The document provides an overview of management information systems and information technology in business. It discusses the history of IT and how it has evolved from manual transactions to modern business software, computer communications, data warehousing, and business intelligence tools. It also describes how physical and virtual (information) resources are used by businesses to address problems and pressures. Information systems are presented as virtual systems that represent and control physical systems in organizations.
E-commerce refers to electronic transactions over the internet, including buying and selling of goods and services as well as the transfer of funds and information. The main goals of e-commerce are to reduce costs, lower product cycle times, provide faster customer response, and improve service quality. There are several types of e-commerce models including business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer, and business-to-government. Setting up the infrastructure for an e-commerce business involves key decisions around marketing, facilities, customer service, information technology, and fulfillment.
The document summarizes key concepts from a textbook chapter on information systems in enterprises. It describes six main types of information systems and how they serve different organizational levels and functions. It also discusses how information systems enable business processes, customer relationship management, supply chain management and enterprise systems. Current trends include extended enterprises and industrial networks.
Operations management deals with planning and controlling the transformation of inputs into outputs of greater value through production of goods and services. It involves transforming inputs like materials, machines, and labor through manufacturing and assembly processes to create tangible outputs or intangible services. There are differences between goods and services in terms of their tangibility, inventory ability, customer contact, and measurement of quality. Manufacturing operations can take the form of job shop manufacturing for made-to-order products, repetitive manufacturing for high-volume standardized products, or batch manufacturing which combines some product variety and average production volumes. Quality management aims to satisfy customer needs through all aspects of design, production, and after-sales service, and total quality management extends this philosophy throughout the entire
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 from a textbook on management information systems. It discusses how information systems are essential for business today and defines an information system. It also outlines several key ways that businesses use information systems, such as for operational excellence, new products/services, customer intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage, and survival. The chapter discusses how information systems help achieve strategic business objectives and provides examples from companies like Walmart, Apple, and Verizon. It emphasizes the growing interdependence between businesses and information technology.
Customer retention is important for businesses because it is more expensive to acquire new customers than retain existing ones. Customer retention refers to customers who stay engaged with a company's products or services over time. Some key strategies for customer retention include providing more value to customers through intimacy and selective relationships, focusing marketing on customer profitability, and delivering strong customer satisfaction to build loyalty. Businesses can achieve significant profits by having fewer customer defections as loyal customers purchase more, are less price sensitive, and spread positive word-of-mouth.
The bullwhip effect refers to distorted demand information as it flows up and down the supply chain. This can cause excess inventories, higher costs, and lost sales. It is caused by factors like poor forecasting, sales promotions not communicated upstream, and incentives. Reducing the bullwhip effect involves improving communication of accurate demand information between all parties in the supply chain.
Strategic Management models and diagrams for professional business presentation.
More downloadable business diagrams on
http://www.drawpack.com
your visual business knowledge
This document provides an overview of an Oracle customer experience strategy and design workshop. The workshop aims to teach fundamentals of CX strategy and design to catalyze customer experience transformations. It involves hands-on experience with customer journey mapping and identifying gaps to improve experiences. The workshop also discusses how improving CX can influence business metrics like revenue and customer retention. It promotes embracing opportunities to change ineffective experiences and better align brand promises with customer realities.
E-commerce refers to electronic transactions over the internet, including buying and selling of goods and services as well as the transfer of funds and information. The main goals of e-commerce are to reduce costs, lower product cycle times, provide faster customer response, and improve service quality. There are several types of e-commerce models including business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer, and business-to-government. Setting up the infrastructure for an e-commerce business involves key decisions around marketing, facilities, customer service, information technology, and fulfillment.
The document summarizes key concepts from a textbook chapter on information systems in enterprises. It describes six main types of information systems and how they serve different organizational levels and functions. It also discusses how information systems enable business processes, customer relationship management, supply chain management and enterprise systems. Current trends include extended enterprises and industrial networks.
Operations management deals with planning and controlling the transformation of inputs into outputs of greater value through production of goods and services. It involves transforming inputs like materials, machines, and labor through manufacturing and assembly processes to create tangible outputs or intangible services. There are differences between goods and services in terms of their tangibility, inventory ability, customer contact, and measurement of quality. Manufacturing operations can take the form of job shop manufacturing for made-to-order products, repetitive manufacturing for high-volume standardized products, or batch manufacturing which combines some product variety and average production volumes. Quality management aims to satisfy customer needs through all aspects of design, production, and after-sales service, and total quality management extends this philosophy throughout the entire
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 from a textbook on management information systems. It discusses how information systems are essential for business today and defines an information system. It also outlines several key ways that businesses use information systems, such as for operational excellence, new products/services, customer intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage, and survival. The chapter discusses how information systems help achieve strategic business objectives and provides examples from companies like Walmart, Apple, and Verizon. It emphasizes the growing interdependence between businesses and information technology.
Customer retention is important for businesses because it is more expensive to acquire new customers than retain existing ones. Customer retention refers to customers who stay engaged with a company's products or services over time. Some key strategies for customer retention include providing more value to customers through intimacy and selective relationships, focusing marketing on customer profitability, and delivering strong customer satisfaction to build loyalty. Businesses can achieve significant profits by having fewer customer defections as loyal customers purchase more, are less price sensitive, and spread positive word-of-mouth.
The bullwhip effect refers to distorted demand information as it flows up and down the supply chain. This can cause excess inventories, higher costs, and lost sales. It is caused by factors like poor forecasting, sales promotions not communicated upstream, and incentives. Reducing the bullwhip effect involves improving communication of accurate demand information between all parties in the supply chain.
Strategic Management models and diagrams for professional business presentation.
More downloadable business diagrams on
http://www.drawpack.com
your visual business knowledge
This document provides an overview of an Oracle customer experience strategy and design workshop. The workshop aims to teach fundamentals of CX strategy and design to catalyze customer experience transformations. It involves hands-on experience with customer journey mapping and identifying gaps to improve experiences. The workshop also discusses how improving CX can influence business metrics like revenue and customer retention. It promotes embracing opportunities to change ineffective experiences and better align brand promises with customer realities.
1) Information systems are essential for businesses today and have transformed operations through increased wireless technology, web technologies, and cloud computing. They provide opportunities for globalization and new products/services.
2) An information system collects, processes, stores, and distributes information to support decision making, coordination, and control. It has organizational, management, and technology dimensions.
3) Investing in information technology alone does not guarantee returns; firms must also invest in complementary assets like efficient processes and incentives to derive full value from new technologies.
Supply chain management involves the integration of suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores to minimize costs while meeting customer demand. It aims to produce and distribute goods in the right quantities, locations, and times. Key aspects of supply chain management include supply chain planning, procurement, manufacturing, and distribution. Effective supply chain management requires cross-functional collaboration, information sharing, and managing uncertainties to achieve global optimization across the entire supply chain network.
Businesses should implement service automation (SA) to effectively process and analyze large amounts of customer data, improve customer experience, and increase customer retention. SA enhances service effectiveness and efficiency by automating routine tasks, integrating customer touchpoints, and routing requests to appropriate agents. It also improves employee work experience and productivity by providing tools and equal workload distribution. Overall, SA strengthens customer relationships through personalized service, feedback, and engagement across multiple digital platforms.
This document discusses transportation in supply chains. It begins by outlining the role of transportation in moving products from locations of production to locations of consumption. It then describes various modes of transportation including their characteristics, costs, and tradeoffs. Different transportation network design options like direct shipping, shipping through intermediate locations, and use of milk runs are presented. The document concludes by discussing how to select the optimal transportation network based on factors like transportation and inventory costs.
Uma visão geral sobre Reality Mining e pesquisas que foram e estão sendo desenvolvidas neste contexto. O conteúdo dos slides foram extraídos dos estudos e experimentos do MIT Media Lab (http://hd.media.mit.edu/) dirigido pelo Prof. Alex Pentland
Systems analysis and design is the process of designing, building, and maintaining information systems. Organizations hire systems analysts because they have both technical and managerial expertise. The systems development life cycle describes the life of an information system from conception to retirement and includes phases for system identification, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. There are various approaches that can be taken for systems development such as prototyping, rapid application development, and outsourcing development to third parties.
Manage your inventory control system with this content ready Supply Chain Management Overview Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Showcase the high-performance and effective solutions of inventory management using supply chain network PPT visuals. The logistics management outline presentation deck has covered various topics and had professionally designed templates such as components of the supply chain, company timeline, SCM advantages, project management and communication, supply chain management goals and bifurcations, logistics, control tower, and more. You can utilize the same enterprise resource planning PowerPoint complete deck for topics like supply chain network, supply management, operations management, order fulfillment, procurement, service management, logistics management and so on. Our team of experts has used appealing graphics with editable charts & graphs to make it more interactive. Develop effective SCM strategy using enterprise planning system PPT slides. Download our ready to use integrated planning system presentation deck to demonstrate the process of manufacturing, distribution, warehousing, and retail. Boundaries blur with our Supply Chain Management Overview Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Created borders will not deter you.
Customer relationship management (CRM) involves tracking customer interactions to improve customer service and target marketing. CRM software supports these processes by allowing customer data to be entered, stored, and accessed across departments. While CRM generally refers to software, vendors emphasize a holistic approach is also needed for success.
