Because the technology is used largely in the last decades; cybercrimes have become a significant
international issue as a result of the huge damage that it causes to the business and even to the ordinary
users of technology. The main aims of this paper is to shed light on digital crimes and gives overview about
what a person who is related to computer science has to know about this new type of crimes. The paper has
three sections: Introduction to Digital Crime which gives fundamental information about digital crimes,
Digital Crime Investigation which presents different investigation models and the third section is about
Cybercrime Law.
Because the technology is used largely in the last decades; cybercrimes have become a significant
international issue as a result of the huge damage that it causes to the business and even to the ordinary
users of technology. The main aims of this paper is to shed light on digital crimes and gives overview about
what a person who is related to computer science has to know about this new type of crimes. The paper has
three sections: Introduction to Digital Crime which gives fundamental information about digital crimes,
Digital Crime Investigation which presents different investigation models and the third section is about
Cybercrime Law.
Prosecuting Cybercrime and Regulating the WebDarius Whelan
‘Prosecuting Cybercrime and Regulating the Web’, at seminar on the current State of Cybercrime and Cyberwar seminar, organised by the MA in Journalism with New Media class, in conjunction with CIT Development Office, Cork Institute of Technology, March 2014
20140314 Belgian Senate Judicial action of police on social mediaLuc Beirens
Presentation given in the Belgian Senate on 14 03 2014.
Comparison of classical police investigation methods with the new cyber investigation methods.
Problems and proposals for better cyber investigations
From corporate crimes to murder, computer place a role in nefarious activities either as a target, medium or containing evidence and thus, requiring specialist with a skill in the various technologies and legal knowledge to gather evidence stored digitally.
This chapter covers:
- Security concerns stemming from the use of computer networks
- Safeguards and precautions that can be taken to reduce the risk of problems related to these security concerns
- Personal safety issues related to the Internet
- Ways to protect against personal safety issues
- Legislation related to network and Internet security
Prosecuting Cybercrime and Regulating the WebDarius Whelan
‘Prosecuting Cybercrime and Regulating the Web’, at seminar on the current State of Cybercrime and Cyberwar seminar, organised by the MA in Journalism with New Media class, in conjunction with CIT Development Office, Cork Institute of Technology, March 2014
20140314 Belgian Senate Judicial action of police on social mediaLuc Beirens
Presentation given in the Belgian Senate on 14 03 2014.
Comparison of classical police investigation methods with the new cyber investigation methods.
Problems and proposals for better cyber investigations
From corporate crimes to murder, computer place a role in nefarious activities either as a target, medium or containing evidence and thus, requiring specialist with a skill in the various technologies and legal knowledge to gather evidence stored digitally.
This chapter covers:
- Security concerns stemming from the use of computer networks
- Safeguards and precautions that can be taken to reduce the risk of problems related to these security concerns
- Personal safety issues related to the Internet
- Ways to protect against personal safety issues
- Legislation related to network and Internet security
Cyberattacks are malicious actions taken by individuals, groups, or organizations against computer systems, networks, and digital devices with the intent to damage, steal or manipulate data, or disrupt normal operations. These attacks can target anyone, from individuals to governments and large corporations, and can cause severe damage to both personal and professional lives.
2014 GRC Conference in West Palm Beach-Moderated by Sonia LunaAviva Spectrum™
Slides from the 2014 GRC Conference Presented by:
Jeff Spivey, CRISC, CPP
Vice President of Strategy, RiskIQ, Inc.
President, Security Risk Management, Inc
Adair Barton, CPA, CISA
Vice President of Internal Audit
Dycom Industries, Inc.
and
David A. Less, CISA, CISM
CIO & SVP
Sunteck, Inc.
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER FORENSICS
Introduction to Traditional Computer Crime, Traditional problems associated with Computer Crime. Introduction to Identity Theft & Identity Fraud. Types of CF techniques – Incident and incident response methodology – Forensic duplication and investigation. Preparation for IR: Creating response tool kit and IR team. – Forensics Technology and Systems – Understanding Computer Investigation – Data Acquisition.
