Minerals
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystalline atomic structures. There are over 4,000 known mineral types on Earth. Minerals form through natural geological processes as magma cools underground or ions crystallize out of solution. A mineral's crystal structure and properties like hardness, luster, streak, and cleavage can help identify different mineral types. Common rock-forming silicate minerals include feldspar and quartz, while calcite is a major carbonate mineral.
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This document summarizes important physical properties of crystals and minerals. It defines a crystal as a solid bounded by geometrical surfaces, and notes that most minerals occur as crystals or crystalline aggregates. The document then discusses several key physical properties used to identify minerals, including crystal form, luster, color, streak, density, hardness, cleavage, fracture, and special properties like magnetism or double refraction. It explains how these properties reflect the atomic structure and bonding within crystals. In conclusion, the document states that physical properties allow minerals to be classified into different groups based on their internal atomic arrangements and impurities.
Physical prop of minerals
This document discusses several properties of minerals including:
1. Colour and luster, which result from how light is absorbed and reflected by minerals. Colour can help identify minerals.
2. Habit refers to a mineral's general shape and growth patterns. Cleavage is when minerals break along smooth planar surfaces defined by their crystal structure.
3. Hardness relates to the strength of atomic bonds and can help identify minerals using Mohs scale. Specific gravity compares a mineral's weight to water's weight of the same volume.
4. Other properties discussed include heat conductivity, radioactivity, polymorphism, and pseudomorphism where one mineral takes the outward crystal form of another.
Characteristics of minerals
Minerals have five key characteristics that determine if a rock is classified as a mineral: 1) they are solid, 2) they are formed through inorganic processes, 3) they occur naturally, 4) they have a definite chemical composition, and 5) they have a definite crystalline structure. For a rock to be considered a mineral, it must meet at least three of these five characteristics, as some minerals do not exhibit all characteristics.
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The document discusses several physical properties that can be used to identify minerals, including:
1) Appearance describes a mineral's color and luster. Gold has a yellow color and metallic luster.
2) Hardness is measured on the Mohs scale and describes how easily a mineral can be scratched. Gold is rated a 5-6 on the Mohs scale.
3) Specific gravity compares a mineral's weight to the weight of an equal volume of water. Gold's specific gravity is 19, meaning it is 19 times heavier than water.
Physical properties of minerals
This document discusses the important physical properties of minerals that mineralogists use to identify and categorize them. It outlines 9 key properties: color, streak, luster, structure, hardness, specific gravity, cleavage, fracture, and tenacity. Color, streak and luster provide visual clues, while properties like hardness and cleavage reveal information about a mineral's internal structure, density, and how it breaks along planes. Understanding a mineral's physical properties is an essential part of a mineralogist's work analyzing the thousands of minerals that make up the Earth's crust.
Minerals - What are they?
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition. They are made up of elements and compounds that combine in different ways to form various minerals. Minerals then combine to form rocks. There are over 4000 known mineral species on Earth that each have unique physical and chemical properties determined by their composition and crystalline structure.
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Certain Phenomenon of Chemical Mineralogy was presented by Dr. Narendra Joshi. The presentation covered several key topics:
Solid solutions - where two or more elements occupy crystal sites in variable proportions. Types include substitutional, omission, and interstitial. Solid solutions have applications like increasing alloy strength.
Exsolution - the separation of a solid solution into distinct mineral phases during cooling. Examples include perthite formation in feldspar.
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This document discusses several properties of minerals including:
1. Colour and luster, which result from how light is absorbed and reflected by minerals. Colour can help identify minerals.
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Minerals have five key characteristics that determine if a rock is classified as a mineral: 1) they are solid, 2) they are formed through inorganic processes, 3) they occur naturally, 4) they have a definite chemical composition, and 5) they have a definite crystalline structure. For a rock to be considered a mineral, it must meet at least three of these five characteristics, as some minerals do not exhibit all characteristics.
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3) Specific gravity compares a mineral's weight to the weight of an equal volume of water. Gold's specific gravity is 19, meaning it is 19 times heavier than water.
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This document discusses the important physical properties of minerals that mineralogists use to identify and categorize them. It outlines 9 key properties: color, streak, luster, structure, hardness, specific gravity, cleavage, fracture, and tenacity. Color, streak and luster provide visual clues, while properties like hardness and cleavage reveal information about a mineral's internal structure, density, and how it breaks along planes. Understanding a mineral's physical properties is an essential part of a mineralogist's work analyzing the thousands of minerals that make up the Earth's crust.
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a definite crystalline structure and chemical composition. They are made up of elements and compounds that combine in different ways to form various minerals. Minerals then combine to form rocks. There are over 4000 known mineral species on Earth that each have unique physical and chemical properties determined by their composition and crystalline structure.
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Exsolution - the separation of a solid solution into distinct mineral phases during cooling. Examples include perthite formation in feldspar.
Polymorphism - the ability of substances to crystallize in different structures. Types are reconstructive, displacive, and order-disorder transformations. Quartz exhibits displacive polymorphism.
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Minerals are naturally occurring solid substances with a crystalline structure. They are formed through natural geological processes and are not living or once living. All minerals share the properties of having a definite shape and volume, being made up of unique chemical compounds or elements, and having particles arranged in repeating crystalline patterns. Minerals are grouped based on their chemical composition, with the largest group being silicates that contain silicon and oxygen. Other common mineral groups include non-silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, and native elements. Minerals form through the cooling of magma or the recrystallization of dissolved elements in water. Their properties like color, luster, hardness, cleavage/fracture
Minerals
The document discusses the properties of rocks and minerals. It defines a mineral as having a definite chemical composition and naturally occurring inorganic formation. It notes that the two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust are silicon and oxygen, which combine to form silicate compounds. Minerals can be identified based on properties like crystal structure, color, streak, luster, hardness, cleavage, and fracture.
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This document provides information on identifying common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties. It begins with an introduction to the learning competency and objectives. It then discusses the key physical properties used to identify minerals, including luster, hardness, crystal form, color, streak, cleavage, specific gravity, and other properties. It also covers the main chemical properties and groups of minerals, such as silicates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, carbonates, native elements, and halides. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate mineral properties and identification techniques.
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Minerals
- 1. Minerals Nature’s Beautiful Creation
- 7. Fluorite
- 9. Aragonite
- 11. Zircon
- 13. Barite
- 15. Orthoclase
- 17. Rhodonite
- 21. Halite
- 24. Feldspar
- 25. Quartz
- 30. Talc – 1 (softest)
- 31. Gypsum – 2
- 32. Calcite – 3
- 33. Fluorite – 4
- 34. Apatite – 5
- 35. Feldspar – 6
- 36. Quartz – 7
- 37. Topaz – 8
- 38. Corundum – 9
- 39. Diamond – 10 (Hardest)