This document discusses analytics and retail analytics. It defines analytics as discovering patterns in data through statistics, programming, and research. Retail analytics specifically aims to improve customer loyalty and sales. It does this by identifying valuable customers, understanding their preferences, and creating personalized shopping experiences through offers targeted to individual needs. Retailers can gather customer data through in-store and online analytics to gain insights that optimize performance.
CRM involves developing long-term relationships with valuable customers through personalized attention. It maximizes customer lifetime value. A successful CRM implementation requires trained staff, good data use, integration of front and back office systems, and management support. CRM provides benefits like increased sales and profits but also risks like too much information or poor integration.
Introduction to Management Information SystemAbdul Motaleb
This document discusses the role of information systems in business today. It outlines how businesses invest heavily in information systems to achieve six strategic objectives: operational excellence, new products and services, customer intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage, and survival. Information systems help improve efficiency, enable new business models, allow for customization based on customer data, provide accurate data for decision making, deliver better performance than competitors, and ensure regulatory compliance. The document also notes the growing interdependence between a company's information technology and its ability to implement strategies and achieve goals.
This document discusses customer relationship management (CRM). It defines CRM as a business process focused on building relationships, loyalty, and brand value through marketing strategies. The document outlines the evolution of CRM from a transactional focus to relationship marketing. It discusses frameworks for implementing CRM, including creating a customer database, analyzing customers, selecting targets, and implementing relationship marketing programs. Case studies of Volkswagen India and Sheraton Suites hotels demonstrate successful CRM practices like targeted digital campaigns, loyalty programs, and emphasis on customer service.
This document provides an overview of information systems in business today. It discusses how information systems are transforming business through mobile platforms, big data, and cloud computing. Information systems allow firms to achieve strategic objectives like operational excellence, new products/services, customer intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage, and survival. An information system consists of people, procedures, software, hardware, data, and networks that collect, transform, and distribute useful information. Managing information systems requires understanding their organizational, management, and technical dimensions.
Management Information System - MIS - ApplicationFaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses management information systems and their applications. It defines information systems as sets of components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making. It also distinguishes data from information, describing how information systems convert raw data into meaningful information through input, processing, and output activities. The document then outlines six strategic business objectives that companies pursue through investments in information systems: operational excellence, new products/services, customer intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage, and survival. Finally, it describes different types of systems - transaction processing, management information, decision support, and executive support - that serve various management levels in organizations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses how information technology has changed business and management. It describes key IT systems like transaction processing systems and decision support systems that support daily operations and management. It also explains how e-business allows companies to enter new markets, streamline processes, and get closer to customers through digital technologies and the internet. Finally, it discusses enterprise systems like ERP and CRM that integrate business operations and help manage customer relationships.
Introduction to the Computer-Based Information SystemFathur Rohman
This document outlines the schedule and topics for a course on management information systems. The course will cover introductions to various types of computer-based information systems including human resource information systems, financial information systems, manufacturing information systems, accounting information systems, marketing information systems, management information systems, decision support systems, enterprise information systems, and executive information systems. Presentations will be given on each of these topics throughout the semester. The course will also include chapters from the textbook on information management, systems concepts, and the evolution and justification of computer-based information systems.
This document discusses e-commerce marketing and advertising concepts. It covers key topics like understanding internet consumers and their online behavior, the various stages of the consumer purchasing decision process, and digital marketing strategies and tools. These include developing an effective website, search engine marketing, display ads, email marketing and more. The document also examines technologies that support online marketing, such as web analytics to track metrics and measure campaign effectiveness. Finally, it discusses understanding the costs and benefits of online marketing communications versus traditional marketing.
1.Managers cannot generate custom reports or queries without the help from a programmer and this inhibits them from obtaining information quickly, which is essential for making a competitive advantage
Lecture 12 computer bases accouting systems -transaction processing- james a...Habib Ullah Qamar
Computer based accounting information systems and its types, there are two major categories, Real-time and batch processing systems, there are alternative like legacy systems and modern systems
1) Information systems are essential for businesses today and have transformed operations through increased wireless technology, web technologies, and cloud computing. They provide opportunities for globalization and new products/services.
2) An information system collects, processes, stores, and distributes information to support decision making, coordination, and control. It has organizational, management, and technology dimensions.
3) Investing in information technology alone does not guarantee returns; firms must also invest in complementary assets like efficient processes and incentives to derive full value from new technologies.
Supply chain management involves the integration of suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and stores to minimize costs while meeting customer demand. It aims to produce and distribute goods in the right quantities, locations, and times. Key aspects of supply chain management include supply chain planning, procurement, manufacturing, and distribution. Effective supply chain management requires cross-functional collaboration, information sharing, and managing uncertainties to achieve global optimization across the entire supply chain network.
Businesses should implement service automation (SA) to effectively process and analyze large amounts of customer data, improve customer experience, and increase customer retention. SA enhances service effectiveness and efficiency by automating routine tasks, integrating customer touchpoints, and routing requests to appropriate agents. It also improves employee work experience and productivity by providing tools and equal workload distribution. Overall, SA strengthens customer relationships through personalized service, feedback, and engagement across multiple digital platforms.
This document discusses transportation in supply chains. It begins by outlining the role of transportation in moving products from locations of production to locations of consumption. It then describes various modes of transportation including their characteristics, costs, and tradeoffs. Different transportation network design options like direct shipping, shipping through intermediate locations, and use of milk runs are presented. The document concludes by discussing how to select the optimal transportation network based on factors like transportation and inventory costs.
Uma visão geral sobre Reality Mining e pesquisas que foram e estão sendo desenvolvidas neste contexto. O conteúdo dos slides foram extraídos dos estudos e experimentos do MIT Media Lab (http://hd.media.mit.edu/) dirigido pelo Prof. Alex Pentland
Systems analysis and design is the process of designing, building, and maintaining information systems. Organizations hire systems analysts because they have both technical and managerial expertise. The systems development life cycle describes the life of an information system from conception to retirement and includes phases for system identification, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. There are various approaches that can be taken for systems development such as prototyping, rapid application development, and outsourcing development to third parties.
Manage your inventory control system with this content ready Supply Chain Management Overview Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Showcase the high-performance and effective solutions of inventory management using supply chain network PPT visuals. The logistics management outline presentation deck has covered various topics and had professionally designed templates such as components of the supply chain, company timeline, SCM advantages, project management and communication, supply chain management goals and bifurcations, logistics, control tower, and more. You can utilize the same enterprise resource planning PowerPoint complete deck for topics like supply chain network, supply management, operations management, order fulfillment, procurement, service management, logistics management and so on. Our team of experts has used appealing graphics with editable charts & graphs to make it more interactive. Develop effective SCM strategy using enterprise planning system PPT slides. Download our ready to use integrated planning system presentation deck to demonstrate the process of manufacturing, distribution, warehousing, and retail. Boundaries blur with our Supply Chain Management Overview Powerpoint Presentation Slides. Created borders will not deter you.
Customer relationship management (CRM) involves tracking customer interactions to improve customer service and target marketing. CRM software supports these processes by allowing customer data to be entered, stored, and accessed across departments. While CRM generally refers to software, vendors emphasize a holistic approach is also needed for success.
This document discusses analytics and retail analytics. It defines analytics as discovering patterns in data through statistics, programming, and research. Retail analytics specifically aims to improve customer loyalty and sales. It does this by identifying valuable customers, understanding their preferences, and creating personalized shopping experiences through offers targeted to individual needs. Retailers can gather customer data through in-store and online analytics to gain insights that optimize performance.
CRM involves developing long-term relationships with valuable customers through personalized attention. It maximizes customer lifetime value. A successful CRM implementation requires trained staff, good data use, integration of front and back office systems, and management support. CRM provides benefits like increased sales and profits but also risks like too much information or poor integration.
Introduction to Management Information SystemAbdul Motaleb
This document discusses the role of information systems in business today. It outlines how businesses invest heavily in information systems to achieve six strategic objectives: operational excellence, new products and services, customer intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage, and survival. Information systems help improve efficiency, enable new business models, allow for customization based on customer data, provide accurate data for decision making, deliver better performance than competitors, and ensure regulatory compliance. The document also notes the growing interdependence between a company's information technology and its ability to implement strategies and achieve goals.
This document discusses customer relationship management (CRM). It defines CRM as a business process focused on building relationships, loyalty, and brand value through marketing strategies. The document outlines the evolution of CRM from a transactional focus to relationship marketing. It discusses frameworks for implementing CRM, including creating a customer database, analyzing customers, selecting targets, and implementing relationship marketing programs. Case studies of Volkswagen India and Sheraton Suites hotels demonstrate successful CRM practices like targeted digital campaigns, loyalty programs, and emphasis on customer service.
This document provides an overview of information systems in business today. It discusses how information systems are transforming business through mobile platforms, big data, and cloud computing. Information systems allow firms to achieve strategic objectives like operational excellence, new products/services, customer intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage, and survival. An information system consists of people, procedures, software, hardware, data, and networks that collect, transform, and distribute useful information. Managing information systems requires understanding their organizational, management, and technical dimensions.
Management Information System - MIS - ApplicationFaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses management information systems and their applications. It defines information systems as sets of components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making. It also distinguishes data from information, describing how information systems convert raw data into meaningful information through input, processing, and output activities. The document then outlines six strategic business objectives that companies pursue through investments in information systems: operational excellence, new products/services, customer intimacy, improved decision making, competitive advantage, and survival. Finally, it describes different types of systems - transaction processing, management information, decision support, and executive support - that serve various management levels in organizations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses how information technology has changed business and management. It describes key IT systems like transaction processing systems and decision support systems that support daily operations and management. It also explains how e-business allows companies to enter new markets, streamline processes, and get closer to customers through digital technologies and the internet. Finally, it discusses enterprise systems like ERP and CRM that integrate business operations and help manage customer relationships.
Introduction to the Computer-Based Information SystemFathur Rohman
This document outlines the schedule and topics for a course on management information systems. The course will cover introductions to various types of computer-based information systems including human resource information systems, financial information systems, manufacturing information systems, accounting information systems, marketing information systems, management information systems, decision support systems, enterprise information systems, and executive information systems. Presentations will be given on each of these topics throughout the semester. The course will also include chapters from the textbook on information management, systems concepts, and the evolution and justification of computer-based information systems.
This document discusses e-commerce marketing and advertising concepts. It covers key topics like understanding internet consumers and their online behavior, the various stages of the consumer purchasing decision process, and digital marketing strategies and tools. These include developing an effective website, search engine marketing, display ads, email marketing and more. The document also examines technologies that support online marketing, such as web analytics to track metrics and measure campaign effectiveness. Finally, it discusses understanding the costs and benefits of online marketing communications versus traditional marketing.
1.Managers cannot generate custom reports or queries without the help from a programmer and this inhibits them from obtaining information quickly, which is essential for making a competitive advantage
Lecture 12 computer bases accouting systems -transaction processing- james a...Habib Ullah Qamar
Computer based accounting information systems and its types, there are two major categories, Real-time and batch processing systems, there are alternative like legacy systems and modern systems
This document discusses computerized accounting systems and their components. It explains that a computerized accounting system processes financial transactions and generates reports according to accounting principles and user-defined structures. The key components of a computerized accounting system include input, processing, output, and control subsystems. The input subsystem collects accounting data, processing converts it into useful information, output produces reports, and control ensures accuracy, security and compliance. The system handles modules for sales, purchasing, inventory, human resources, production, assets, and financial reporting to support the accounting process.
The document discusses Management Information Systems (MIS). [1] It provides an overview of the origins and evolution of MIS from manual systems to modern computer-based systems. [2] MIS is defined as an information system that helps management make decisions by providing them with relevant information from across the organization. [3] The key roles and functions of MIS are to support business operations, decision making, and gaining competitive advantage through strategic use of information technology.
Management information systems (MIS) provide computer-based information to organizational users. The MIS database stores data from accounting systems and the external environment. It uses report writing software to generate periodic and special reports from this data. Mathematical models also use the database to simulate operations. The reports and models help managers solve organizational problems.
Project report on oppo mobile india pvt ltd on consumes awernessVINOD7894
The document is a project report on consumer awareness and sales of Oppo smartphones. It includes an introduction on consumer awareness and its importance. It provides details on Oppo's company profile, history of innovation, recent achievements and products. The report describes the research methodology used which included primary and secondary research. Objectives of the study were to test communication effectiveness, assess awareness levels, and evaluate attractiveness of Oppo offers to customers. Key challenges of the project are also mentioned.
This document summarizes the key points from the introduction chapter of the textbook "Information Systems: Creating Business Value". It discusses the importance of knowledge work and knowledge workers in modern businesses. It defines key terms like data, information, information systems, and different types of IS. It also explains how factors like globalization and the internet are impacting businesses and their need for timely access to data and information.
Knowledge management (KM) involves organizing and sharing important knowledge throughout an organization. KM focuses on getting the most value from knowledge resources wherever and whenever they are needed. It is related to intellectual capital and helps companies by shortening learning curves, ensuring core competencies are met, and allowing faster reactions to opportunities. KM systems use technologies and social/structural mechanisms to improve knowledge capture, sharing, discovery, and application. Effective KM requires balancing technology with organizational culture and human factors.
The document defines key terms related to knowledge management and discusses its implementation. It begins by defining data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. It then discusses tacit and explicit knowledge and the knowledge conversion process. The rest of the document outlines the definition and goals of knowledge management, its key elements and benefits, and a five stage roadmap for implementation.
The document discusses knowledge management (KM) and its importance for organizations. It defines KM as treating knowledge as an explicit concern reflected in business strategy, policy, and practice. KM is important because the modern economy is increasingly based on knowledge and intellectual capital. Effective KM involves capturing both explicit knowledge from sources like documents and reports, as well as tacit knowledge embedded in people's experiences. Key processes in KM include knowledge discovery, combination, socialization, capture, externalization, internalization, and sharing.
Knowledge management is defined as treating knowledge as an explicit concern in an organization's strategy, policy, and practices at all levels. It also involves directly connecting an organization's intellectual assets, both explicit and tacit, to positive business results. Knowledge management is needed now because marketplaces are increasingly competitive, innovation is rising, workforces are reducing, and the amount of time to acquire knowledge has diminished. Knowledge management draws from many disciplines including cognitive science, expert systems, computer-supported collaborative work, library and information science, technical writing, and organizational science.
Knowledge management the ability of an organization to create, share and use the collective
knowledge of its products, processes and people to increase workplace productivity and reduce
activities that reinvent the wheel is being moved to the forefront of many corporate agendas.
As firms seek to build competitive advantage in increasingly competitive markets, they are
turning to a previously untapped resource: their employees’ knowledge.
The document discusses information management. It begins by defining data and how data is transformed into information. It then discusses what information management is, its origins tied to file and records management. It explains that information management is important for saving money, making money, and avoiding trouble. It outlines strategies and elements of information management including the information lifecycle and resources. It concludes by noting the importance of information management will continue increasing due to the growing digital universe and dependency on information.
This document outlines the course outcomes, program outcomes, and program educational objectives for the course M19MBT204 - INFORMATION MANAGEMENT. It includes 5 course outcomes related to information management concepts and technologies. It also lists 7 program outcomes and 4 program educational objectives. Additionally, it provides a mapping of the course outcomes to the program outcomes and defines the different levels of knowledge.
Dear students get fully solved assignments
Send your semester & Specialization name to our mail id :
“ help.mbaassignments@gmail.com ”
or
Call us at : 08263069601
(Prefer mailing. Call in emergency )
The document discusses how the changing business environment is driving organizational changes and the role of information systems. Key business drivers include globalization, competition, time-based competition, and technological innovation. Organizations are responding through business process reengineering, continuous improvement efforts, empowering employees, and becoming more customer-focused. The role of information systems is widening from basic data processing to management control, decision support, and treating information as a strategic resource. Contemporary approaches to information systems consider both technical and behavioral elements.
This document discusses data, information, knowledge, and information management. It defines data as unorganized raw facts and information as organized data that has meaning. Knowledge is understanding gained through experience and study. Information management is defined as managing organizational processes and systems for acquiring, creating, organizing, distributing, and using information. It also discusses challenges of information management like the digital information explosion and how information management allows organizations to store, protect, and optimize information.
The document provides an overview of knowledge management concepts including definitions of data, information and knowledge. It discusses why knowledge management is important for organizations in today's economy. Some key approaches and concepts in knowledge management are explained such as tacit vs explicit knowledge and the knowledge management life cycle. The role of information technology in knowledge management systems is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in information systems, including:
- Information systems combine people, processes, and technology to achieve business objectives. They support decision making, coordination, and control.
- Data is raw facts that are transformed into meaningful information. Information systems involve collecting, processing, storing, and distributing information.
- Knowledge represents the application of information by individuals, while wisdom involves applying knowledge to solve new problems.
- E-commerce involves using digital technologies and the internet for business processes like sales, communication, and transactions between businesses, consumers, and governments.
Emergency Medical Association is a group of 250 emergency physicians responsible for effectively managing emergency departments. They should implement business intelligence values and applications like data-driven decision making to improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and ensure future success.
Real-time business intelligence involves delivering business operation information as it occurs. Credit card companies use real-time BI by approving purchase amounts via mobile to retain customers longer. The process involves feeding transactions to a system maintaining the current enterprise state in real-time for tactical decisions alongside classic strategic functions.
Business intelligence plays a key role in modern business by processing vast information into understandable formats for strategic, tactical, and operational decision making. This helps decision makers faced with information overload and inconsistent data.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of information systems and technology. It discusses how computers originally focused on business and defense uses before personal computers became common. Local area networks then allowed people to work together and share information. As technology advanced, larger organizations developed internal IT departments to manage systems and purchase software to coordinate business processes. Information systems are now critical to supporting business operations and management decision making through tools like databases, business process management systems, and decision support systems. When combined with changes to organization and management, information systems can provide a strategic advantage through optimization of costs and processes.
This document provides an introduction to an information systems course. It defines key terms like information systems, information technology, and management information systems. It discusses how information systems are used across various business functions. It also outlines some of the topics that will be covered in the course, including IT and decision making, security, databases, and enterprise systems. Finally, it discusses the roles of IT professionals and how metrics can be used to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of information systems.
Paula Smith is a principal consultant for information management at Optimation. The document discusses how organizations can better leverage their existing information assets by implementing effective information management practices. It notes that unstructured information like documents, emails and social media accounts for 60-80% of organizational information but is often untapped. The document advocates for a holistic information management framework that includes governance, taxonomy, enterprise search, and content intelligence tools to unlock more value from information assets.
