Properties of Minerals.ppt
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Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a crystalline structure and definite chemical composition. All minerals must form naturally, be inorganic, solid, and crystalline in structure. Minerals can be identified based on their physical properties, including color, luster, streak, hardness, and whether they exhibit cleavage or fracture.
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A mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic compound with a unique chemical structure and physical properties.
A rock is a solid, stony mass composed of a combination of minerals or other organic compounds.
For example, quartz and feldspars are minerals, but when formed together, they make a rock, granite”
To determine if an Earth rock is a mineral, it should exhibit the following characteristics
Naturally occurring
Inorganic
Can be represented by a chemical formula
Crystalline structure
Solid
Most minerals form by inorganic processes but some, identical in all respects to inorganically formed minerals, are produced by organic processes
Transparency describes how well light passes through a mineral sample
There are three degrees of transparency: transparent, translucent, and opaque.
Habit of a mineral may be define as the size and shape of the crystal, and the structure of form shown by the crystal.
1. Accicular minerals showing needle like crystal. E.g. natrolite
2. Fibrous minerals showing an aggregate of long thin fibers. E.g. Asbestos
3. Tabular minerals showing bladed habit occur as small knife blades. E.g. Kyanite
4. Granular minerals which occur as aggregate of equidimensional grains. E.g. chromites
5. Pisolitic minerals which occur as aggregate of rounded grains of a pea size. E.g. oolite
6. Columnar minerals showing columnar crystal. E.g. tourmaline
Minerals strength determines how easy the mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress.
Reaction with Acid. Some minerals, especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid. (Usually, a dilute hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used.)
When a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on calcite, it readily bubbles or effervesces, releasing carbon dioxide
Obj 1 compare rocks and minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with a crystalline structure. They are composed of elements or compounds and form in various environments through processes like heat, volcanic activity, and water/pressure interactions. Key properties used to identify minerals include color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness, and density. The most common minerals are silicates containing silicon and oxygen or nonsilicate minerals without these elements.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring inorganic solids with definite chemical compositions and crystalline atomic structures. There are over 4,000 known mineral types on Earth. Minerals form through natural geological processes as magma cools underground or ions crystallize out of solution. A mineral's crystal structure and properties like hardness, luster, streak, and cleavage can help identify different mineral types. Common rock-forming silicate minerals include feldspar and quartz, while calcite is a major carbonate mineral.
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- 2. What is a Mineral? A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition. Pyromorphite
- 3. What do all minerals have in common? For a substance to be a mineral it must have these 5 characteristics: 1. Formed by natural processes on or inside Earth- no help from humans 2. Is inorganic- was never alive. For example, although coal was formed naturally in earth’s crust it came from plants and is therefore, not a mineral 3. Is a solid, with definite volume and shape. Liquids cannot be minerals! 4. Minerals always contains certain elements that give it a unique chemical composition (makeup). Some minerals are compounds which are made up of more than one element.
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- 7. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Color Can be misleading Many minerals will have a similar appearance, but will have different impurities Color and appearance are not enough to distinguish minerals
- 8. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral) Luster Luster refers to the way a mineral reflects light from its surface Metallic = shiny like metal Non-metallic = dull, non-shiny surface, can include pearly, silky, and glassy We can also use toher terms such as waxy, pearly, glassy, dull, and silky Pyrite has a metallic luster Calcite has a non- metallic luster
- 9. Streak The color of the powdered form of the mineral We find a minerals streak by rubbing it on a white ceramic plate The color of the streak can be different than the mineral Minerals must be softer than the streak plate Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
- 10. Streak…can help identify quartz http://www.childrensmuseum.org/geomysteries/cube/b3.html
- 11. Hardness How easily a mineral scratches materials Mohs Hardness Scale Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest) Test by seeing if the mineral can scratch different objects (like human fingernail, copper, penny, glass, steel file) Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
- 12. Cleavage & Fracture The way the mineral breaks Cleavage—minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape Fracture—minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
- 14. Physical Properties of Minerals (can be used to identify the mineral)
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