This document provides information about mitosis and meiosis. It defines mitosis and meiosis, describes the stages of each, and compares their key differences. Mitosis is cell division that occurs in body cells, producing two identical daughter cells. It maintains chromosome number. Meiosis produces gametes through two divisions, resulting in four haploid cells each with half the number of chromosomes. This allows for genetic variation in sexual reproduction.
A simple, basic introduction to mitosis. Please use on your own will, but do not use this powerpoint for any school projects if you are a student. Here is an outline of the presentation. Notes included.
Introduction to Mitosis
What is Mitosis?
Mitosis is the division of a single parent cell, resulting in two daughter cells.
Usually happens in ordinary tissue growth.
What are the Steps of Mitosis?
The steps of mitosis are:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Remember: P-M-A-T
Prophase
The first stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane disappears.
Metaphase
The chromosomes now attach to spindle fibers with their pairs.
Anaphase
The chromosome pairs separate and move to the opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis, when the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and a new nuclei forms around the new chromosomes around the two daughter cells.
A simple, basic introduction to mitosis. Please use on your own will, but do not use this powerpoint for any school projects if you are a student. Here is an outline of the presentation. Notes included.
Introduction to Mitosis
What is Mitosis?
Mitosis is the division of a single parent cell, resulting in two daughter cells.
Usually happens in ordinary tissue growth.
What are the Steps of Mitosis?
The steps of mitosis are:
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Remember: P-M-A-T
Prophase
The first stage of mitosis, when the chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane disappears.
Metaphase
The chromosomes now attach to spindle fibers with their pairs.
Anaphase
The chromosome pairs separate and move to the opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase
The final stage of mitosis, when the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the cell and a new nuclei forms around the new chromosomes around the two daughter cells.
The study of the cell cycle focuses on mechanisms that regulate the timing and frequency of DNA duplication and cell division. As a biological concept, the cell cycle is defined as the period between successive divisions of a cell. During this period, the contents of the cell must be accurately replicated.Â
The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases.
How long is one cell cycle?
Depends. Eg. Skin cells every 24 hours. Some bacteria every 2 hours. Some cells every 3 months. Cancer cells very short. Nerve cells never.
Programmed cell death:
Each cell type will only do so many cell cycles then die. (Apoptosis)
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
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Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The systemâs unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
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Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other  chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released. Â
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules -Â a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.Â
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to âburnâ the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP.  Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.Â
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.Â
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 â 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : Â cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
3. ď Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their
role in the cell-division cycle
S8LT-IV
d-16
ď Explain the significance of meiosis in
maintaining the chromosome number
S8LT-IV
e-17
competency
9. What is mitosis& meiosis
M
itosis â cell division that happens in body
cells
M
eiosis â cell division that produces haploid sex
cells such as eggs and sperm cells
10. Interphase (g1 , s , g2 ) , prophase , metaphase
,anaphase , telophase and cytokinesis
Identify the stages of mitosis ( in order ) ?
11. 1. Cell growth
2. Chromosome replacement
3. Chromosome segregation
4. Cell division
W
hat are the four important events that
happen during the cell division?
12. cELL
- (from Latincella , meaning "small
room") is the basic structural, functional,
and biological unit of all known organisms.
Cells are the smallest units of life, and
hence are often referred to as the "building
blocks of life".
CYTOLOGY
â study of cell.
13. The cell cycle, or cell- division cycle, is the series of
events that take place in a cell that cause it to divide
into two daughter cells.
The cell cycle is a four- stage processin which the
cell increases in size (gap 1, or G1, stage), copies its
DNA (synthesis, or S, stage), prepares to divide (gap 2
or G2, stage), and divides (mitosis, or M, stage). The
stages G1, S, and G2 make up interphase, which
accounts for the span between cell divisions.
21. ď§ Chromosomes now called
chromatids
because they doubled to form short thick
rods which pair up and line up in the
center of the nucleus.
ď§ A centromere connects the two halves of
the doubled chromatids.
ď§ Spindle fibers begin to form.
Spindle fiber
â a fibrous structure from the
cytoplasm which forms to the centriole.
ď§ Centrioles move to opposite sides of the
cell.
ď§ The nuclear membrane breaks down.
PROPHAS
22. METAPHASE
ď Centromeres of the chromatid
pairs line up in the middle of
the cell.
ď Metaphase plate
- location
where the centromeres line up
in the center of the cell.
ď By the end of metaphase each
chromatid has attached to
spindle fibers.
23. ANAPHASE
ď The spindle fibers pull the
chromatids apart.
ď This separates each one
from its duplicate. These
move to opposite sides of
the cell.
ď Now there are two
identical sets of
chromosomes.
24. TELOPHASE
ď When the chromosomes
reach opposite sides of the
cell the spindle fibers break
up.
ď The nuclear membrane begins
to reform.
ď A furrow begins to develop
between the two sets of
chromosomes.
25. CYTOKINESIS
The two identical cells completely divide and the cell
membrane is completely formed.It is the division of the
cytoplasm
26.
27. Meiosisâ cell division that
produces haploid sex cells such
as eggs and sperm cells
ď D
iploid (2n) - Acell with two of each
kind of chromosome.
ď O
ne chromosome from each parent.
If two body cells were to combine
nuclei, the number of chromosomes
would double.
ď In order for sexual reproduction to
occur, each cell involved must
reduce its chromosome number by
half.
ď Haploid (n)- Acell with one of each
kind of chromosome.
32. PROPHASE 1
ďTetrads are so tight that non
-
sister chromatids from the
homologous pair actually
exchange genetic material.
ďCrossing over
- The exchange
of genetic material by non
-
sister chromatids during late
prophase I of meiosis.
ďResults in a new combination
of alleles
33. METAPHASE 1
ď Homologous chromosomes line
up together in pairs.
ď * In mitosis homologous
chromosomes line up in the
middle independently of each
other.
34. ANAPHASE 1
ď Spindle fibers attach to the
centromeres of each pair.
ď Homologous chromosomes
separate and move to
opposite ends of the cell.
ď Centromeres DO NOT split like
they do in mitosis
ď Now each cell will get one
chromosome from each
homologous pair.
35. TELOPHASE 1
ď Spindle fibers break down
ď Chromosomes uncoil
ď Cytoplasm divides
ď Another cell division is needed
because the number of
chromosomes has not been
reduced
ď After telophase I there maybe a
short interphase, but not always.
It is important to note that if a cell
does have a second interphase,
there is No replication of
chromosomes
.
37. MEIOSIS 2
ď Is basically just like mitosis, but
remember the chromosomes did
not duplicate in interphase II.
ď Prophase II
Chromosomes begin to line up in
the middle of the cell.
Spindle fibers begin to form
ď M
etaphase II
Chromosomes line up on the
metaphase plate
38. MEIOSIS 1
ď Anaphase II
Centromeres split
Sister chromatids separate and
move to opposite sides of the cell
ď T
elophase II
Nuclei reform
Spindle fibers disappear
Cytoplasm divides into two.
T
he number of chromosomes in
each daughter cell has now been
reduced by half.
42. MITOSIS
(ASEXUAL )
MEIOSIS
(SEXUAL)
Number of daughter cells produced
Function
Chromosome number
Pairing of homologous chromosomes take
place. (Yes/No)
The daughter cells produced are always
identical in terms of genetic material.
(Yes/No)
creates
ASSIGNMENT
Complete the table.
43. MITOSIS
(ASEXUAL )
MEIOSIS
(SEXUAL)
Number of daughter cells produced 2 4
Function Cellular reproduction
( asexual) ; for growth &
repair of the body.
Sexual reproduction
Chromosome number diploid haploid
Pairing of homologous chromosomes take
place. (Yes/No)
NO YES
The daughter cells produced are always
identical in terms of genetic material.
(Yes/No)
YES NO
creates Somatic cells ( body cells) Sex cells ( gametes)
Complete the table.