The document discusses the key evidence for evolution including the fossil record, anatomical evidence, comparative embryology, comparative biochemistry, and geographical distribution. It defines microevolution as small-scale genetic changes within a population over shorter timescales, and macroevolution as large-scale changes like new species formation over extended periods. The five main evidences for evolution are then each described in more detail.

1. GENERAL BIOLOGY 2
Presented by Group 1
THE EVIDENCES
OF EVOLUTION

3. CHARLES DARWIN DEFINED EVOLUTION AS
"descent with modification," the idea that
species change over time, give rise to new
species, and share a common ancestor.

4. EVOLUTION HAPPENS ON
LARGE AND SMALL SCALES
• MICROEVOLUTION - REFERS TO SMALL-SCALE CHANGES
THAT AFFECT JUST ONE OR A FEW GENES AND HAPPEN IN
POPULATIONS OVER SHORTER TIMESCALES.
• MACROEVOLUTION - REFERS TO LARGE-SCALE CHANGES
THAT OCCUR OVER EXTENDED TIME PERIODS SUCH AS
THE FORMATION OF NEW SPECIES AND GROUPS.

5. THE FIVE EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION
FOSSIL RECORDS
COMPARATIVE
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMICAL EVIDENCE
COMPARATIVE
BIOCHEMISTRY
GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION

6. • FOSSIL RECORD
• FOSSILS ARE THE PRESERVED REMAINS OF
PREVIOUSLY LIVING ORGANISMS OR THEIR
TRACE DATING FROM THE DISTANT PAST.
• FOSSILS PROVIDES A RECORD OF SPECIES
THAT LIVED A LONG TIME AGO. IT SHOWS
THAT ANCIENT SPECIES SHARE SIMILARITIES
WITH SPECIES THAT NOW LIVE ON EARTH.

9. HOW DO FOSSILS FORM?
• After an animal dies, the soft parts of its body
decompose leaving the hard parts, like the
skeleton, behind.
• This becomes buried by small particles of rock
called sediment. As more layers of sediment build
up on top, the sediment around the skeleton
begins to compact and turn to rock.
• Minerals in the sediment replace the body's
material with minerals that harden over time.
• The organism completely decomposes, leaving
behind an imprint (Cast Fossil).

10. HOW DO FOSSILS FORM?
• Law of superposition, a major principle of
stratigraphy stating that within a sequence of
layers of sedimentary rock, the oldest layer is at
the base and that the layers are progressively
younger with ascending order in the sequence. It
is the most basic principle of dating rocks and the
remains of organisms inside.
• “The deeper it is the older it is.”
• Most often the dead organism is recycled back
into the biological world by scavengers,
decomposers, or the process of weathering.

11. HOW CAN THE AGE OF
FOSSILS BE DETERMINED?
• First fossils are often contained in rocks that
build up in layers called strata.
• The strata provide a sort of timeline, with
layers near the top being newer layers, the
bottom being older.
• Fossils found in different strata at the same
site can be ordered by their positions, and
"reference" strata with unique features can
be used to compare the ages of fossils
across locations.

12. HOW CAN THE AGE OF
FOSSILS BE DETERMINED?
• In addition, scientists can roughly date
fossils using radiometric dating, a process
that measures the radioactive decay of
certain elements.

15. 2. ANATOMICAL
EVIDENCE

16. • Derived traits are those that just appeared
(by mutation) in the most recent ancestor
- the one that gave rise to a newly formed
branch.
• These are newly evolved features, such as
feathers, that do not appear in the fossils
of common ancestor.
A. DERIVED TRAITS

21. • An evolutionary trait that is homologous
within groups of organisms that are all
descended from a common ancestor in
which the trait first evolved.
• They are more primitive features such as
teeth and tails that do appear in ancestral
forms.
B. ANCESTRAL TRAITS

23. • These are structures that are similar
physical features in organisms that share a
common ancestor, but the features serve
completely different functions. An
example of homologous structures are
the limbs of humans, cats, whales, and
bats. Regardless of whether it is an arm,
leg, flipper or wing, these structures are
built upon the same bone structure.
C. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

