Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States. He took office in 1945 after Franklin Roosevelt died. As president, Truman faced major decisions including dropping the atomic bombs on Japan to end WWII, starting NATO and the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, and fighting communism through policies like the Truman Doctrine. He won an unlikely reelection victory in 1948. During his second term, Truman sent troops to Korea and fired General MacArthur, faced accusations of communism from Senator McCarthy, and oversaw the rebuilding of the White House. After leaving office in 1953, Truman worked to establish his presidential library and later died in 1972.

1. Truman

2. Harry S Truman 33rd President of the United States

3. Birth and Childhood Born on May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri Born to John and Martha Truman Grew up on his grandparents’ farm in Grandview When Harry was six, the Trumans moved to Independence, MO to receive proper schooling Harry loved reading, history, and music Harry had poor eyesight, so he was forced to wear thick glasses Harry was an excellent student Graduated in 1901

4. As A Young Adult Initially, Harry didn’t attend college because his family didn’t have the money Studied for 2 years in the 1920’s towards a law degree, but eventually had to stop because of financial troubles He worked as a timekeeper on the Sante Fe Railroad for 6 months In 1903, he began working as a bank clerk in Kansas City In 1905, he signed up with the National Guard Harry was told to quit his job and come back to help on the farm because his family struggling

5. Truman and World War I Harry worked on the family farm until he left to serve in WWI in 1917 Truman was chosen to be an officer, and then battery commander in an artillery regiment in France. His unit was Battery D, 129th Field Artillery, 60th Brigade, 35th Infantry Division, known for its discipline problems.

6. Bess Truman At the end of the war (1919), Harry returned to Independence and married his long-time love interest, Elizabeth “Bess” Wallace, on June 28 of that year.

7. Mary Margaret Truman Later, the couple would have a daughter. She was born on February 17, 1924, Later, she would pursue a career as a singer, and would write biographies of her parents. She would later marry a reporter, Clifton Daniels, in 1956, and together they would have four sons.

8. The Haberdashery When Harry returned to Independence in 1919, he decided that he did not want to be a farmer anymore, so he sold his farm. Instead, he opened a haberdashery (a men’s clothing store) with one of his friends from the Army, Eddie Jacobson. The store was prosperous for a short while, however, a recession in 1921 caused the store to become bankrupt. Fifteen years later, Truman would still be paying off debt on the shop.

9. The Haberdashery

10. Pendergasts/ County Administrator In 1922, Truman was elected as a judge (an administrative, not judicial, job) of Jackson, with help from the Pendergasts The Pendergasts were a powerful (and corrupt) family in Kansas City and the surrounding Jackson County, and even held sway elsewhere in the country Truman served his term (2 years), and was not reelected in 1924 However, Truman was elected as presiding judge in 1926, served his term (4 years) and was reelected in 1930 There, Truman created the “Ten Year Plan”, in which he built 224 miles of roads and a new county courthouse

11. ‘The Senator From Pendergast’ ? Truman wanted to run for either Governor or Congress, and approached the Pendergasts to ask for help, who initially rejected him but later grudgingly accepted to back Harry In 1934, Harry ran for Senator of Missouri and won Assumed office under Pendergast cloud Worked diligently, spoke little, listened often Ignored by many, esp. Franklin D. Roosevelt Had yet to be taken seriously

12. Reelection !! In 1940, Henry ran for reelection for Senator This time was much harder- he had no support from the Pendergasts or FDR Truman campaigned tirelessly & combatively During the general election, he defeated Kansas City State Senator Manvel H. Davis, retaining his seat in the Senate This is to be a common theme in Truman’s political life- he was usually the underdog (esp. 1948 run for White House)

13. The Truman Committee In 1941, Truman took a 10,000- mile tour of military bases He saw many cases of military wastefulness, so he made a Senate committee intended to investigate this Senior military officials opposed the idea However, congressional leaders advised FDR that it would be better for Truman to head such a committee than someone less sympathetic to the President They also said the committee wouldn’t cause much trouble because the committee’s budget was $15,000 and was to investigate billions in defense Committee created by unanimous Senate consent on March 1, 1941 Saved estimated billions of $ in cost overruns

14. …As a Senator Left: Truman in one of his hundreds of committee hearings Below: Truman with Tom Connally of Texas in 1941 Right: Truman as a busy Senator. He would later say his years as senator were the happiest in his life.

