Mineral - naturally occurring, inorganic solid with orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.
These are the basic building blocks of rocks.
Mineral - naturally occurring, inorganic solid with orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.
These are the basic building blocks of rocks.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2. A. Definition – four part definition
Naturally occurring
Inorganic substance (non-living)
Crystalline solid
Definite chemical composition
3. • There are substances that meet 3 of the 4
criteria, and are called mineralloids
Example: Opal – does not have an orderly
arrangement of atoms
4. B. How many minerals are there?
- 3500 known minerals in the Earth’s crust
- Minerals combine to form all rocks on Earth
Rock type depends on mineral composition
- 20 minerals combine to form 95% of all rocks
on Earth.
5. C. Physical Properties
- All minerals have at least 9 physical properties
that can be used to define, describe, and
identify them as unique minerals.
6. • 1. Color – every mineral is some color and
some are found in multiple colors
• could be very helpful and distinctive, or
could be very ambiguous
7. 2. Luster – the manner in which a mineral
reflects light
Glassy – reflects light like a piece of glass does
Metallic – reflects light like a piece of metal does
8. 3. Streak – the color of the pulverized powder of
a mineral
9. The color could be
different from the
crystal’s color, and
is always distinctive
10. • 4. Hardness – the scratchability of a mineral,
or a mineral’s durability
Uses the Moh’s Hardness scale with a rating
system of 1-10
*1 = very soft
*10 = hardest
substance
known to man
*A streak plate has a
hardness of 7
12. 5. Crystal shape / External Crystal
Form / Crystal Systems
a set of faces that have a definite
geometric relationship to each other
13. • This is not always shown clearly when crystals
are growing and competing for space with
other minerals
14. Common Face Arrangements and Angles
• A. Isometric – most symmetrical
– Three axes of equal length
– All axes at right angles to each other
15. Common Face Arrangements and Angles
• B. Tetragonal – similar to isometric
– Three axes, two equal length, the third is longer
– All axes at right angles to each other
16. Common Face Arrangements and Angles
• C. Hexagonal
– Three equal axes in the same plane
– Intersect at angles of 60 degrees
– A fourth axis is at a right angle to the other three
17. Common Face Arrangements and Angles
• D. Orthorhombic
– Three axes all unequal to each other
– All axes intersect at right angles
18. • E. Monoclinic
– Two non-equal axes at right angles to each other
– A third axis is inclined to one of the first two
Common Face Arrangements and Angles
19. Common Face Arrangements and Angles
• F. Triclinic
– Three axes
– All axes are inclined with respect to each other
20. 6. Mineral Cleavage – the ability of a mineral to
break, when struck along specific planes
Based on the
bonding between
atoms
Where the
bonds are
weakest =
breakage plane
25. The way a substance breaks where not controlled
by cleavage
Minerals with
no cleavage
generally break
with irregular
fracture
7. Fracture
26. Fracture
If minerals break with curved fracture surfaces, it is
called concoidal fracture
- This is seen in glass, the igneous rock Obsidian,
and the mineral Quartz
27. 8. Specific Gravity – the density of a mineral
- Density = mass of an object / volume of the object
- The ratio of the mass of an object to the mass of an
equal volume of water
- The density of pure water = 1 g / mL
- If the density of the object is < 1 = lighter than water,
and will float to some degree
- If the density of the object is > 1 = heavier than water,
and will sink
- Examples:
Quartz = 2.65 g / mL
Galena = 7.5 g / mL
Gold = 19.3 g / mL
28. 9. Other Special Properties
a. Taste – a few minerals have a characteristic taste
Halite tastes like salt
b. Odor – a few minerals have a characteristic odor
Clay minerals have an “earthy” smell
29. 9. Other Special Properties
• c. Striations – straight parallel lines on the flat
surface of the cleavage directions
30. 9. Other Special Properties
• d. Magnetism – some minerals with large
amounts of iron oxide are attracted to
magnets
31. 9. Other Special Properties
• e. Double Refraction – a clear mineral placed
over an image will show 2 images by the light
being split as it
enters some
crystalline minerals
Example - Calcite
32. 9. Other Special Properties
• f. X-ray fingerprints – when x-rays are directed
through minerals, the x-rays are deflected out
at specific angles
Each mineral has a specific pattern
33. 9. Other Special Properties
• g. Chemical tests – how do minerals react to
specific chemicals
Example –
Carbonate minerals (calcite) will react to
weak hydrochloric acid, they will fizz to
produce carbon dioxide (CO2) gas