24. C. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

25. • On the opposite side of the spectrum,
analogous structures are similar physical
features in organisms that do not share a
common ancestor. Instead, these
structures are related to one another
because they perform the same function.
An example of this are the wings of a bat
and the wings of a bird. They have
completely different bone structure, but
their wings share the same function,
allowing the animal to take flight.
D. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

26. D. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

27. • Structures that have no apparent function
and appear to be residual parts from a
past ancestor are called vestigial
structures.
• Evolutionary theory predicts that features
of ancestors that no longer have a
function for that species will become
smaller over time until they lost its
function.
E. VESTIGIAL STUCTURES

28. E. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

29. 3. COMPARATIVE
EMBRYOLOGY

30. • EMBRYOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE
DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYOS FROM
FERTILIZATION UNTIL THEY BECOME FETUSES,
OR THE POINT AT WHICH YOU CAN DISTINGUISH
THE SPECIES.
• COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY IS THE
COMPARISON OF EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
ACROSS SPECIES. ALL EMBRYOS PASS FROM
SINGLE CELLS TO MULTI-CELLED ZYGOTES,
CLUMPS OF CELLS CALLED MORULAS, AND
HOLLOW BALLS OF CELLS CALLED BLASTULAS,
BEFORE THEY DIFFERENTIATE, CREATING THE
ORGANS AND SYSTEMS OF THE BODY.

32. 4. COMPARATIVE
BIOCHEMISTRY

33. • Comparative biochemistry has
various definitions but most
common being the study of
evolutionary relationships or study
of differences and similarities in
biological or physiological
processes among living organisms.
For evolutionary studies,
comparative biochemistry employs
genes, proteins and enzymes.

35. 5. GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION

36. Geographical distribution
is the natural arrangement
of animals and plants in
particular regions

37. The distribution of plants
and animals that Darwin
saw during his South
American travels first
suggested evolution to
Darwin.
He noticed that animals
and plants were on the
same islands had evolve
with similar traits but they
still were more similar to
organisms from their
native country/island.

39. SUMMARY

40. EVOLUTION HAPPENS
ON LARGE AND SMALL
SCALES
THE 5 EVIDENCES OF
EVOLUTION
1. FOSSIL RECORD
2. ANATOMICAL EVIDENCE
3. COMPARATIVE
EMBRYOLOGY
4. COMPARATIVE
BIOCHEMISTRY
5. GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION
• MICROEVOLUTION
• MACROEVOLUTION
SUMMARY

41. • https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/topics/
z9bbkqt/articles/z2ym2p3#:~:text=Aft
er%20an%20animal%20dies%2C%20t
he,compact%20and%20turn%20to%2
0rock.
• Britannica, The Editors of
Encyclopaedia. "law of superposition".
Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 Jun. 2020,
https://www.britannica.com/science/la
w-of-superposition. Accessed 19
November 2022.
• https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/c
hange/family/image_credits.html
• https://dictionary.apa.org/ancestral-
trait
• https://www.sanibelseaschool.org/exper
ience-blog/2020/6/24/homology-and-
analogy-a-lesson-in-
biology#:~:text=Homologous%20struct
ures%20are%20similar%20phys
• https://www.thoughtco.com/about-
vestigial-structures-1224771
• https://education.seattlepi.com/compar
ative-embryology-6455.html
• https://www.omicsonline.org/scholarly/
comparative--biochemistry-journals-
articles-ppts-
list.php#:~:text=Comparative%20bioch
emistry%20has%20various%20definiti
REFERENCES

42. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Don't hesitate to ask any questions!

43. IT'S QUIZ TIME!

44. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING.
1-5. LIST DOWN THE FIVE EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION.
6. THE NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS IN PARTICULAR
REGIONS.
7. THESE ARE STRUCTURES THAT ARE SIMILAR PHYSICAL FEATURES IN
ORGANISMS THAT SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR, BUT THE FEATURES SERVE
COMPLETELY DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS.
8. THESE STRUCTURES ARE SIMILAR PHYSICAL FEATURES IN ORGANISMS THAT
DO NOT SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR.
9. THE NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF ANIMALS AND PLANTS IN PARTICULAR
REGIONS.
10. DARWIN DEFINED AS "DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION," THE
IDEA THAT SPECIES CHANGE OVER TIME, GIVE RISE TO NEW SPECIES, AND
SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR.