The document defines various business and economic terms including stockholder, economist, creditor, stakeholder, oligopolistic market, monopolist, monopoly, perfect competition, quota, embargo, import duty, currency devaluation, partnership, joint stock company, limited liability company, sole proprietorship, countertrade, dumping, antidumping, trade deficit, trade surplus, consumerism, corporate governance, social audit, corporate social responsibility, entrepreneur, angels, syndicate, cost leadership, niche, differentiation, deficit, breakeven, budgeting, amortization, retail, wholesale, warehouse, agency, business environment, and public limited company. It also provides the top 10 methods for raising capital for a small business.

1. stockholder
Definitions (2)Save to FavoritesSee Examples
1. An individual, group, or organization that holds one or more shares in
a company, and in whose name the share certificate is issued. Also
called shareholder.
economist
DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples
An individual who studies and interprets
the data concerning the factors that influence supply and demand, such
as inflation and unemployment.
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creditor
DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples
A party to whom money is owed.
Common classifications of a creditor include (1) Secured: who has a legal right to
take a specific property of the borrower and sell it in case of a default. (2)
Unsecured: who does not have any such right. (3) Preferential or senior: who
takes precedence over other creditors in laying claim to a bankrupt borrower's
property. (4) Junior: whose claim is addressed after satisfying the claims of
preferential or senior creditors.
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stakeholder
DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples

2. A person, group or organization that has interest or concern in an organization.
Stakeholders can affect or be affected by
the organization's actions, objectives and policies. Some examples
of key stakeholders
are creditors, directors, employees, government (and its agencies), owners (shar
eholders), suppliers, unions, and the community from which
the business draws its resources.
Not all stakeholders are equal.
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oligopolistic
DefinitionSave to Favorites
Market where commodity supply is controlled by a small number
of producers each having the ability to influence prices. Branch of
social science dealing with management of production, distribution,
and consumption of goods and services.
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monopolistic market
Definition
A situation where only "one" (Greek meaning of
"mono") company offers its products or services to the public, thereby creating a
monopoly, a sole supplying firm where the consumer has no option or choice but
to buy their services or products. When this occurs, and there is
no competition, prices will go up to the detriment of the public.
Several government agencies keep the formation of monopolies under control,
especially in markets like telecommunications, media, and utilities, among
others.

3. monopolist
DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples
Individual that seeks to own a large portion or nearly all of the market for a
given type of product or service. If successful, a monopolist may be able to
become very rich but the act of cre
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monopoly
DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples
Market situation where one producer (or a group of producers acting in
concert) controls supply of a good or service, and where the entry of new
producers is prevented or highly restricted. Monopolist firms (in their attempt to
maximize profits) keep the price high and restrict the output, and show little or
no responsiveness to the needs of their customers. Most governments therefore
try to control monopolies by (1) imposing price controls, (2) taking over
their ownership (called 'nationalization'), or (3) by breaking them up into two or
more competing firms. Sometimes governments facilitate the creation of
monopolies for reasons of national security, to realize economies of scale for
competing internationally, or where two or more producers would be wasteful or
pointless (as in the case of utilities). Although monopolies exist in
varying degrees (due to copyrights, patents, access to materials,
exclusive technologies, or unfair trade practices) almost no firm has a complete
monopoly in the era of globalization.
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perfect competition
Definition
The theoretical free-market situation in which the following conditions are met:
(1) buyers and sellers are too numerous and too small to have

4. any degree of individual control over prices, (2) all buyers and sellers seek to
maximize their profit (income), (3) buyers and seller can freely enter or leave
the market, (4) all buyers and sellers
have access to information regarding availability, prices,
and quality of goods being traded, and (5) all goods of a particular nature
are homogeneous, hence substitutable for one another. Also called perfect
market or pure competition.
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quota
Definitions (2)
1. Proportionate share or part, such as a sales quota.
2. Limitation on the quantity that must not be exceeded, such as an import
quota.
Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quota.html#ixzz2UW15XTN0
embargo
DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples
Official suspension of import and/or export of some specific or all goods, to or
from a specific port, country, or region, for political, health, or labor related
reasons, for a specified or indefinite period.
R import duty
Definition
a tax on goods imported into a country
Currency devaluation
A deliberate downward adjustment in the official exchange rates established, or pegged, by a
government against a specified standard, such as another currency or gold.

