUGH A F L OOR SL A B , SE TA CROS S I N T HEL OWE R CE I L I NG V OI D A ND DROPDOWN A RI SE R SHA F T . T HI S HORI Z O- NT A LT R A NSF E R I N T HECE I L I NG V OI D I S OF T E N A SOURCEOFNOI SEF OR T HEL OWE R A RE A . E NT E NT R A NCEDOORS. T HE SESHOUL D HA V EA COUST I C SE A L S T O P ROV I DEA MODE R A T EL E V E LOFP RI V A C YB E T WE E N L I F TL OB B I E S A ND A P A R T ME NT S.
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