A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
A volcano is a mountain that opens downward to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When pressure builds up, eruptions occur. Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments. Eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. Volcano eruptions have been known to knock down entire forests. An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls.
Presented at 3|SHARE's EVOLVE'15 - The Adobe Experience Manager Community Summit on Monday August 19th, 2015 at the Hard Rock Hotel in San Diego, CA. http://evolve.3sharecorp.com
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
This document looks at volcanoes in detail. It starts with the definition of volcanoes and the labeling of the different parts of a volcano. Then it looks at the different extrusive and intrusive volcanic features. It also looks at the positive and negative effects of volcanic activity
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All About Volcanoes
Volcanoes are remarkable geological structures formed by the eruption of molten rock, ash, and gases from the Earth's mantle. These natural phenomena can shape landscapes, create new landforms, and significantly impact both the environment and human societies. Understanding volcanoes involves exploring their types, formation processes, eruption mechanisms, and effects.
What is a Volcano?
A volcano is an opening in the Earth's crust through which magma, gases, and ash are expelled. When magma reaches the surface, it is called lava. Over time, repeated eruptions can build up a mountain or other landform around the volcanic vent.
Types of Volcanoes:
Shield Volcanoes:
Characteristics: Broad, gently sloping sides formed by the flow of low-viscosity basaltic lava that can travel long distances.
Examples: Mauna Loa and Kilauea in Hawaii.
Composite Volcanoes (Stratovolcanoes):
Characteristics: Steep, conical volcanoes made up of alternating layers of lava, ash, and volcanic debris. They are known for their explosive eruptions.
Examples: Mount Fuji in Japan, Mount St. Helens in the USA, and Mount Vesuvius in Italy.
Cinder Cone Volcanoes:
Characteristics: Small, steep-sided cones built from volcanic fragments such as ash, tephra, and volcanic rocks ejected during eruptions.
Examples: Parícutin in Mexico and Sunset Crater in the USA.
Lava Domes:
Characteristics: Rounded, steep-sided mounds formed by the slow extrusion of viscous lava.
Examples: Mount St. Helens’ Lava Dome in the USA.
Volcanic Features:
Crater:
Description: A bowl-shaped depression at the summit of a volcano, typically formed by explosive eruptions.
Caldera:
Description: A large depression formed when a volcano's summit collapses or is blown away during a massive eruption.
Examples: Yellowstone Caldera in the USA.
Lava Flows:
Description: Streams of molten rock that pour from a volcanic vent and solidify as they cool.
Pyroclastic Flows:
Description: Fast-moving currents of hot gas and volcanic material that can travel down the sides of a volcano during explosive eruptions.
Volcanic Ash:
Description: Fine particles of pulverized rock and glass created during volcanic eruptions that can travel long distances.
Formation of Volcanoes:
Subduction Zones:
Description: Volcanoes often form at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate, leading to magma formation.
Examples: The Ring of Fire around the Pacific Ocean.
Rift Zones:
Description: Volcanoes can also form at divergent plate boundaries where tectonic plates are pulling apart, allowing magma to rise.
Examples: Mid-Atlantic Ridge and East African Rift.
Hotspots:
Description: Volcanic activity that occurs away from plate boundaries, caused by plumes of hot material rising from deep within the mantle.
Examples: Hawaiian Islands and Yellowstone.
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2. What is it a volcano?
A volcano is like a chimney in the Earth’s
crust
(surface) where magma flows out.
What is it a volcano?
A volcano is like a chimney in the Earth’s
crust (surface) where magma flows out.
3. Eruption
In 1883, in Indonesia, a volcano called
Krakatoa erupted at first.
Krakatoa
Eruption
In 1883, in Indonesia, a volcano called
Krakatoa erupted at first.
Krakatoa
4. The inside of the Earth is very hot, and
some of the solid rock melts to form hot,
liquid rock called magma.
The hole of the volcano is called vent.
When magma leaves the vent it becomes
lava.
The life of a volcano
5. A volcanic eruption
Contents: gas, dust, water vapour, lava and ash
Gas, dust and water
vapour
Vent
Lava
Magma
Magma chamber
Layers of lava and ash
6. Types of volcano
Scientists put volcanoes into three groups:
1. An Active volcano is one that is erupting
or will soon erupt.
2. A Dormant volcano is one that has not
erupted for a long time.
3. An Extinct volcano is one that has not
erupted for more than 10.000 years.
7. Rocks and lava
Volcanoes produce lava and rocks we find
on the Earth’s Surface. Magma forms igneous
rocks. These fragments are called tephra.
9. Underwater volcanoes
- The floor of the ocean is similar to dry land.
- There are flat plains, mountain ridges,
canyons and trenches in the ocean floor.
- There are more volcanoes
under the ocean
than on the land.
10. Living with volcanoes
The minerals and chemicals in the lava and ash make
soil fertile so it’s good for farming.
Volcanoes also produce electricity.
This electricity is called geothermal energy
and the people use it.