Knowledge Management, Business Intelligence & Business Analytics - Managemen...FaHaD .H. NooR
This document discusses knowledge management, business intelligence, and business analytics. It defines each term and explains their relationships. Knowledge management involves processes to generate, capture, codify, and transfer knowledge across an organization. Business intelligence uses data to understand and analyze business performance using technologies like reporting and dashboards. Business analytics refers specifically to using quantitative models and fact-based management to drive decisions, and is considered a subset of business intelligence. The document also discusses the differences between tacit and explicit knowledge, and how knowledge management can provide value to organizations in areas like sharing best practices, managing globalization, rapid change, downsizing, and gaining competitive advantage.
The document defines various business and economic terms including stockholder, economist, creditor, stakeholder, oligopolistic market, monopolist, monopoly, perfect competition, quota, embargo, import duty, currency devaluation, partnership, joint stock company, limited liability company, sole proprietorship, countertrade, dumping, antidumping, trade deficit, trade surplus, consumerism, corporate governance, social audit, corporate social responsibility, entrepreneur, angels, syndicate, cost leadership, niche, differentiation, deficit, breakeven, budgeting, amortization, retail, wholesale, warehouse, agency, business environment, and public limited company. It also provides the top 10 methods for raising capital for a small business.
The document discusses the planning process used by managers. It describes the three main stages of planning as determining the organization's mission and goals, strategy formulation, and strategy implementation. It also discusses different levels of planning including corporate, business unit, and functional levels. The planning process involves determining the organization's mission, analyzing the situation through tools like SWOT analysis, and developing strategies and plans at different levels to achieve the mission and goals.
This document provides an overview of organizational structure and design. It defines key terms like organizational structure, organizational design, and departmentalization. It discusses traditional elements of structure like work specialization, chain of command, and span of control. It also covers contemporary structures like mechanistic versus organic designs and contingency factors that influence structure. Finally, it examines common traditional designs like simple, functional and divisional structures and contemporary designs. The overall document serves as a chapter outline and introduction to concepts of organizational structure and design.
The three sentence summary is:
The document provides an orientation day plan for COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore on Sunday February 3rd 2013 which includes a morning combined orientation session followed by departmental orientation sessions and refreshments from 11:00 AM to 12:30 PM and a campus tour from 12:30 PM to 1:00 PM before buses leave at 1:00 PM.
The combined orientation session includes tilawat, welcome address, and an address by a Lancaster University representative, while the departmental orientations involve distributing student folders and ID cards, a presentation to students, and a Q&A session.
The document is a timetable for courses in the FA12-BPSY-A semester at CIIT Lahore. It lists the courses, times, days, locations, and instructors for psychology and related classes across 7 time periods from 8:30-19:30, Monday through Friday. Courses include Foundations of Psychology, Lab-Foundations of Psychology, Introduction to Sociology, Functional English, Creative Thinking and Decision Making, and Pakistan Studies.
The document provides the academic calendar for the Fall Semester of 2012 at COMSATS Institute of Information Technology in Lahore, Pakistan. It includes important dates for undergraduate and graduate students such as orientation, start and end of classes, exams, financial assistance deadlines, Eid holidays, and result declaration. Key events for graduate students include thesis submission and presentation deadlines. The calendar provides a comprehensive schedule of academic activities for the semester.
The document is a chapter from a business management textbook. It covers the key concepts and terms related to business management, including the four functions of management (planning, organizing, leading, controlling), types of managers, strategic management process, goal setting, and corporate culture. The chapter aims to help students understand management roles and responsibilities, develop management skills, and assess management effectiveness in organizations.
This document provides instructions for Assignment #2 for the course MGT 100 Introduction to Business. It includes 2 questions - the first asks students to find an organization chart and identify job titles at the top, middle, and first line management levels. The second questions asks students to interview a local manager to learn about their management functions, roles, and necessary skills. The assignment is for program SP12-BECO-B4-A and is worth a maximum of 10 marks.
1) Economists separate the impact of a price change into a substitution effect and an income effect. The substitution effect is due to changes in relative prices, while the income effect results from a change in purchasing power.
2) Hicks developed a method to isolate the substitution and income effects. It involves finding the optimal bundle if only relative prices changed (substitution effect) and if only real income changed (income effect).
3) Slutsky developed an alternative method using a compensating variation in income to hold purchasing power constant and isolate the substitution effect.
4) For normal goods, the substitution and income effects reinforce each other, leading to a downward sloping demand curve
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates the crowding-out effect of public borrowing on private investment in Pakistan. It begins with an introduction that provides background on Pakistan's reliance on borrowing to finance budget deficits and discusses the potential crowding-out effect. It then reviews relevant literature on crowding-out/in effects in various countries. Studies on Pakistan have found both crowding-out and crowding-in effects. The document outlines the theoretical framework and econometric techniques used in the research paper. It finds that the results do not support the crowding-out hypothesis in Pakistan and instead provide evidence of crowding-in, potentially due to market imperfections and excess liquidity. The implications are important for Pakistan
The chapter discusses improving business writing by making it audience-oriented, purposeful, and economical. It outlines an effective writing process of prewriting, writing, and revising. When selecting a communication channel, factors to consider include the importance and speed of feedback required, cost, and formality. The chapter provides tips for using positive and inclusive language, developing reader benefits, and avoiding negative expressions or hidden messages.
Pakistan faced numerous challenges after gaining independence in 1947, including:
1) Determining whether it would be a secular state or an Islamic state governed by sharia law.
2) Distributing power between the central and provincial governments, which eventually led to East Pakistan seceding to become Bangladesh.
3) Managing the violence and massive refugee crisis that accompanied the partition, with up to 24 million people displaced and hundreds of thousands dead.
4) Establishing political and economic stability despite the division of the new country into two wings over 1,600 km apart, lack of infrastructure and personnel for government, and loss of major economic partners and trade routes.
This document discusses business ethics and social responsibility. It covers topics like defining ethics, sources of personal ethics codes, managerial ethics, assessing ethical behavior, social responsibility and stakeholder models, areas of social responsibility including environment, customers, employees and investors, and approaches companies take to social responsibility programs from obstructionist to proactive.
This document provides a historical overview of the origin of Pakistan. It discusses the various dynasties that ruled the Indian subcontinent prior to British rule, including the Mughal Empire. It then outlines the rise of European intervention led by the East India Company and the establishment of British Raj. Key events and movements leading to the eventual partition of India and creation of Pakistan in 1947 are also summarized. The document concludes by examining several explanations and theories regarding the formation of Pakistan.
The document defines investment as expenditures on capital goods like machinery, plants, and buildings purchased by firms for production. It also defines gross and net investment. It then describes six macroeconomic roles of investment such as increasing current demand and production capacity. The document classifies investment by sector (firms, households, public) and degree of directness to sales. It also discusses the relationship between interest rates and the investment level/function, as well as autonomous versus induced investment.
The document defines investment as expenditures on capital goods and the accumulation of machinery, plants, and buildings by firms for production. It discusses gross investment, net investment, the roles of investment in the macroeconomy, and how investment is classified by directness and sector (business, household, public). It also covers the relationship between interest rates and the investment level/function, different types of investment (autonomous, induced), and factors that influence induced investment.
The document defines investment as expenditures on capital goods like machinery, plants, and buildings purchased by firms for production. It also defines gross and net investment. It then describes six macroeconomic roles of investment such as increasing current demand and production capacity. The document classifies investment by sector (firms, households, public) and degree of directness to sales. It also discusses the relationship between interest rates and investment, and defines autonomous and induced investment.
The document defines investment as expenditures on capital goods like machinery, plants, and buildings purchased by firms for production. It also defines gross and net investment. It then describes six macroeconomic roles of investment such as increasing current demand and production capacity. The document classifies investment by sector (firms, households, public) and degree of directness to sales. It also discusses the relationship between interest rates and the investment level/function, as well as autonomous versus induced investment.
The document defines investment as expenditures on capital goods like machinery, plants, and buildings purchased by firms for production. It also defines gross and net investment. It then describes six macroeconomic roles of investment such as increasing current demand and production capacity. The document classifies investment by sector (firms, households, public) and degree of directness to sales. It also discusses the relationship between interest rates and the investment level/function as well as autonomous versus induced investment.
Inflation is defined as a persistent increase in the average level of prices. There are different types of inflation based on rate of increase: creeping inflation (under 2% annually), walking inflation (around 5% annually), running inflation (8-10% annually), and galloping or hyper inflation (over 200% annually lasting over a year). Inflation can cause social tensions, money illusion, macroeconomic consequences, uncertainty, speculation, bracket creep, and deflation dangers. It is measured to gauge the average rate and identify victims. The main causes are demand-pull inflation from excessive demand, and cost-push inflation from higher production costs putting upward pressure on prices.
2. History of IT in business
Manual transactions
MS-Office
Business Software (Accounting)
Computer Communications( WWW, Internet, E-
commerce etc
Data, Information, Knowledge ,processes
, organization. DSS, ES, KM, Data mining and Data-
warehousing, Business Intelligence.
Future of IT
3. Cont……
IT related and managerial solutions and business
strategies are being used to make business more
effective , efficient and competitive.
Typically a business has two resources
1-Physical resources.