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER FORENSICS
Introduction to Traditional Computer Crime, Traditional problems associated with Computer Crime. Introduction to Identity Theft & Identity Fraud. Types of CF techniques – Incident and incident response methodology – Forensic duplication and investigation. Preparation for IR: Creating response tool kit and IR team. – Forensics Technology and Systems – Understanding Computer Investigation – Data Acquisition.
Cyberterrorism is the use of Internet based attacks in terrorist activities, including acts of deliberate, large-scale disruption of computer networks, especially of personal computers attached to the Internet, by the means of tools such as computer viruses.
Cyberterrorism is a controversial term. Some authors choose a very narrow definition, relating to deployments, by known terrorist organizations, of disruption attacks against information systems for the primary purpose of creating alarm and panic. By this narrow definition, it is difficult to identify any instances of cyberterrorism.
Cyberterrorism can be also defined as the intentional use of computer, networks, and public internet to cause destruction and harm for personal objectives.[1] Objectives may be political or ideological since this is a form of terrorism[citation needed].
There is much concern from government and media sources about potential damages that could be caused by cyberterrorism, and this has prompted official responses from government agencies.
Network security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a network administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification, or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources
LandscapingA local landscaping company that provides lawn-mowing.docxsmile790243
Landscaping
A local landscaping company that provides lawn-mowing, trimming and general landscape duties wants to get a jump on its competition by determining which houses in a section of town would best respond to marketing materials. A measure of which homeowners to approach would include their income, size of their yard and compare that against historical data on which homes have had landscaping services.
You were able to dig up a random sample of 30 households, given in the file Landscaping.xls. Using Excel, create a scatter plot of Lot Size vs. Income, color coded by the outcome variable Yes/No. Make sure to obtain a well-formatted plot (remove excessive background and gridlines; create legible labels and a legend, etc.). Hint: First sort the data by the outcome variable, and then plot the data for each category as separate series. Create the same plot, this time using Tableau. Compare the two processes of generating the plot in terms of effort as well as the quality of the resulting plots. What are the advantages of each? Explain.
Management Information Systems for The Information Age
Haag, S., & Cummings, M. (2013). Management information systems for the information age .
New York: McGraw-Hill.
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION I
svsTEMs r FOR THE 1N~ORMAT10N AGE
> > Ninth Edition Stephen HAAG I Maeve CUMMINGS
L_ - - -- ____,
-·
EXTENDED LEARNING MODULE H
Define computer crime and list three types of computer crime that can be
perpetrated from inside and three from outside the organization.
Identify the seven types of hackers and explain what motivates each group.
Define digital forensics and describe the two phases of a forensic investigation.
Describe what is meant by anti-forensics and give an example of each
of the three types.
Describe two ways in which businesses use digital forensics .
...
-f 1ntroductio~
Computers play a big part in crime. They're used to commit crime, unfortunately. But
they are also used to solve crimes. This should come as no surprise since computers
are by now such an integral player in every part of our lives. Computers are involved in
two ways in the commission of crime: as targets and as weapons or tools. A computer
or network is a target when someone wants to bring it down or make it malfunction, as
in a denial-of-service attack or a computer virus infection. Crimes that use a computer
as a weapon or tool would include acts such as changing computer records to com-
mit embezzlement, breaking into a computer system to damage information, and steal-
ing information like customer lists. See Figure H.l for examples of computer-related
offenses in which computers are used as weapons/tools and targets of crime.
Some crimes are clearly what we call computer crimes, like Web defacing, denial-of-
service attacks, e-mail scams, and so on. But as is the case in so many parts of our modern
lives, computers are also so integrated into crime that it's hard to separate them ou ...
