This project report analyzes a proposed solar PV/T and geothermal system for a house located in Bowmanville, Ontario. The existing energy usage and system components are described. Ambient temperature data for system design is presented. System requirements including ventilation needs, electricity generation targets, and thermal energy targets are determined based on existing usage data. The proposed system will implement a ground source heat pump, solar PV modules, and a wind turbine to meet a 20% net positive energy goal for the home. A detailed system diagram, component specifications, and analysis methods are provided in the report.
MECE3410U Report - Renewable Microgrid for a Community in FijiTushar Karanwal
ย
The document is a group project report for a renewable microgrid design project in Fiji. It proposes a system using geothermal energy as the primary source through an organic Rankine cycle, and wind power as the secondary source from three turbines. It performs an analysis of the system components, including selecting a synchronous generator, batteries, and inverter. An economic analysis is also included to evaluate the costs.
This report analyzes installing ceiling fans in three offices of a building in Turkey to reduce cooling loads. It estimates that each fan provides 312W of sensible cooling and 382W of latent cooling per room, reducing the total cooling load by 956W per fan during occupied hours. For the three fans, this is a daily cooling reduction of 31.55kW. The estimated annual energy savings is $1,157, with a payback period of 1.55 years given installation costs of $1,797. While the heat transfer models have inaccuracies, ceiling fans could provide beneficial reduction in cooling loads through increased air movement and occupant comfort at higher temperatures.
This document provides guidelines for calculating the energy consumption of air handling units (AHUs). It was prepared by a working group of European AHU manufacturers and experts. The document defines terms and symbols, and describes how to calculate the energy used by various AHU components, including fans, heating/cooling coils, energy recovery devices, and humidification/dehumidification. It provides a standardized method for calculating annual thermal and electrical energy consumption of AHUs based on ambient weather conditions. Annexes include correlation factors for different locations in Europe and sample calculation sheets.
This document provides a practical training report on Kota Super Thermal Power Station submitted by Arpit Budania. It includes an introduction describing the design and layout of the power station. The report then covers various sections including the coal handling plant, ash handling plant, electrostatic precipitator, boiler, steam turbine, turbo generator, cooling system, excitation system, water treatment plant and control room. It concludes with salient features of KSTPS such as its location, capacity, water source, boilers and fuels used.
This document presents the design of an off-grid renewable energy system to power a golf course cabin and shed. It determines the daily load demand of 2,968Wh and sizes the system components accordingly. These include a 990Ah battery bank to provide 2 days of backup, a 2,028W solar PV array using 8 panels, and a 600W wind turbine. The report also analyzes the wind and solar resources at the site. It then simulates the hybrid system using HOMER software and finds an optimal solution that meets the load at a minimal cost.
kota super thermal Power station training reportEr. Aman Agrawal
ย
it is a practical training report on kota super thermal power station
For any other enquiry u can contact me on +919540278218....
and can join my Page www.facebook.com/engineeringindia
This document provides an overview of the Lalpir Thermal Power Plant located in Pakistan. It discusses the key components of the power plant including the boiler, steam turbine, generator, and switchyard. The switchyard section describes common equipment such as surge arrestors, current transformers, capacitive voltage transformers, bus bars, isolators, circuit breakers, wave traps, and earthing switches. It also explains the water treatment process and various units within the plant. In summary, the document outlines the major systems and equipment that make up the Lalpir Thermal Power Plant and enable the generation and distribution of electricity.
MECE3410U Report - Renewable Microgrid for a Community in FijiTushar Karanwal
ย
The document is a group project report for a renewable microgrid design project in Fiji. It proposes a system using geothermal energy as the primary source through an organic Rankine cycle, and wind power as the secondary source from three turbines. It performs an analysis of the system components, including selecting a synchronous generator, batteries, and inverter. An economic analysis is also included to evaluate the costs.
This report analyzes installing ceiling fans in three offices of a building in Turkey to reduce cooling loads. It estimates that each fan provides 312W of sensible cooling and 382W of latent cooling per room, reducing the total cooling load by 956W per fan during occupied hours. For the three fans, this is a daily cooling reduction of 31.55kW. The estimated annual energy savings is $1,157, with a payback period of 1.55 years given installation costs of $1,797. While the heat transfer models have inaccuracies, ceiling fans could provide beneficial reduction in cooling loads through increased air movement and occupant comfort at higher temperatures.