(Personnel, Material, Machines (including facilities
and energy) and Money. They build physical system of
an organization.
2- Virtual resources. (Information (including
data) also known as conceptual resources. They build
physical system of an organization.
4. Cont….
Physical recourses and virtual recourses are used to
cope with business problems/pressures.
Data and information is used to represent the physical
resources.
Virtual systems to represent/control physical systems
Computers are not being used merely to manage
physical firm (As virtual systems) but are also have a
big breakthrough in business applications.
H/W and S/W are physical sources, also machines
,materials and human resources are physical resources.
5. Chapter Preview
Marketplace pressures faced by today’s businesses
and various tactical and strategic responses.
The distinction between data, information, and
knowledge.
The characteristics of high quality information.
The components of an information system.
The capabilities organizations aspect of information
systems.
How computer technology is applied to business problems and
pressures.
Business processes are required to be more effective and
efficient competitively.
In which areas and level of businesses, an IS may have big
impact.
Opportunities to use information systems strategically.
All about “Information Processing Life Cycle”
6. Learning Objectives
Describe The characteristics of the digital
economy and e-business.
Discuss the relationships among business
pressures, organizational responses, and
information systems.
Describe strategic information system
(SISs) and how information technology
helps companies improve their competitive
positions.
7. Digital Economy
An economy based on electronic goods and services
produced by digital technologies, electronic
business and traded through electronic
commerce. That is, a business with electronic
production and management processes and that
interacts with its partners and customers and conducts
transactions through Internet and Web
technologies.
Also sometimes called the Internet economy, the new
economy, or the Web economy .
8. Infrastructure for e-business
e-business/ e-commerce the conducting of
business functions (e.g., buying and selling goods
and services, servicing customers, collaborating
with business partners) electronically, in order to
enhance an organization’s operations.
The infrastructure for e-business is network
computing, known as the internet, or to its
counter part within organizations, called an
intranet, many companies link their intranet to
those of their business partners over networks
called extranets.
9. Today’s pressure on Business Environment
Pressure on business environment is characterized
by:
Rapid Change and changing work force
Global competition for trade and labor
Business Complexity
Global Economy “traditional barriers”
Hyper-competition
Customer orientation
Information overload
Innovative technologies
10. Cont……
Need for the real time operations (Information
float) High performance telecom services can
reduce it.
Technological innovation and obsolescence
(CAD/CAM)
Social responsibility (Issue of regulation and
deregulation)
Ethical issues
Digital divide
Market research
Globalization/internationalization.
11. Traditional Management
CEO Condensed reports
Commands
Finance Marketing Accounting HRM MIS
Analyze data
Layers of middle managers
Collect
data
Customers
12. Some Key Definitions
Data: raw facts; collected, not organized.
Information: data organized in a meaningful way.
Knowledge Consists of information that has been
organized to convey
understanding, experience, accumulated learning, or
expertise as it applies to current business problems or
processes.
Knowledge is used to generate new information required
for a business solution.
Knowledge workers create information and knowledge and
integrate it into the businesses.
13. Data and Information
Data consists of facts and figures that are relatively
meaningless to user. E.g. the number of hours worked
for each employee in the company
Information is processed data that are more
meaningfully. E.g. the hours works for each employee
multiplied by the hourly rate, the out put information
is the gross earning
16. Data Vs Information Vs Knowledge
Data Knowledge Information
Simple observations Data with relevance Valuable information
of the world: and purpose: from the human mind:
•Easily captured •Requires unit of includes reflection,
•Easily structured analysis synthesis, context
•Easily transferred •Needs consensus on •Hard to capture
meaning electronically
•Compact,
quantifiable •Human mediation •Hard to structure
necessary •Often tacit
•Often garbled in •Hard to transfer
transmission •Highly personal to
the source
More human contribution
Greater value
17. Knowledge
Knowledge is information organized, processed and
analyzed to make derstandable and applicable to problem
solving and decision making.
A knowledge consists of
concepts, theories, heuristics, methods, procedures and
relationships that defines how the information is used to
solve a problem or make a decision..
Knowledge consists of information that has been organized
and processed to convey understanding
,experiences, accumulated learning or expertise as it
applies to a current business problem or a process.
The information that is processes to extract critical
implications and to reflect past experiences and expertise
provides the solution to a business problem.
Knowledge base contains knowledge for understanding
,formulating and solving a specific class of problems in
intelligent systems.
18. Types of Knowledge
Tacit knowledge is personal, context-specific and hard
to formalize and communicate
A knowledge developed and internalized by the knower over a
long period of time . . . incorporates so much accrued and
embedded learning that its rules may be impossible to
separate from how an individual acts. ‘knowing how’
Explicit knowledge can be easily collected, organized
and transferred through digital means.
A theory of the world, conceived of as a set of all of the
conceptual entities describing classes of
objects, relationships, processes, and behavioral norms.
Often referred to as ‘knowing that’, or declarative
knowledge.
19. What is Knowledge Management?
Knowledge Management is process of knowledge
base and capturing, storing, knowledge
discovery, Facilitating the knowledge sharing
processing and integrating for the purpose of
problem solving and decision-making in businesses.
20. Knowledge Key Concepts
Knowledge identification – what is important?
Knowledge discovery and analysis – finding and organizing
knowledge.
Knowledge acquisition – going and getting needed knowledge by
asking or promoting idea generation
Establishment of organizational knowledge bases – storing and
organization corporate knowledge
Knowledge distribution and use – ensuring that those who need
knowledge can access it
Knowledge assets - regarding markets, products, technologies, and
organizations that a business owns or needs to own
Best practices - collection of the most successful solutions and case
studies
Intellectual capital – Cumulative/A massed collection of knowledge
by an organization over the years
Knowledge system - collects knowledge, stores it in a
database, maintains the database, and disseminates the knowledge
to users
Competitive intelligence - collection of competitive information
21. Implementing Knowledge Management
Reorganize as knowledge-based organizations
Created a new position, chief knowledge officer
(CKO)
creating knowledge management infrastructure
building a knowledge culture
making it pay off
Facilitate organizational learning
learn from their experiences in order to survive
Other officers are CEO,CFO,COO,CIO,CTO
22. Promoting Idea Generation
Key source of knowledge is creative idea generation
by individuals or groups
Software tools (GDSS) can promote productive idea
generation for groups
Software tools also available for individuals to help
stimulate creative production of ideas
23. What Makes Information Useful (GIGO)?
It is accurate It is relevant
Free of errors Applies to the issue under
It is complete study
Includes everything needed It is timely
Available when needed
It is flexible
Can be viewed in various It is verifiable
ways Basis for results can be traced
It is reliable It is accessible
Results are always consistent All those who need the
it confirms validity
information can get to it
It is secure
Free from contamination
(accidental or deliberate)
24. Data Visualization
Analyzed data can be even more useful if
presented using Data Visualization techniques
Visual Interactive Modeling – graphic display of
decision consequences
Visual Interactive Simulation – simulation model is
animated and can be viewed and modified by decision
maker
Geographic Information Systems – display data related
to geographic location using digitized maps
Global Information systems: A system that consists of
a networks that cross national boundaries.
VR & AR
25. Information Specialists
Employee who are full time responsible for developing
and operating information systems.
System analyst is an expert who works with user in
developing system at defining problems and in
preparing written documentation of how the
computer will assist in solving the problem.
Database administrator works with user and system
analyst in creating the data needed to produce the
information needed by users
26. Information Specialists
Network specialist works with user and system
analyst in establishing the data communication
network that ties together widespread computing
resources.
Programmers use the documentation prepared by
the system analyst to create the software program
that lead the computer to transform data into
information needed by users.
Operators operates the computing equipment and
using software program.
27. Information Infrastructure
Information Infrastructure:
The physical & Virtual facilities, services and
management that support all organizational computing
resources.
Computer hardware
General-purpose software
Networks and communications facilities
Databases
Information management personnel
28. Cont…
Information Infrastructure (continued)
Defines
integration, operation, documentation, maintenance, an
d management of computing resources.
Defines how specific computing resources are
arranged, operated, and managed.
29. Information Architecture
A High-level plan that defines
The organization’s information requirements
The way these requirements are being satisfied.
Blueprints for future directions
This architecture includes planning the drawing
,purpose, and building constraints.
It can be divided into 2 major parts
Organizational objectives and problems
Existing infrastructure
Information architecture is different from computer
architecture which only describes the hardware needs of
computer system
Computer architecture involves several
processors, whereas the information architecture is just
like planning a house.
30. What is Information processing
cycle
Input
Procedures/Processes
Output
Disseminate Results
31. What is an Information System?
A system that collects, analyzes processes, stores,, and
disseminates information for a specific purpose..
Data Calculations
Process
Collect Produce
And
Instructions Inputs Outputs
Transform Reports
Store
32. Information system
An IS Collects, processes, stores, analyses and
disseminates information for a specific purpose.
It includes inputs, outputs, mechanism, to control these
Also includes the feedback to control all these
A set of interrelated components that collect(or
retrieve), process, store, and distribute information to
support decision making and control in an organization
What is a system: A set of components which
systematically interact with each other and have
same objective.
33. Function of IS
Input – the collection of raw data for
processing information system
Processing – the conversion of data
into information for more meaningful
Output – the distribution of processed
information
Feedback – output that is returned to
help evaluate or correct input
34. Major Capabilities of Information System
Perform high-speed, high-volume, numerical
computation.