Here you learn about the Cyber Security - Terminologies and its basics and cbyer security threats as well. Slides covering digital knowledge of internet.After going through the slides you will become aware of cyber security basics.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
2. Introduction
♦ Computers have become such valuable tools that today’s
business people have difficulty imagining work without
them.
♦ Yet the information age has also brought the following
potential problems for workers, companies, and society in
general:
• Computer waste and mistakes
• Computer crime
• Privacy issues
• Work environment problems
• Ethical issues
3. Computer Waste
♦ Discard old software and computer systems when
they still have value.
♦ Build and maintain complex systems that are never used to
their fullest extent.
♦ Employees playing computer games, sending unimportant
e-mail, or accessing the Internet.
♦ Junk e-mail, also called spam, and junk faxes cause waste.
– It wastes time and also computer resources.
– Spam messages often carry attached files with embedded viruses
♦ A spam filter is software that attempts to block unwanted
e-mail
– This can be disastrous for people in sales or customer service
– Image-based spam is a new tactic spammers use to circumvent
spam-filtering software
4. PREVENTING COMPUTER-RELATED WASTE AND MISTAKES
♦ Preventing waste and mistakes involves
(1)Establishing,
(2)Implementing,
(3)Monitoring, and
(4)Reviewing effective policies and procedures.
5. Establishing Policies and Procedures
♦ A survey of 304 U.S. companies determined that
over one-fourth of bosses have fired employees for
inappropriate use of e-mail and one-third have fired
workers for wasting valuable time on the Internet.
♦ The first step to prevent computer-related waste is to
establish policies and procedures regarding efficient
acquisition, use, and disposal of systems and devices.
♦ Prevention of computer-related mistakes begins by
identifying the most common types of errors
6. …Establishing policies continued
♦ Types of computer-related mistakes include the following:
– Data-entry or data-capture errors
– Errors in computer programs
– Errors in handling files, including formatting a disk by
mistake, copying an old file over a newer one
– Mishandling of computer output
– Inadequate planning for control of equipment
malfunctions
– Inadequate planning for and control of environmental
difficulties (such as electrical and humidity problems)
– Failure to provide access to the most current
information by not adding new Web links and not
deleting old links
7. Implementing Policies and Procedures
♦ Most companies develop such policies and procedures
with advice from the firm’s internal auditing group or its
external auditing firm.
♦ The policies often focus on the implementation of source
data automation and the use of data editing to ensure data
accuracy and completeness
♦ Some useful policies to minimize waste and mistakes
include the following:
– The system should have controls to prevent invalid and unreasonable data
entry.
– A user manual should be available covering operating procedures
8. Monitoring Policies and Procedures
♦ Many organizations implement internal audits to measure
actual results against established goals, such as
– percentage of end-user reports produced on time,
– percentage of data-input errors detected,
– number of input transactions entered per eight hour shift, &so on.
9. Reviewing Policies and Procedures
♦ Do current policies cover existing practices adequately?
♦ Does the organization plan any new activities in the
future?
♦ Are contingencies and disasters covered?
10. …Reviewing Policies and Procedures
♦ Preventing errors and mistakes is one way to do so.
♦ Another is implementing in-house security measures and
legal protections to detect and prevent a dangerous type of
misuse: computer crime.
11. ♦ Wireless Security Challenges
– radio frequency bands are easy to scan.
– Both Bluetooth and Wi-Fi networks are susceptible to hacking by
eavesdroppers.
– war driving eavesdroppers drive by buildings or park outside and
try to intercept wireless network traffic
12. COMPUTER CRIME
♦ Today, computer criminals are bolder and more creative
than ever. With the increased use of the Internet, computer
crime is now global
♦ The following is a sample of recent computer crimes:
13. …Computer crimes
♦ A Chilean hacker gathered personal data about 6 million
people from various Chilean government sites including
names, addresses, phone numbers, ID numbers, and e-mail
addresses and posted them to a blog site for all to see. The
hacker’s motivation was to protest his country’s weak data
security.