5. partnership
DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples
A type of business organization in which two or
more individuals pool money, skills, and other resources,
and share profit and loss in accordance with terms of the partnership agreement.
In absence of such agreement, a partnership is assumed to exit where
the participants in an enterprise agree to share the
associated risks and rewards proportionately .
Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/partnership.html#ixzz2UW2aSTSy
joint stock company
Definitions (2)Save to FavoritesSee Examples
1. In the UK: The original (17th century) name for a corporation in which
the liability of the owners is limited to the nominal value of
the stock (shares) held by them.
2. In the US: Corporation with unlimited liability for
the shareholders. Investors in a US joint stock company receive stock (shares)
which can be transferred, and can elect a board of directors, but are jointly-and-
severally liable for company's debts and obligations. A US joint stock company
cannot hold title to a realproperty.
Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/joint-stock-company.html#ixzz2UW2n0G8Z
limited liability
DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples
The legal protection available to the shareholders of privately and publicly
owned corporations under which the financial liability of each shareholder for
the company's debts and obligations is limited to the par value of his or her
fully paid-up shares. The company itself, as a legal entity, is liable for the rest.
Also called limited personal liability.

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company
DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples
A voluntary association formed and organized to carry on
a business. Types of companies include sole proprietorship, partnership, limited
liability, corporation, and public limited company.
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sole proprietorship
Definition
A business structure in which an individual and his/her company are considered
a single entity for tax and liability purposes. A sole proprietorship is a company
which is not registered with the state as a limited liability
company or corporation. The owner does not pay income tax separately for the
company, but he/shereports business income or losses on his/her
individual income tax return. The owner is inseparable from the
sole proprietorship, so he/she is liable for any business debts. also
called proprietorship.
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more: http://www.investorwords.com/4626/sole_proprietorship.html#ixzz2UW3
MoprR
countertrade
Definition
Reciprocal trade in which goods or services are exchanged not for cash but for
other goods or services. A large part of the internet commerce comprises of local
and international counter-trade.

7. Read
more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/countertrade.html#ixzz2UW3rMl4L
Definition of 'Dumping'
In international trade, the export by a country or company of a product at a price
that is lower in the foreign market than the price charged in the domestic market. As
dumping usually involves substantial export volumes of the product, it often has the
effect of endangering the financial viability of manufacturers or producers of the
product in the importing nation. Dumping is also a colloquial term that refers to the
act of offloading a stock with little regard for its price.
antidumping
Intended to discourage importation and sale of foreign-made goods at prices substantially
below domestic prices for the same items.
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trade deficit
DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples
Excess of a nation's imports of goods (tangibles) over its export of goods during
a financial year, resulting in a negative balance of trade. Opposite
of trade surplus. See also balance of payments.
Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/trade-deficit.html#ixzz2UW5ORBUR
trade surplus
definition[Save to Favorites][Examples]
A positive balance of trade, i.e. exports exceed imports. opposite of trade
deficit.
Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act
Identity theft crime has grown to epidemic proportions in recent years. With the
passage of the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions (FACT) Act, Congress
adopted a number of measures aimed at prevention of and help for victims of
identity theft. Included are provisions for accuracy of information, privacy, limits
on information sharing, and new consumer rights to disclosure. The new law
provides the following rights for consumers.

8. consumerism
Definitions (3)
1. Organized-efforts by individuals, groups, and governments to help
protect consumers from policies and practices that infringe consumer rights to
fair business practices.
2. Doctrine that ever-increasing consumption of goods and services forms the
basis of a sound economy.
3. Continual expansion of one's wants and needs for goods and services.
Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/consumerism.html#ixzz2UW7WyvE0
corporate governance
Definition
The framework of rules and practices by which a board of
directors ensures accountability, fairness, and transparency in
a company's relationship with its all stakeholders (financiers, customers, manage
ment, employees, government, and the community).
The corporate governance framework consists of (1) explicit and implicit
contracts between the company and the stakeholders
for distribution of responsibilities, rights, and rewards, (2) procedures for
reconciling the sometimes conflicting interests of stakeholders in accordance with
their duties, privileges, and roles, and (3) procedures for proper supervision,
control, and information-flows to serve as a system of checks-and-balances. Also
called corporation governance. See also Cadbury rules and governance.
social audit
Definition

9. The process of evaluating a firm's various operating procedures, code of conduct,
and other factors to determine its effect on a society. The goal is to identify
what, if any, actions of the firm have impacted the society in some way. A social
audit may be initiated by a firm that is seeking to improve its cohesiveness or
improve its image within the society. If the results are positive, they may be
released to the public. For example, if a factory is believed to have a
negative impact, the company may have a social audit conducted to identify
actions that actually benefit the society.
corporate social responsibility
Definition
A company’s sense of responsibility towards
the community and environment (both ecological and social) in which
it operates. Companies express this citizenship (1) through their waste
and pollution reduction processes, (2) by contributing educational and
social programs, and (3) by earning adequate returns on the
employed resources.
entrepreneur
Definition
Someone who exercises initiative by organizing a venture to take benefit of
an opportunity and, as the decision maker, decides what, how, and how much of
a good or service will be produced.
An entrepreneur supplies risk capital as a risk taker,
and monitors and controls the business activities. The entrepreneur is usually
a sole proprietor, a partner, or the one who owns the majority of shares in
an incorporated venture.
According to economist Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1883-
1950), entrepreneurs are not necessarily motivated by profit but regard it as
a standard for measuring achievement or success.

10. angels
Definitions
An individual high-risk investor who likes to make investments in
promising acquisitions. Angels often have valuable business experience and can
be helpful as members of the board of directors.
syndicate
Definitions (2)
1. Temporary association of two or more individuals or firms to carryout a
specific business venture or project such as large scale real estate development.
Syndicates are commonly treated
as corporations or partnerships for tax purposes.
2. Group of brokers or insurance underwriters who together accept
the risk of buying and distributing a new stock issue or an insurance risk.
Cost leadership
Definition
Strategy used by businesses to create a low cost of operation within their niche.
The use of this strategy is primarily to gain an advantage over competitors by
reducing operation costs below that of others in the same industry.
Niche
Definition
A recess in a wall, usually intended for statuary.
Often a base and a canopy project out from the
wall around the recess.

11. differentiation
Definition
Result of efforts to make a product or brand stand out as a provider of
unique value to customers in comparison with its competitors.
deficit
Definition
Excess of expenses over income or liabilities over assets.
breakeven
DefinitionSave to FavoritesSee Examples
To experience neither gain nor loss, neither benefit nor detriment. "During the
year my portfolio was substantially down, but due to some gains near the end of
the year it was able to reach breakeven."
budgeting
Definition
Process of expressing quantified resource requirements (amount of capital,
amount of material, number of people) into time-phased goals and milestones.
amortization

12. Definitions (2)
1. Accounting: Preferred term for the apportionment (charging or writing off) of
the cost of an intangible asset as an operational cost over the asset's estimated
useful life. It is identical to depreciation, the preferred term for tangible assets.
The purpose of both terms is to (1) reflect reduction in the book value of the
asset due to usage and/or obsolescence, (2) spread a
large expenditure proportionately over a fixed period, and thereby (3) reduce
the taxable income (not the actual or cash income) of a firm. In effect, it is
a process by which invested capital of a firm is recovered by gradual sale of the
firm's asset(s) to its customers over the years.
2. Banking: Gradual repayment of a loan in equal (or nearly equal) installments
which include portions of interest and principal amounts.
Retail
definition
Selling directly to consumers
wholesale
Definition[Save to Favorites][See Examples]
The sale of goods in quantity for resale purposes.
warehouse
Definition
A structure designed for the storage of commercial inventory.
agency
definitions (2)

13. 1. Name for the arrangement where an agent intermediates
between buyers and sellers and charges a commission for his participation. The
agent buys and sells for the account of the client, but the client assumes all risk.
2. More generally, the relationship between a principal and an agent.
business environment
DefinitionSave to Favorites
The combination of internal and external
factors that influence a company's operating situation. The business environment
can include factors such
as: clients and suppliers; its competition and owners; improvements in technolog
y; laws and government activities; and market, social and economic trends.
public limited company
Definition
A company whose securities are traded on a stock exchange and can
be bought and sold by anyone. Public companies are strictly regulated, and
are required by law to publish their complete and true financial position so
that investors can determine the true worth of its stock (shares). Also
called publicly held company.Public limited company and its abbreviation Plc are
commonly used in the UK in the way that corporation and Inc. is used in
the United States.
Top 10 Methods to Raise a Capital for Your
Small Business.
The following are the top 10 ways to raising capital for a small
business.