This document provides guidelines for calculating the energy consumption of air handling units (AHUs). It was prepared by a working group of European AHU manufacturers and experts. The document defines terms and symbols, and describes how to calculate the energy used by various AHU components, including fans, heating/cooling coils, energy recovery devices, and humidification/dehumidification. It provides a standardized method for calculating annual thermal and electrical energy consumption of AHUs based on ambient weather conditions. Annexes include correlation factors for different locations in Europe and sample calculation sheets.
This document provides a practical training report on Kota Super Thermal Power Station submitted by Arpit Budania. It includes an introduction describing the design and layout of the power station. The report then covers various sections including the coal handling plant, ash handling plant, electrostatic precipitator, boiler, steam turbine, turbo generator, cooling system, excitation system, water treatment plant and control room. It concludes with salient features of KSTPS such as its location, capacity, water source, boilers and fuels used.
This document presents the design of an off-grid renewable energy system to power a golf course cabin and shed. It determines the daily load demand of 2,968Wh and sizes the system components accordingly. These include a 990Ah battery bank to provide 2 days of backup, a 2,028W solar PV array using 8 panels, and a 600W wind turbine. The report also analyzes the wind and solar resources at the site. It then simulates the hybrid system using HOMER software and finds an optimal solution that meets the load at a minimal cost.
kota super thermal Power station training reportEr. Aman Agrawal
ย
it is a practical training report on kota super thermal power station
For any other enquiry u can contact me on +919540278218....
and can join my Page www.facebook.com/engineeringindia
This document provides an overview of the Lalpir Thermal Power Plant located in Pakistan. It discusses the key components of the power plant including the boiler, steam turbine, generator, and switchyard. The switchyard section describes common equipment such as surge arrestors, current transformers, capacitive voltage transformers, bus bars, isolators, circuit breakers, wave traps, and earthing switches. It also explains the water treatment process and various units within the plant. In summary, the document outlines the major systems and equipment that make up the Lalpir Thermal Power Plant and enable the generation and distribution of electricity.
Sagar mehta summer training thermal power station full reportSagar Mehta
ย
This document provides a practical training report submitted by Sagar Mehta to Rajasthan Technical University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details Mehta's summer training at the Nashik Thermal Power Station in Maharashtra, India. It includes sections on the history of the power sector and thermal power generation in India, an overview of the Nashik Thermal Power Station, descriptions of the key components and operations of a steam power plant, and summaries of Mehta's experiences working in various parts of the plant during the training.
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 14
Unit 5: Nuclear Power Plants
5.1 Nuclear Power Plants :-
- Classification
- General arrangement
- Operating Principles
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
This document provides a summary of a practical training report submitted by Himanshu Derwal at the Kota Super Thermal Power Station from June 1-30, 2013. The report describes the power station's layout and key components including the coal handling plant, ash handling plant, boiler, steam turbine, turbo generator, cooling system, water treatment plant, and control room. It provides technical details and specifications of the various units and aims to document the practical experience and knowledge gained during the training.
Worcester Art Museum: Green Technology EvaluationFlanna489y
ย
The document discusses performing an energy audit of the Worcester Art Museum's Higgins Education Wing to evaluate its current energy usage and determine opportunities for energy savings. It provides an overview of the different types of energy audits that can be conducted, from preliminary walk-through audits to more comprehensive investment grade audits. It also reviews the methodology used in the audit, which included quantifying electricity usage, evaluating office energy usage through device profiling and staff interviews, researching available funding sources for green technologies, and analyzing options for implementing photovoltaics or other solutions. The overall aim is to develop recommendations to reduce energy consumption and costs for the museum through green technology implementations.
Combined heat and power design guide by ASHRAEAli Hasimi Pane
ย
The document provides a guide on implementing combined heat and power (CHP) systems. CHP systems generate electricity and capture waste heat to provide thermal energy in an integrated system. This improves efficiency over separate generation of heat and power. The guide covers CHP technologies, site assessment, system design, installation, operation and maintenance. It is intended to help engineers, architects and others evaluate, select, design and maintain these systems.
This document provides an overview of a training seminar on a summer internship at the Dholpur Combined Cycle Power Plant. It discusses the organization and various components of the power plant, including the gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator, steam turbine, condenser, turbo generator, excitation system, and 220kV switchyard. Key details are provided on the selection of the plant site, plant specifications and costs, equipment ratings, theories of operation, components and functions of the various systems. The document aims to educate interns on the technical aspects and working of the combined cycle power plant.
The document discusses ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems which use the stable underground temperature to provide heating and cooling for buildings. GSHPs extract renewable heat from the ground using a heat exchanger and concentrate it using a heat pump to efficiently heat or cool buildings. Compared to conventional systems, GSHPs can reduce energy consumption by 30-70% for heating and 20-50% for cooling. They are one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies worldwide, with over 1 million installed units extracting over 20 terawatt-hours of renewable heat annually from the ground.