15. Nomination for Vice President Truman was selected as Franklin Roosevelt's vice presidential candidate in 1944 Advisors to Roosevelt said that the incumbent VP, Henry Wallace, was too liberal In contrast, James Byrnes of NC was too conservative Truman was nicknamed the ‘Missouri Compromise’ because of his appeal to the party center Truman did not want to serve as VP, but he reluctantly did so anyway because he felt it was his duty to the country In the presidential race of 1944, the Roosevelt/Truman team easily won against Republican candidates Dewey/Brickler (432 to 99 electoral votes)

16. Vice President… Sworn in on January 20, 1945 Vice Presidency was relatively uneventful As VP, he presided over the Senate, attended parties and receptions, and shook endless numbers of hands Thought he wouldn’t like being VP, however, he actually loved the ‘round of social engagements’ Only met twice with President Roosevelt Roosevelt didn’t keep him informed- domestic affairs, how things were unfolding in Russia, the Manhattan Project, etc. Didn’t even meet Secretary of State (Stettinius) Vice President for only 82 days…

17. …To President On April 12, 1945, Roosevelt died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage (Roosevelt’s health had been deteriorating for months) Truman was completely uninformed about world affairs or domestic policies- Roosevelt had told him practically nothing Upon assuming the presidency, Truman asked all of Roosevelt’s Cabinet to remain in place “I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me” -Truman to reporters on becoming President

18. Surrender of Germany & The Potsdam Conference On May 7, 1945 German forces surrendered to Allied forces- V-E (Victory in Europe) Day In July & August of 1945, Truman attended the Potsdam Conference, which was a meeting of the US, England & the Soviet Union to establish post-WWII order The results of this conference are detailed in the Potsdam Agreement The Potsdam Declaration was issued on July 26, 1945 by Truman, Churchill (England) and Chiang Kai-shek (China). It outlined the terms of surrender for Japan (who we were at war with). It also said if Japan didn’t surrender, they would be subject to “inevitable & complete destruction of the Japanese armed forces.” Russia wasn’t at war w/Japan, thus didn’t participate in the Potsdam Declaration

19. “I knew what I was doing when I stopped the war…I have no regrets, and under the same circumstances I would do it again.” -Truman on the decision to authorize the use of the atomic bomb Hiroshima & Nagasaki However, the Japanese government dismissed the Potsdam Declaration and chose to ignore it. In the end, Truman made the decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan. His intention was to bring about a quick resolution to the war by inflicting destruction and to basically shock Japan into surrendering. August 6th, 1945- Hiroshima 140,000 dead August 9th, 1945- Nagasaki 80,000 dead On August 15th, Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers. Some say the bombs probably saved hundreds of thousands of lives that would’ve been lost in an invasion of mainland Japan that was also being planned. Eleanor Roosevelt supported this view However, many critics have argued that the use of the bombs was immoral.

20. The Truman Doctrine “ I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.” – Truman, March 12 1947, before a Joint Session of Congress A set of international policies put forth by Truman Arose from a speech Truman gave to Congress Declared that the U.S., as the leader of the free world, must support democracy worldwide and fight against communism Requested $4 million in aid to both Turkey & Greece to help rebuild their countries (from WWII) and to fight against (the Soviet Union’s) Communism

21. The Marshall Plan A.k.a. the European Recovery Plan (ERP) Named after Secretary of State at that time, George Marshall Enacted in June 1947 by US as a way to help rebuild Europe after WWII Another goal of the ERP was to prevent communism from gaining a stronghold in war-torn countries In total, the US spent $13 billion on this Ended abruptly in 1951 when we became involved in the Korean conflict Secretary of State Marshall

22. The Fair Deal "Every segment of our population, and every individual, has a right to expect from his government a fair deal.” -Truman, 1949 State of the Union address to Congress Was a broad legislative agenda of Truman’s & a major push to transform the U.S.’ wartime economy to a peacetime one Called for national health insurance Influenced LBJ’s enactment of Medicare Called for the repeal of the anti-union Taft- Hartely Act Instigated an aggressive civil rights program Integrated the armed forces First president to address the NAACP The Fair Deal wasn’t too successful- only the Housing Act of 1949 was ever enacted

23. The Berlin Airlift On June 24, 1948, the Soviet Union blocked all access to 3 sectors of Berlin On June 25, Truman approved a plan to supply the blockaded city with food and other supplies by air. The airlift worked- ground access was granted again on May 11, 1949 It was one of Truman’s greatest foreign-policy achievements, and it significantly helped his presidential campaign in 1948

24. 1948 Election In the spring of 1948, Truman’s public opinion rating stood at 36% However, Truman still decided to run again The ‘New Dealers’ in the Democratic Party tried to give the nomination to General Eisenhower, who was very popular, but Eisenhower refused The other candidates included: Strom Thurmond – Dixiecrat Party Henry Wallace – Progressive Party Thomas Dewey- Republican Party In almost unanimous predictions by pollsters and the press, Dewey was projected to be the winner. He seemed unstoppable…

25. Meet the Candidates… Top Left: Harry Truman -Democrat Bottom Left: Thomas E. Dewey -Republican Bottom Middle: Strom Thurmond -Dixiecrat Bottom Right: Henry Wallace -Progressive

26. What’s the Use? A popular cartoon from the election of 1948. Dewey was projected by most to easily win the presidency.

27. Victory!! In his campaign for the presidency, Truman traveled 21,928 miles on his ‘whistle-stop campaign’- making brief appearances at a number of small towns over a small amount of time At the end of the election, Truman was the winner: Truman- 303 electoral votes Dewey- 189 electoral votes Thurmond- 39 electoral votes Wallace- no electoral votes The country was flabbergasted. Not a single polling organization, radio commentator, journalist, or political “expert” had predicted a Truman victory.