14. i. Part-time income: When no substantial amount of capital is
required in the initial start up, you can create a part time income
stream to fund your business venture. While doing that, you utilize
the spare time to study the nuts and bolts of the industry you intend
to get involved in.
ii. Love money: This is the money that come from people with
whom you have establish your credibility, people who have known
you for long time, or people closest to you such as relatives and
family. It is advisable to have every detail of the loan in written
agreement regardless of your relationship with them.
iii. Personal loan: If you have good credit standing or valuable
property, you can get a personal loan from financial institution.
Most financial institution will require you to have a business plan
with projected revenue and financing strategy.
iv. Angel investors: These are individuals with money but no
time or experience to run a business. They are usually self-
employed professionals such as physicians, lawyers and etc. If you
can show them how to get a reasonable return on their money in a
reasonable amount of time, they will usually say yes. However,
angel investors are usually very unhappy when the return is not as
much as they expected.
v. Joint Venture Partner: You can utilize other people’s
resources, or even credibility to get angel investors. Otherwise you

15. can get them to contribute to your efforts in creating value to the
market you serve.
vi. Personal Savings: This is self-explanatory.
vii. Line of Credit: This is also referred to as the maximum loan a
bank will allow the borrower for one-year period. Most commonly
used to seasonal financing such as inventory built-up and
receivable financing. It could be unsecured but sometimes bank
may require a pledge of inventory, receivables, equipment, or other
acceptable assets.
viii. Private placement: This is a source of equity capital for
private company that has decided not to go public. It is commonly
used by company to raise a specific amount of capital in a short
period of time. The company will offers stock to a few private
investors, rather than announcing public offering.
ix. Capital reinvestment: Start small. Monitor the cash inflow
and outflow of your organization very carefully. Instead of writing a
paycheck to yourself to satisfy your instant gratification, reinvest
the earned income into the business operation to generate more
cash flow.
x. Public Offering: Commonly referred to as IPO, or Initial Public
Offering. Company raises capital through federally registered and
underwritten sales of the company’s shares. It is advisable for you
to consult with lawyers and accountants with the recent regulations
and statues that governs IPO.

16. Be Sociable, Share!
DIFFERENCE B/W HIRING AND
RECRUITMENT
hriring is this
A union-operated placement center where jobs from various
employers are allotted to registered applicants according to a set
order.and this hiring takes places internally
Recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for
employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the ...company
which any company or industry it may be a IT , ITES, BPO , KPO OR
RETAIL , AIRLINE , BANKING ETCCCC :D :)
attribution
intensive distribution
Definition
A marketing strategy under which a company sells through as many outlets as
possible, so that the consumers encounter the product virtually everywhere they
go: supermarkets, drug stores, gas stations, and the like. Soft drinks are
generally made available through intensive distribution.
exclusive distribution
Definition
Situation where suppliers and distributors enter into an exclusive agreement that
only allows the named distributor to sell a specific product. For example, Apple
had an exclusive distribution deal with AT&T to provide the iPhone to consumers.
whistleblowing

17. The term whistleblowing can be defined as raising a concern about a wrong doing within an
organization. The concern must be a genuine concern about a crime, criminal offence,
miscarriage of justice, dangers to health and safety and of the environment – And the cover
up of any of these.
SWOT analysis
Situation analysis in which internal strengths and weaknesses of an organization,
and external opportunities and threats faced by it are closely examined
to chart a strategy. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and
threats. See also PEST analysis.
competitive environment
The competitive environment of a business is the part of a company's external environment that
consists of other firms trying to win customers in the same market. It is the segment of the
industry that includes all immediate rivals.