♦ A 15-year-old Pennsylvania student broke into an
educational network and saved on a flash drive the names,
addresses, and Social Security numbers of some 55,000
people. The student was arrested and charged with four
offenses of unlawful duplication and theft.
14. …Computer crimes
♦ When customers initially link their brokerage accounts to
their bank account to allow the transfer of funds, firms
such as E*Trade and Schwab.com use a test procedure to
make micro-deposits of a few cents to a few dollars to the
bank account to ensure that the account numbers and
routing information are correct. A hacker took advantage
of a backdoor to this procedure by opening tens of
thousands of banking accounts with the brokerages and
linked them to fraudulent brokerage accounts to collect the
microdeposits. The hacker stole more than $50,000 over
six months
15. ♦ Part of what makes computer crime so unique and difficult
to combat is its dual nature—the computer can be
both the tool used to commit a crime and the object of that
crime.
16. THE COMPUTER AS A TOOL TO COMMIT CRIME
♦ Many people who commit computer-related crime claim
they do it for the challenge, not for the money.
♦ Criminals need two capabilities to commit most computer
crimes.
– First, the criminal needs to know how to gain access to the
computer system.
– Second, the criminal must know how to manipulate the system to
produce the desired result
♦ Social engineering
– Using social skills to get computer users to provide information to
access an information system or its data.
♦ Dumpster diving
– Going through the trash cans of an organization to find secret or
confidential information, including information needed to access
an information system or its data.
17. Cyberterrorism
♦ Cyber-terrorist: Someone who intimidates or
coerces a government or organization to advance his
political or social objectives by launching computer-based
attacks against computers, networks, and the information
stored on them.
– China, the United States, South Korea, Russia, and Taiwan are
currently the sources of most of the world’s malware
♦
18. …Cyberterrorism
♦ The small Baltic nation of Estonia was subjected to a
cyberterrorism attack for three weeks in 2007 that disabled
government and corporate networks. The attack followed
deadly riots by the nation’s ethnic Russian minority in
response to the relocation of a Soviet war memorial.
Moscow has denied any involvement.
♦ Pro-China cyberterrorists launched a brief denial-of-
service attack on the CNN Web site, which they believe
has been overly critical of China, to protest the news
network’s coverage of Tibet. The attack was cancelled
after less than 30 minutes, but the group threatened to
launch another attack in the near future.
19. Cyberwarfare
♦ Cyberwarfare is a state-sponsored activity designed to
cripple and defeat another state or nation by penetrating its
computers or networks for the purposes of causing damage
and disruption.
– There are 250,000 probes trying to find their way into the U.S.
Department of Defense networks every hour
– Over the years, hackers have stolen plans for missile tracking
systems, satellite navigation devices, surveillance drones, and
leading-edge jet fighters.
– STUXNET
20. …Cyberwarfare
♦ n July 2010, reports surfaced about a Stuxnet worm
that had been targeting Iran’s nuclear facilities
♦ Malicious software had infected the Iranian nuclear
facilities and disrupted the nuclear program by disabling
the facilities' centrifuges. Wiped 1/5th
of it. It delayed Iran 5
years
♦ It is the first visible example of industrial cyberwarfare
♦ TheWindows-based worm had a “dual warhead.”
– One part was designed to lay dormant for long periods, then speed
up Iran’s nuclear centrifuges so that they spun wildly out of
control.
– Another secretly recorded what normal operations at the nuclear
plant looked like and then played those recordings back to plant
operators so it would appear that the centrifuges were operating
normally when they were actually tearing themselves apart.
21. Identity Theft
♦ Identify theft
A crime in which an imposter obtains key pieces of
personal identification information, such as Social Security
or driver’s license numbers, to impersonate someone else.
♦ shoulder surfing—the identity thief simply stands next to
someone at a public office, such as the Bureau of Motor
Vehicles, and watches as the person fills out personal
information on a form
22. THE COMPUTER AS THE OBJECT OF CRIME
♦ A computer can also be the object of the crime, rather than
the tool for committing it.