29. Truman’s Second Term NATO- Truman was a strong supporter of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It established a formal military peacetime alliance with Canada and many European nations that hadn’t fallen under Soviet control during WWII Truman successfully guided the treaty through the Senate in 1949 People’s Republic of China- On December 21, 1949, Chiang Kai-Shek fled to Taiwan from Mao Zedong’s Communist Army In June 1950, Truman ordered the U.S. Navy into the Taiwan Strait to prevent conflict between the warring Communist government and government-in-exile

30. “…the best asset the Kremlin has.” - Truman, on Senator McCarthy McCarthyism Throughout his presidency, Truman had to deal with accusations that the federal government was harboring Soviet spies at the highest levels. These accusations were largely propagated by Senator Joseph McCarthy of WI. McCarthy was never able to substantiate his claims, yet much of the U.S. was still swept up by Communist hysteria.

31. The Korean War & General MacArthur On June 25, 1950, the North Korean People’s Army invaded South Korea, and the South Korean Army was quickly pushed out of their capital, Seoul. This precipitated the Korean War. Truman promptly urged the UN to intervene, which it did. With UN forces, General MacArthur led a counterattack, scoring a stunning but extremely risky surprise victory at the Battle of Inchon. By 1951 the war had become a stalemate at the 38th parallel. On April 11, 1951, Truman fired General MacArthur from all his posts in Korea and Japan because MacArthur had disregarded Truman’s explicit orders. This was a hugely unpopular decision by Truman- after this, many called for his impeachment. An armistice was signed on July 27,1953, ‘ending’ the conflict.

32. …Most Famous Balcony in History In 1948, Truman ordered that a balcony be added to the White House’s second floor, arguing that it would ‘balance’ the look of the White House. This decision was largely unpopular. A short while later, engineering experts concluded that the building was in a dangerously dilapidated condition. These findings weren’t released until after the 1948 election. Ironically, the only safe place was Truman’s new balcony (“Doesn’t that beat all!” he said.) The decision was made to demolish and rebuild the whole interior of the White House, while retaining the famous exterior of the structure. The work lasted from December 1949 to March 1952. Meanwhile, Truman lived across the street at Blair House.

33. Assassination Attempt On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempted to assassinate Truman at Blair House. Truman wasn’t harmed, but White House policeman Leslie Coffelt was mortally wounded. Torresola was also shot and died on the spot. Collazo was sentenced to death, but was later commuted to life in prison. Ironically, Truman had done a lot more for Puerto Rico than other Presidents. He appointed the first the first native to serve as governor, allowed Puerto Rico to determine its relationship status with the United States, and extended Social Security to them.

34. After the Presidency Truman decided to worked to raise private donations to build a presidential library. After his presidency, Truman was practically broke- if weren’t for his army pensions and some property he had inherited from his mother, he would have been broke. As it was, Truman was forced to take out a loan. He decided to publish memoirs of his life; these proved to be great successes. In 1956, Truman decided to take a trip to Europe with his wife. In Britain, he received an honorary degree in Civic Law from Oxford University. On December 26, 1972, Truman died from multiple organ failure. Bess Truman died 10 years later, on October 18, 1982.

35. Fun Facts Truman’s vice-presidential acceptance speech was less than a minute long Truman was a key figure in the establishment & recognition of Israel Truman’s mother, a Confederate sympathizer, refused to sleep in Lincoln’s bed during a visit to the White House Truman’s middle initial, S , doesn’t actually stand for anything. It was actually a compromise between both of his grandfathers’ middle names, Shippe and Solomon.

36. Sources http://books.google.com/books?id=S1MiZwdZPPMC& http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Balcony http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griselio_Torresola http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Collazo http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_assassination_attempt http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/lectures/lecture23.html http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_independence_recognition_who.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthyism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle_stop_train_tour http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Defeats_Truman

37. Sources (continued) http://www.wisegeek.com/what-was-the-marshall-plan.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino_theory http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/harrystrumantrumandoctrine.html http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/82210.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truman_Doctrine http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project http://www.nvr.org/pres_content.php?pro=pres&sec=timeline&subsec=3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Conference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement http://www.trumanlibrary.org/hst-bio.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1944 http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/harrystruman/

38. Sources (Images) http://z.about.com/d/americanhistory/1/0/y/9/33_truman_1.jpg http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/elections/images/1948_DeweyDefeatsTruman56976.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Joseph_McCarthy.jpg/160px-Joseph_McCarthy.jpg http://thebsreport.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/sturmond.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry-A.-Wallace-Townsend.jpeg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_E._Dewey.jpg http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/running-for-office/assets/images/artifacts/45-zoom.jpg http://www.stltoday.com/blogzone/the-platform/files/2008/07/berlin_airlift01_opt.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Catlett_Marshall,_general_of_the_US_army.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R67561%2C_Potsdamer_Konferenz%2C_Konferenztisch.jpg http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_J9eISH0JgC0/SWLRpHwXGKI/AAAAAAAAKMM/je0gp-ByaZI/s400/Harry-Truman-and-Franklin-D-Roosevelt.jpg http://www.geppisentertainment.com/images/hake/roosevelt_truman.jpg

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