Provide fast, accurate, and inexpensive
communication within and between organizations.
Automate both semiautomatic business processes and
manual tasks..
Increase the effectiveness and efficiency of people
working in groups in one place or in several
locations, anywhere.
Facilitate work in hazardous environment .
Fast, intelligent ,accurate processing of business
transactions.
Large capacity storage, retrieval, analysis, and data and
fast access to data spread around the world.
35. Capabilities of Information Systems
Increase communication Computer to Computer or
human to human.
Reduce information overload
Span organizational boundaries
Support and improve decision making & problem
solving.
Span boundaries in-side organization
Distinctive capabilities for providing competitive
advantage. e.g. airlines, online banking
38. IS Terms
Open system: Connected to its environment by means of
resource flows.
An open system interacts with its environment by means of
its physical recourses flows.
Closed system: Not connected to its environment. They
usually exist in tightly controlled laboratory systems.
A closed system does not interact with
customers, managers or any one else.
Information system is a virtual/conceptual system as well
as an open system.
A physical system is also an open system.
39. Cont…
Open and closed loop systems
Not all systems are able to control their own
operations. A system without the control
mechanism, feedback loop, and objective elements is
called an open loop system.
A system with the following three control elements is
called a closed loop system.
Control mechanism
Feedback loop
Objective elements
42. What is a subsystem & Super Sys?
A subsystem is simply a system within a system. This
means that systems exist on more than one level and
can be composed of subsystems or elemental parts.
What is a Super System? (not frequently used)
When a system is part of a larger system, the larger
system is the super system.
44. What is Meant by a (CBIS)
Computer-based Information Systems
An information system using computer and
telecommunications technology to perform its
intended tasks.
Use computer hardware and software to process
and disseminate information
Fixed definitions of data and procedures for
collecting, storing, processing, disseminating, a
nd using these data
Can be computer-based or manual
MIS is a first information oriented system.
46. The Components of CBIS are as follows
Hardware
Set of devices such as processor, monitors, keyboards, printers that will
accept the data process them and displays them
Software
Set of computer programs, that enables the hardware to function to
process data
Data bases
An organized collection of related files or records that stores data and the
associations among them
Network
A connecting system that permits the sharing or resources among different
computers
Procedures
The strategies, policies, methods and rules for using the information system
People
The most important element in information systems, including who work
for it or uses it
48. Components of IS
Hardware, Input and output devices
Software, A set of computer programs that enables to
process data.
Database, Organized collection of files or records
that stores and associate the data.
Network, Connecting systems to share resources
among different computers.
Procedures, strategies, methods and rules for using
IS
People. Who work with IS or use outputs of IS
49. Types of CBIS
MIS: Management Information System
TPS: Transaction Processing Systems (Priory known as EDP and
accounting information system and then AIS accounting information
system)
EIS: Executive information system
Enterprise-wide system (A network of different information systems)
DSS: Decision Support System
GSS: Group support system
ES
OAS: Office automation system
GIS
ERP
IOS: Inter-organizational information system.
Connect two or more organizations having a common interest or business
need.
Important in facilitating e-commerce.
Intelligent systems/Intelligent agents
SIS: Strategic information system.
50. Cont….
HRIS: Human resource information system
MKIS; Manufacturing information system
FIS: Financial information system.
ESS: Executive support system.
AIS: Accounts Information system
51. Types of Business pressures
Market Pressure:
The global economy and strong competition
The changing nature of the workforce
Market research
Powerful customers/Customer orientation/Order fulfillment and customer services..
Technology Pressures:
Technological Innovation and Obsolescence
Information Overload.
Need for real time operations
Societal Pressure:
Social responsibility
Government regulation and Deregulation
De-Centralization
Spending for social programs
Protection Against Terrorist Attacks.
Ethical Issues
Labor pressures.
52. Market Pressures
The Global Economy and Hyper competition
Developing Countries are preferred. Traditional barriers.
Globalization and internationalization/International market place.
Cross cultural Impact
The Changing Nature of the Workforce
Diverse and versatile Workforces, Increasing no of
females, minorities, and physically challenged persons work in all
types of the positions.
Changing Traditional Work Environment.
Need for Real Time operations.
Fast, accurate, operations. Automated and intelligent
Powerful Customers
Knowledgeable Customers
53. Technology Pressures
Technological Innovation and Obsolescence
Has huge impact ranging from genetic engineering to food
processing.
Need for the real time operations,Today's companies don’t have the
luxury of information float.
Information float is the time between when a business event occurs
and when the info captured about the event reaches the necessary
decision makers.
Information Overload
Huge amount of information available to the consumers
The amount of information doubles every year and most of it is free
The information and knowledge generated and stored inside
organization are also increasing
So every one feels the pressure of this huge knowledge ,which becomes
sometimes difficult to choose the best among so much knowledge
54. Societal Pressures
Social Responsibility
Social Responsibility Act
Government Regulation and Deregulation
Deregulation intensifies competition.
Issues of health, safety ,environment pollution and equal opportunity
,licensing, copyright.
It is a matter of general public interest.
Protection Against Terrorist Attacks
Strong systems for security and attack pattern detection.
Ethical Issues
Are not cut and dried
Email monitoring, Sharing Customer data, Revealing personal
information
Ethics is the business context refers to standards and values for judging
whether a particular conduct in the workplace is right or wrong
These issues are very important because they can damage the reputation
of an organization as well as the persons.
The situation is critical when it comes between the countries
55. Cont…
Labor pressures
Labor costs differ from one country to another.
In addition companies pay high fringe and environment
protection costs. So that they have difficulty in competing in
developed countries.
For this it requires good communication ,between the
languages and cultural issues
The issue becomes more complex when Govt.involves
through laws of taxes, subsidies, import/export policies.
Decentralization
A social process in which businesses and industry moves from
urban centers to outlying districts .It is spread of power away
from the center to local branches or governments .
Digital Divide
56. Organizational Responses
Pressures provoke proactive and reactive
organizational responses.
Business responses to pressures may involve use of
Information Technology and Information Systems, also
some strategic business plans
In some cases, IT is the only solution to business
pressures.
Knowledge of IT capabilities is essential to today’s
business people.
57. Directions of Organizational Responses
Business Responses
Managerial IT/MIS
-Business Strategic plans
-Data/Information/Knowledge
management
-IT resources
59. Organizational responses
Developing Business strategic plans (SBP) for
systems using IT and IS.
Customer focused services and products and order
fulfillment.
Continuous improvement efforts (JIT and TQM)
E.g. e-commerce, e -business, e-marketing.
Business process reengineering BPR
Empowering employees and fostering collaborative
work and KM.
Global marketplace analysis
Business alliances/Mergers
60. Cont……
Reviving up employees financial energies
(Motivational theories on customer and employee)
Business alliances (Supply chain management SCM
Using CBIS at different levels of business processes.
E-commerce, Use of computing and communication
in business e.g. Internet ,WWW, E-commerce and
Expert systems, business intelligence, E-marketing, E-
banking, E-business etc.
Use of CAD/CAM
Data mining and data warehousing
Critical mass /Mass customization.
61. Cont… is a strategy of producing customized
Make-to-Order
products and services
Mass Customization
In mass production they produce a large quantity of identical items
In mass customization they produce a large quantity of items that
fit the desires of each customer.
Business Alliances : Joining hands with the competitors
/companies to improve services.
Electronic Business and E-Commerce is the newest and
most promising strategy.
Business Process Re-Engineering: organization
fundamentally and radically re designs its business process.
62. Customer relation ship marketing in action
Make it easy for customers to do business with you
Focus on end-customer for your products and services
Redesign your customer –facing business processes form
the end customer’s view.
Wire your company for the profit :design a comprehensive
,evolving electronic business architecture.
Adopt a customers-focused approach and prevent losing
customers to competitors.
To pay more attention to customers and their preferences
Foster customer loyalty. In e-commerce, especially this is
the key to the profitability.
63. Continuous improvement
They also make continuous efforts to improve their
productivity and quality
Productivity is the ratio of outputs to inputs.
They improve this ratio by increasing outputs, reducing
costs, increasing output faster than cost or combination
of both
Just in time
This is inventory approach, it attempts to reduce costs
by scheduling materials and parts to arrive at the
workstation exactly when they are required
It minimizes the space and cost
64. TQM( Total Quality Management)
It is organized effort to improve quality whenever
possible
IT can enhance it by improving data
monitoring, collection, analysis, and reporting,
Another expect is the decision making power to select
the best alternate course of action
However this task is difficult in large organizations, but
there is always survival to the fittest
65. Empowering employees
Giving employees the authority to act and make
decisions on their own is a strategy used by many
companies
Managers delegate authority to self-directed teams
who can execute the work faster and with fewer delays
then were possible in the traditional organizations.
IT supports it but also supports the centralized control
66. Hierarchical Organizational Structure
Headquarters
Division A Division B Division C
Administrative
Services
Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3
Top
managers Accounting Finance Marketing POM HRM CRM
Middle
managers
Supervisory
First line
managers
Operating
Employees
67. The General System Model Of The Firm
The figure shows the flow of resources from the environment
,through the firm and back to the environment.
It presents all types of organizations functional in the form of a
system.
It involves the flow of physical resources and virtual resources for
all types of organizational structures.
The physical flow include flow of personal ,material ,machine
and money.
Virtual flow involves flow of data, information and decisions.
Firm control mechanism contribute the firm to control its own
operations including performance standards to meet its
objectives, the firms, management and information processing
the transform data into information.
The feed back loop is composed of virtual resources .Data are
gathered from the firm and the environment and entered in to
the firm processor, which is transformed into the information
,eventually information is provided to managers to make
decisions to effect necessary changes in the physical system.
68. Environment
Standards
Info &
Information
Decisions Data
Information
Management
Process
Data
Physical Physical
Resources Resources
Input Transformation Output
Resources Process Resources
69. What managers Do
They plan, What they are to do
They organize to meet the plan
They staff their organization with the necessary
resources. e.g. IT/IS and managerial resources.
After having the resources they direct the resources
to execute the plan.
Finally they control the resources.
70. Management Levels
High level (strategic)
Long-range view
Planning
Middle level (tactical)
Carry out the plan
Assemble the material
Hire the resources
Organize and staff
Low level (operational)
Supervisor
Directing and controlling
72. Strategic Planning Level
The strategic planning level involves mangers at the top of the
organizational
hierarchy. The term strategic indicates the long-term impact of top
managers decisions on the entire organization. The term executive
is often used to describe a manager on the strategic planning level.
Top level managers eg president, vice president chief
executives, MD ,CIO,CKO,MEMBERS OF CORPORATE
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, IS STEERING COMMITTEE etc.
Management Control Level
These managers include middle managers, regional
managers, product directors, and divisional heads. Their level is
called “management control level” due to their responsibility of
putting plans into action and ensuring the accomplishment of
goals.
73. Cont…
Control level managers/Tactical level managers
They are responsible to put strategic plans in to actions
and ensure the goals are met..
Operational Control Level or Lower-level
Lower level managers are persons responsible for
carrying out the plans specified by managers on upper
levels. Their level is called the “operational control level”
because this is where the firm’s operations occur.
These are departmental heads, supervisors and project
leaders. they are responsible for plan accomplishment
,specified by managers on upper level
74. IMPLEMENTATION LEVELS OF IS
KIND OF SYSTEM GROUPS SERVED
STRATEGIC LEVEL SENIOR MANAGERS
MANAGEMENT LEVEL MIDDLE MANAGERS
KNOWLEDGE LEVEL KNOWLEDGE &
DATA WORKERS
OPERATIONAL OPERATIONAL
LEVEL MANAGERS
SALES & MANUFACTURING FINANCE ACCOUNTING HUMAN
MARKETING & ENGINEERING RESOURCES
74
76. All managers perform these functions, however with varying
emphasis as shown below.
77. Where managers are found
Managers on the strategic level place greater emphasis
on environmental information than do managers on
the lower levels. Managers on the operational control
level regard internal information as vital.
The second figure shows that strategic planning-level
managers prefer information in a summary
format, whereas operational control-level managers
prefer detail.
80. CEC
Note :Corporate executive committee is responsible for
strategic business planning and its responses. It also
provides the top –level oversight of information
recourses to the firm.
It guides the IS steering committee, usually chaired by
the CIO.
81. Business Environment
It refers to the combination of all
societal, legal, economic, physical and political
factors that effect business activities in any way.
SOCIETY Government
Financial
Global
Communit
Communit
y
y
Suppliers THE FIRM
Customers
Labor
Unions
Stakeholders Competitors
Owners
82. BPR
Business process
reengineering/re-design is to change
the technological, human ,managerial and processing
dimensions of a business. Some restructuring of
management realignments, mergers, consolidations
and operational integrations take place.
Knowledge Workers: Create
information and knowledge and integrate them into
the businesses.
83. BI
Business intelligence refers to the analysis performed
by DSS, ES, EIS, data mining and intelligent systems.
BI describes a verity of activities to pull together all
the data required to make a sound business
decision, regardless of where the data originate.
One ultimate use of the data gathered and processed
in the data life cycle for business intelligence.
An Intelligent system is an IS typically employing
AI, whose output resembles the human thought
process and is used to support decision making e.g.
neural computing, fuzzy logic, speech
understanding, robotics, sensory systems and case
based reasoning.
84. Data Mining and Analysis
Concerns
Ethical Issues
Valuable data-mined information may violate
individual privacy
Who is accountable for incorrect decisions that are
based on DSS?
Human judgment is fallible
Job loss due to automated decision making?
Legal Issues
Discrimination based on data mining results
Data security from external snooping or sabotage
Data ownership of personal data
85. Business Strategic Plan
Statement of the firms over all mission, the goals that
follow the mission and the broad steps necessary to
reach the mission ,for the business success and
survival.
It is a long range goals that describe the IT and IS
initiatives needed to achieve the goals of organization.
A typical business strategic plan has following
missions
• Efficiency
• Effectiveness
• Competitiveness.
86. Examples of Business Processes
Functional Area Business Process
Manufacturing and production Assembling the product
Checking for quality
Producing bills of materials
Sales and marketing Identifying customers
Making customers aware of the product
Selling the product
Finance and accounting paying creditors
Creating financial statements
Managing cash accounts
Human resources Hiring employees
Evaluating employees' job performance
Enrolling employees in benefits plans
87. Operations, Tactics, Strategy
Sector Operations Tactics Strategy
Production • Machine settings • Rearrange work area • New factory
• Worker schedules • Schedule new products • New products
• Maintenance sch. • Change inventory method • New industry
Accounting • Categorize assets • Inventory valuation • New GL system
• Assign expenses • Depreciation method • Debt vs. equity
• Produce reports • Finance short/long term • International taxes
Marketing • Reward salespeople • Determine pricing • Monitor competitors
• Survey customers • Promotional campaigns • New products
• Monitor promotions • Select marketing media • New markets
88. Environmental Resource flow
A firm is connected to its environmental elements
by environmental resource flow.
Environmental resource flow is the flow of supply
chain.
Common flow includes exchange of money flow to
stakeholders ,material flow to
customer, information flow from customer and
raw material flow from suppliers.
Less common flow is money flow from the
Gov, material flow to suppliers and personal flow
to competitors.
89. Supply chain
Flow of materials, information, payments, and
services, from suppliers through factories and
warehouses, to end customers
Includes all organizations and processes that
create and deliver products, information, and
services to the end customers
It includes many tasks such as purchasing, payment
flow, material handling, production planning, logistics
etc.
Supply chain management -
planning, organizing, coordinating, and
controlling all activities in the supply chain
90. Simplified Supply Chain
SCM
Internal Downstream
Upstream
Organization’s Distributors
material production
processes, including
information materials
Suppliers
handling, inventory
money
management, manuf
acturing, quality Retailers
control
Customers
91. Activities of SCM
Forecasting the customer demand
Scheduling the production
Establishing transportation networks
Ordering replenishments stock from the suppliers
Receiving stock from suppliers
Managing inventory (Raw material, work in process and
finished goods)
Executing the products
Transporting the resources to customers
Tracking the flow of resources from suppliers, through the
firm and to the customers.
ERP software like SAP/Oracle help flow of supply chain.
92. Using IT Strategically
Businesses today must understand how IT can
reshape and refine business strategy
Porter’s Strategic Analysis Model
Helps in understanding strategic forces affecting organizations in
particular industries
IT can be applied to strengthen and support a specific business
strategy
Value Chain
Helps in identifying ways IT can improve the quality and
efficiency of organizational processes
93. SIS
A system that will provide strategic advantage in
meeting organizational objectives ,increasing
market shares, or preventing competitors from
entering a market and so will significantly impact
an organization’s operations, success and survival.
Strategic Systems: enable organizations to
Increase market share and/or profits.
Better negotiate with suppliers
Prevent competitors from entering their territory, E.g.. Tracker Systems
in cars. Courier Services
Organizations implement systems that will impact the
operations, success, survival.
94. Competitive Advantage
Firms strive to obtain an advantage over their
competitors.
Firms achieve advantages by providing services and
products at a low price, providing high quality products
and providing customized services or products.
Firms also achieve competitive advantages by using
their virtual resources as well as using their physical
resources.
95. Porter’s Value chain
Porter believes that firm achieves competitive
advantages by creating Value Chain.
He illustrates that the primary and support activities
can contribute to the MARGIN.
MARGEN is the value of the firm’s products and
services, as perceived by the firm’s customer, minus
their costs.
An increased margin is the objective of the value
chain.
Firm creates value by performing Vale Chain activities.
96. Porter’s Value Chain Model
There are two types of value activities in Value Chain.
1-Primary value chain activities that manage the flow of
physical resources through the firm that include
Inbound logistics
Operations
Outbound logistics
Marketing and sales operations
Service activities.
2-Support value chain activities that influence the primary
activities that include.
Firm infrastructure
HRM
Technology development
Procurements
97. Properties of Value Chain activities
Each value activity whether primary or support
contains following three essential ingredients
Purchased inputs
Human resources
Technology
Similarly each activity uses and creates
information
For example information specialists in services
unit may combine purchased commercial
database, leased computing equipment and
custom-developed programs to produce decision
support information for the executives of the firm.
98.
99. Strategic plan for business areas
Fully committed executives in strategic plans also see a
need for developing respective strategic plans for each
business area.
In this approach each area has its independent plan
which may have influence with the strategic plans of
other areas.