♦ Vulnerability of a computer increases the risk of
becoming object of crime
23. Internet Vulnerabilities
♦ Computers that are constantly connected to the Internet by
cable modems or digital subscriber line (DSL) lines are
more open to penetration by outsiders because they use
fixed Internet addresses where they can be easily
identified.
– With dial-up service, a temporary Internet address is assigned for
each session.
– A fixed Internet address creates a fixed target for hackers.
♦ Most Voice over IP (VoIP) traffic over the public Internet
is not encrypted, so anyone with a network can listen in on
conversations
♦ Vulnerability has also increased from widespread use of e-
mail, instant messaging (IM), and peer-to-peer file-sharing
programs.
24. INTERNAL THREATS: EMPLOYEES
♦ We tend to think the security threats to a business originate
outside the organization. In fact, company insiders pose
serious security problems.
♦ Studies have found that user lack of knowledge is the
single greatest cause of network security breaches
♦ Malicious intruders seeking system access sometimes trick
employees
♦ Social engineering Tricking people into revealing their
passwords by pretending to be legitimate users or members
of a company in need of information
25. …THE COMPUTER AS THE OBJECT OF CRIME
♦ These crimes fall into several categories:
– illegal access and use,
– Data alteration and destruction,
– Information and equipment theft,
– Software and Internet piracy,
– Computer-related scams, and
– international computer crime.
26. Illegal Access and Use
♦ Hacker- A person who enjoys computer technology and
spends time learning and using computer systems.
♦ Criminal hacker (cracker)- A computer-savvy person who
attempts to gain unauthorized or illegal access to computer
systems to steal passwords, corrupt files and programs, or
even transfer money
♦ Script bunny- A cracker with little technical savvy who
downloads programs called scripts, which automate the job
of breaking into computers.
27. ♦ Insider : An employee, dissatisfied or otherwise, working
solo or in concert with outsiders to compromise corporate
systems
♦ Cyber vandalism- Intentional disruption, defacement, or
destruction of a Web site or corporate information system.
♦ Ransomware: Cybercriminals extort money from victims
by locking their devices remotely or by obtaining
embarrassing photos, documents, and other material that
can be dangled for a price.
♦ Rogues / Scareware (Rogue Anti Virus) pretend to be
security software. Often, fake warnings are used to make
you purchase the security software, which the pirates profit
from.
28. …Illegal Access and Use
♦ Some criminals have started phony VoIP phone companies
and sold subscriptions for services to unsuspecting
customers.
♦ Catching and convicting criminal hackers remains a
difficult task.
29. MALICIOUS SOFTWARE: VIRUSES, WORMS, TROJAN
HORSES, AND SPYWARE
♦ Malicious software programs are referred to as malware
and include a variety of threats, such as computer viruses,
worms, and Trojan horses
♦ As many as one of every 10 downloads from the Web
includes harmful programs
♦ The amount of harmful software in the world passed the
amount of beneficial software in 2007
♦ The security firm McAfee found nearly 13,000 different
kinds of malware targeting mobile devices in 2012, with
almost all attacks targeting devices using Google’s
Android operating system.
30. ♦ Virus- A computer program file capable of attaching to
disks or other files and replicating itself repeatedly,
typically without the user’s knowledge or permission
♦ Worm- A parasitic computer program that can create
copies of itself on the infected computer or send copies to
other computers via a network.
– Worms are parasitic computer programs that replicate but, unlike
viruses, do not infect other computer program files.
♦ Trojan horse- A malicious program that disguises itself as
a useful application or game and purposefully does
something the user does not expect
– E.g. MMarketPay- Trojan for Android phones.
– It has been detected in multiple app stores and has spread to more
than 100,000 devices.
31. ♦ Trojans are not viruses because they do not replicate, but
they can be just as destructive.
♦ A logic bomb is a type of Trojan horse that executes when
specific conditions occur
♦ A rootkit is a set of programs that enable its user to gain
administrator level access to a computer or network.
♦ A variant is a modified version of a virus that is produced
by the virus’s author or another person who amends the
original virus code.
– if the changes are significant, the variant might go undetected
by antivirus software.
♦ SQL injection attack Attacks against a Web site that take
advantage of vulnerabilities in poorly coded SQL
applications in order to introduce malicious program code
32. Spoofing
♦ Spoofing is tricking or deceiving computer systems or
other computer users by hiding one's identity or faking the
identity of another user on the Internet
– One increasingly popular tactic is a form of spoofing is phishing.
– In a more targeted form of phishing called spear phishing,
messages appear to come from a trusted source, such as an
individual within the recipient's own company or a friend.
– Phishing techniques called evil twins and pharming are harder to
detect.
– Evil twins- Wireless networks that pretend to be legitimate to
entice participants to log on and reveal passwords or credit card
numbers
– Pharming- Phishing technique that redirects users to a bogus Web
page, even when an individual enters the correct Web page
address.
33. Sniffing
♦ Sniffing- Type of eavesdropping program that monitors
information traveling over a network
– When used legitimately, sniffers help identify potential network
trouble spots or criminal activity on networks
34. Click fraud
♦ click fraud is falsely clicking on an online ad in pay
per click advertising to generate an improper charge per
click.
♦ It occurs when an individual or computer program
fraudulently clicks on an online ad without any intention
of learning more about the advertiser or making a
purchase.
♦ Click fraud has become a serious problem at
Google and other similar Web sites
♦ Some companies hire third parties (typically from low-
wage countries) to fraudulently click
♦ Click fraud can also be carried out with software programs
doing the clicking, and botnets are often used for this
purpose.
35. Using Antivirus Programs
♦ Some of the most highly rated antivirus software for 2015
include
– Bitdefender Antivirus Plus
– Kaspersky Anti-Virus
– McAfee AntiVirus Plus
– Norton Security
– Trend Micro Antivirus+ Security
– Avira Antivirus pro
– BullGuard Antivirus
– Escan Antivirus
– Zone Alarm Antivirus
– G-Data Antivirus
– Avast Pro Antivirus
– AVG AntiVirus
– Malwarebytes Anti-Exploit
– Webroot SecureAnywhere Antivirus
– Emsisoft Anti-Malware
– F-Secure Anti-Virus
– Panda Antivirus Pro
– ESET NOD32 Antivirus
36. ♦ Future antivirus programs might incorporate “nature-based
models” that check for unusual or unfamiliar computer
code.
♦ The advantage of this type of antivirus program is the
ability to detect new viruses that are not part of an
antivirus database.
37. ♦ Hoax, or false, viruses are another problem.
♦ Criminal hackers sometimes warn the public
of a new and devastating virus that doesn’t exist to create
fear
♦ Companies sometimes spend hundreds of hours warning
employees and taking preventive action against a
nonexistent virus.
38. ♦ Spyware
Software that is installed on a personal computer to
intercept or take partial control over the user’s
interaction with the computer without knowledge or
permission of the user.
♦ Key loggers are forms of spyware which record every
keystroke made on a computer to
– steal serial numbers for software,
– to launch Internet attacks,
– to gain access to e-mail accounts,
– to obtain passwords to protected computer systems, or
– to pick up personal information such as credit card numbers.
40. Information and Equipment Theft
♦ Password sniffer- A small program hidden in a network or
a computer system that records identification numbers and
passwords.
41. ….Information and Equipment Theft
To fight computer crime, many companies use devices that
disable the disk drive or lock the computer to the desk
42. Safe Disposal of Personal Computers
♦ Donation of personal computers no longer needed
♦ Sell at a deep discount to employees or auction.
♦ However, care must be taken to ensure that all traces of
any personal or company confidential data is completely
removed.
♦ Simply deleting files and emptying the Recycle Bin does
not make it impossible for determined individuals to view
the data.