However such approach do not ensure that business
areas will work together well.
100.
101. Strategic Planning for Information
Resources SPIR
SPIR involves a concurrent/repetitive
development of strategic plans for information
services and the firm, so that the firm’s plan
reflects the support to be provided by the
information services.
IS plan reflects future demands for the systems
support.
SPIR may be different for different organizations
,but all SPIR have following two core elements.
Objectives to be achieved by each category of system during the
time period covered by the plan.
The information resources necessary to meet the objectives.
102. The following figure illustrates the manner in which each planning process
influences the other.
103.
104.
105. EXPANDING VALUE CHAIN
Management must alert to the additional advantages by
linkage of firm’s value chain to those of other
organizations. Such linkage results in IOS.
Firm can also take advantage of its value chain by linking to
those of its suppliers by implementing systems that make
input resources available when needed e.g. JIT.
A firm can also link its value chain with those of its
distribution channel members, creating a VALUE SYSTEM.
When the buyers of a firm ‘s product are
organizations, their value chain can also be linked to those
of the firm and its channel members.
106.
107. Dimensions of Value Chain
Strategic advantage
It has a fundamental effect in shaping the firm’s operations. E.g.
conversion of existing data in to standard database and access via web
applications, use of custom tailored software instead of proprietary
software.
Tactical advantage
When a firm implements a strategy in a perfect way than its competitors
, it achieves a tactical advantage. e.g. customer services can be extended
to offer customer direct access to the information resulting customer
satisfaction.
Operational advantage
Operation advantage deals with every day transactions and processes.
this is where the IS interacts directly with the processes. eg a web
browser is an IS and it has Cookies in order to have direct interaction
with the processes of client.
108. Challenges from Global Competitors
and MNC
MNC is a firm that operates across the
products, markets, nations and culture.
It consists of a parent company having a group of
its subsidiaries ,which are geographically
dispersed.
It must not be confused with the limit of global
competitors.
Developed countries like USA and China are
outsourcing some of their operations, India is
major destination.
109. Cont….
Special Need for Information Processing in an
MNC
All firms need for information processing and
coordination, but it is crucial for MNC because
MNC is an open system that seeks to minimize its
uncertainty in its environment.
Uncertainty is a difference between the amount of
information required to perform a task and the
information already processed by an organization.
Hence making good use of IT can cope
uncertainty.
110. Cont……
The special Need for Coordination in an MNC.
Coordination in a key to achieve competitive
advantage in global marketplace.
How ever companies are unable to gain strategic
control of their world wide operations and manage
them in a globally coordinated manner will not
succeed in the international economy.
So MNC faces grater restrictions than a national
company eg because of conflicting business
practices, cultural differences, governmental policies
impositions and currency differences.
However developing a GIS is very effective in
competing global challenges.
111. ADVENTAGES OF MNC
There are many advantages of Coordination in
MNC
Flexibility in responding to competitors in different countries
and markets.
Ability to keep abreast of international market needs.
Knowledge sharing across the globe.
Reduced cost of operations.
Increased efficiency and effectiveness
Ability to achieve and maintain the diversity in the firms
products and in how products are produced and distributed.
112. WHAT IS A GIS
MNC attempts GIS to overcome its problems
Term coined are “Global Information System”
A system that consists of network hat cross national boundaries.
Constraints of GIS
Politically Imposed Constraints
IT infrastructure in owned by governmental authorities, Difference
between governmental national policies for data
processing, Crossing boundaries barriers for goods, product
licensing , Taxes and customs etc.
Cultural and Communication Barriers
Business practices, development of cross cultural
products, Language differences, value differences, Color
differences, racial differences, Various religious aspects.
Restriction on hardware/Software purchase and Import
In case of foreign import and equipment may cause problem of
interoperability / incompatibility.
113. Cont….
Restrictions on data Processing and communication
Data and information dissemination across the world arises the issue of
IPR, Privacy and confidentiality, data protection and security issues etc.
Maintenance of TDF (Transborder data flow)
Technological problems
Poor Information technology infrastructure, software copy right and
piracy are used in certain countries.
Lack of Support from Subsidiary Managers
Managers of subsidiary think that they can run their offices on their own
without help of parent company, Similarly foreign office managers
consider that the GIS is surveillance. Middle managers are having fear to
be by –passed in they will be completely dependent on GIS.So they avoid
support and feed back to the parent company.
NOTE : However such problems can be minimized by
implementation of Good KM and SPIR (Making strategy for
enterprise)
114. What can we do with the stored data?
Online analytical processing (OLAP)
Analytical Processing - the activity of analyzing
accumulated/aggregated data.
It involves the storage of the data in a
multidimensional form to facilitate the presentation
of an almost infinite number of data views.
115. Features of OLAP
Analysis by end users from their
desktop, online, using tools like spreadsheets.
Analyze the complex relationships between
many types of business elements (Large data
sets)
Compare aggregated data over hierarchical time
periods (monthly, quarterly, annually)
Present data in different perspectives
(Retrospective)
Involve complex calculations between data
elements.
Respond quickly to users requests
116. What can we do with the stored
data?
Data mining – intelligent search of data stored in
data marts or warehouses
Find predictive information
Discover unknown patterns
End users perform mining tasks with very powerful
tools
Mining tools apply advanced computing techniques
(learning, intelligence)
Data warehousing
117. Moore’s Law
The term moor’s Law was coined by one of the founder
of Intel in 1960.
It states the power of computer doubles about every
year with the same cost ,which was increased to 18
months latter on.
18 months =1.5 years
15 years=15/1.5=10
210=1024
118. Moor’s Law Application
By same law after 30 years Comparison of salaries
the power of computer
purchased will be Year Friend You
30/1.5=20
1 $40,000 $5000
220=1024*1024=1048576
3 $57,600 $20,000
with same cost and so on…
6 $99,533 $80,000
Your friend hired at
9 $171,993 $320,000
$40,000 with 20% increase
every year 12 $297,203 $1280,000
15 $513,567 $5120,000
You hired at $5000 with
double salary every 1.5
years.
119. Role of information in problem solving and
decision making
A problem is a condition or an event that is harmful or
potentially harmful to a firm or that is beneficial or
potentially beneficial for the firm.
Problem solving
A process of problem identification of causes and then
repetitively analyzing and choosing different
alternatives and finally to make some decision to solve
the problem.
120. Classification of problems
A structured problem is a problem if it consists of
elements and relationships among the elements
which are understood by the problem solver.
A Semi-structured problem is a problem if it
consists some of its elements and relation ships
among the elements which are understood by the
problem solver and some that are not understood
by the problem solver.
An un-structured problem is a problem if it
consists of elements and relation ships among the
elements which are not understood by the
problem solver.
121. Solving Structured and Unstructured
problems
Structured problems lend themselves to programmed
decisions
Unstructured problems require un-programmed
decisions
122. Problem solving Activities
Identification of problem (where is problem ,what is
problem, Definition of problem, Data gathered on scope, Constraints
identified.
1-Internal constraints e.g. limited resources
2-Environmental constraints eg pressures to restrict resource flow
Classification of problem into a standard category
Causes evaluation
Intelligence activity (brain storming, critical
thinking, creative, thinking, reasoning, argumentation, logic, analysis, f
orecasting and judgments)
Design Activity Invent ,develop a most plausible course of action
towards problem solving). Construct a standard mathematical model
e.g. selecting a model
Choice activity (Involves the selection of best alternative that actually
solves the faced problem. Find potential solutions
Reviewing the selected choice for further refinement and
recommendation of the solution.
123. States of problem
Process of problem solving
Internal
Constraints
Current State Desired State
Environmental
Constraints
124. Elements of Problem Solving Process
PROBLEM
Desired Alternative
STANDARDS State Solutions
Problem
Solver
INFORMATION Constraints
Current
State
Solution
125. Problem
Identify
Information
Intelligence
Design Information
Choice Information
Solution
Information
Review
126. Thinking about decisions…
A Framework for Computerized Decision
Support
Problem Structure
Decision making processes fall along a continuum that ranges
from highly structured to highly unstructured decisions
Nature of Decisions
Strategic planning decisions - the long-range goals and
policies for resource allocation.
Management control decisions - the acquisition and efficient
utilization of resources in the accomplishment of
organizational goals.
Operational control decisions - the efficient and effective
execution of specific tasks.
128. Thinking about decisions…
Structured decisions have long been supported by
computers
Classes of structured decisions have been addressed
mathematically with Management Science models
Types of decisions
Programmed decisions: Usually
repetitive and routine decisions, also
can be automated
Non-Programmed Decisions :Are novel
and unstructured, unusually
consequential.
129. Decision Levels
Decision Description Example Type of Information
Level
Strategic Competitive New product External events,
advantage, become a that will change rivals, sales, costs
market leader. Long- the industry. quality, trends.
term outlook.
Tactical Improving operations New tools to Expenses, schedules,
without restructuring cut costs or sales, models,
the company. improve forecasts.
efficiency.
Operations Day-to-day actions to Scheduling Transactions,
keep the company employees, accounting, human
functioning. ordering resource
supplies. management,
inventory.
130. Decision Making Process
REALITY
Examination
Validation of
Intelligence Phase
the Model
Design Phase
Verification, Testing of
Proposed Solution
Choice Phase
SUCCESS Implementation
of Solution
FAILURE