♦ Be sure to use disk-wiping software utilities that overwrite
all sectors of your disk making all data unrecoverable.
♦ Darik’s Boot and Nuke (DBAN) is free and can be
downloaded from the SourceForge Web site.
43. Patent and Copyright Violations
♦ Software piracy- The act of unauthorized copying or
distribution of copyrighted software
– It involves the copying, downloading, sharing, selling, or installing
of multiple copies onto personal or work computers
♦ When you purchase software, you are purchasing a license
to use it; you do not own the actual software.
44. Computer-Related Scams
♦ Scam: works by sending customers an e-mail including a
link that seems to direct users to their bank’s Web site.
♦ At the site, they are greeted with a pop-up box asking them
for their full debit card numbers, their personal
identification numbers, and their credit card expiration
dates.
♦ The problem is that the Web site customers are directed to
is a fake site operated by someone trying to gain access to
their private information. As discussed previously, this
form of scam is called phishing.
45. Using Intrusion Detection Software
♦ Intrusion detection system (IDS)
Software that monitors system and network resources and
notifies network security personnel when it senses a
possible intrusion.
♦ Examples of suspicious activities include
– repeated failed logon attempts,
– attempts to download a program to a server, and
– access to a system at unusual hours
46. Security Dashboard
♦ Security dashboard is software that provides a
comprehensive display on a single computer screen of all
the vital data related to an organization’s security defenses
including threats, exposures, policy compliance and
incident alerts
♦ The goal is to reduce the effort required for monitoring and
to identify threats earlier.
♦ Data comes from a variety of sources including firewalls,
applications, servers, and other software and hardware
devices
47. Internet Libel Concerns
♦ A publisher, such as a newspaper, can be sued for libel,
which involves publishing an intentionally false written
statement that is damaging to a person’s reputation
♦ Geolocation tools match the user’s IP address with outside
information to determine the actual geographic location of
the online user where the customer’s computer signal
enters the Internet.
♦ But there are differences which you need to understand
when the false statements are made on-line.
♦
48. …Internet Libel concerns
♦ Defamation: An unprivileged false statement of fact
which tends to harm the reputation of a person or
company. This is a catch-all term for both libel and
slander.
♦ Libel: Defamation which is written such as on a web site.
Most on-line defamation occurs through libel by posting a
web page, comment, bulletin board post, review, rating or
blog post.
♦ Slander: Defamation that is spoken such as through an
transcribed video, podcast or audio file
49. THE ROLE OF AUDITING
♦ An MIS audit examines the firm’s overall security
environment as well as controls governing individual
information systems.
51. Business value of security and control
♦ Information assets, such as confidential employee records,
trade secrets, or business plans, lose much of their value if
they are revealed to outsiders or if they expose the firm to
legal liability.
♦ New laws require companies to practice stringent
electronic records management and adhere to strict
standards for security, privacy, and control.
♦ Legal actions requiring electronic evidence
and computer forensics also require firms to pay more
attention to security and electronic records
management.
52. Framework for security and control
♦ Firms need to establish a good set of both general and
application controls for their information
systems.
♦ Risk assessment evaluates information assets, identifies
control points and control weaknesses, and determines the
most cost-effective set of controls
♦ Firms must also develop a coherent corporate security
policy and plans for continuing business operations in the
event of disaster or disruption.
♦ Comprehensive and systematic MIS auditing helps
organizations determine the effectiveness of security and
controls for their information systems.
53. Tools and technologies for security
♦ Passwords, tokens, smart cards, and biometric
authentication are used to authenticate system users
♦ Anti Virus, Anti spyware
♦ Encryption
♦ Digital certificates(an electronic document used to prove
ownership of a public key)
♦ Companies can use fault-tolerant computer systems or
create high-availability computing environments to make
sure that their information systems are always available.
♦ Use of software metrics and rigorous software testing help
improve software quality and reliability