This document discusses using concentrating solar power (CSP) technology to preheat air for the Garri combined cycle power plant in Sudan to reduce its high operating costs. It examines central receiver, parabolic trough, and dish CSP systems. A hybrid option is proposed that introduces solar thermal energy to contribute a certain percentage to the total power generated, reducing fuel costs and risks of fully converting the plant to solar. A feasibility study will analyze the economics of the hybrid plant compared to the fully fossil-fueled plant.
This document discusses the effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in spark ignition engines. It begins by providing context on increasing energy demands and the need to reduce emissions. The document then compares the physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline and discusses various NOx formation mechanisms. The majority of the document analyzes how different fuel compositions, engine parameters, and engine modifications impact NOx emissions when using ethanol-gasoline blends. It concludes that ethanol-gasoline blends can both increase and decrease NOx emissions depending on many complex and interacting factors. Prediction of NOx emissions from these blends remains challenging.
Lecture 10_PPE_Unit 3: Steam and Gas Power PlantsRushikesh Sonar
ย
This document discusses pulverized fuel handling systems and electrostatic precipitators used in steam power plants. It describes two methods for feeding pulverized fuel to combustion chambers: the unit system and central/bin system. The unit system connects each burner to one or more pulverizers, while the central system pulverizes fuel centrally and distributes it. Both systems consist of crushers, separators, driers, mills, conveyors and feeders. Electrostatic precipitators are also discussed as devices that remove fine particles from flue gases using charged plates. They ionize particles and attract them to oppositely charged collector plates to remove them from the air or gas flow.
This document provides a review of solar photovoltaic water pumping system technology. It discusses the current state of the technology and its components, including PV generators and water pumps. It also reviews literature on performance analysis and optimization of PV water pumping systems. The study finds that solar water pumping is economically viable compared to diesel or electric pumps, with payback periods of 4-6 years for some systems. It identifies factors that affect PV pump performance and potential areas for further research.
Dholpur Combined Cycle Power Project (DCCPP) is located 55km from Agra, Rajasthan. It uses a combined cycle configuration where waste heat from the gas turbine is used in a heat recovery steam generator to produce steam for a steam turbine, improving efficiency. The plant cost Rs. 1155 crore to build and uses liquified natural gas supplied by GAIL as its main fuel. It was the first plant in northern India to use a MARK-6 control system.
Industrial Training Report on NTPC FaridabadPawan Agrawal
ย
This industrial training report provides an overview of NTPC Faridabad power plant. The report discusses the plant's location, installed capacity, production inputs such as natural gas and naphtha fuels, and key mechanical systems including the gas turbine, waste heat recovery steam generator (WHRSG), and steam turbine. It also describes electrical systems like the switchyard, generator, transformers, and switchgear. In summary, the report details the major components and operations of the combined cycle gas and steam turbine power plant located in Faridabad, Haryana, India.
Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems in the Italian Power IndustryRiccardo Bonsignore
ย
This document summarizes an analysis of electrochemical energy storage systems (EESS) in the Italian power industry. It finds that EESS can help address issues caused by increasing renewable energy penetration, such as providing reserves when renewable output fluctuates. The document evaluates potential market sizes and applications of EESS in the Italian transmission grid, traditional generation, renewable generation, and distribution grid. It estimates the EESS market in Italy could reach hundreds of millions of euros annually by 2020. However, barriers include high costs and a lack of regulations around EESS use across the different segments of the power system. The document recommends widespread adoption of EESS and new regulations to fully realize their benefits and support Italy's transition to more renewable energy and smart grids
The document describes work to quantify the final energy consumption for heating and cooling in Europe in 2012 by sector, end-use, energy carrier, and country. It aims to assess available statistics, identify data gaps, and provide recommendations for improved data collection. Key outputs include an end-use energy balance for the EU disaggregated by these dimensions, along with useful and primary energy demand. The results will support scenario analysis and economic assessment of heating and cooling.
The document provides an overview of a thermal power plant training project conducted at the Jamshoro Thermal Power Station in Pakistan. It discusses the importance of practical training and familiarizing with real-world industrial scenarios. It also briefly outlines the various processes involved in power generation including steam generation, turbine generation, synchronization, and control and instrumentation. The report aims to cover all aspects of the power plant in detail to gain experience in electrical, mechanical, chemical and control/instrumentation departments.
iaetsd Modeling of solar steam engine system using parabolicIaetsd Iaetsd
ย
The document describes the modeling and testing of a solar-steam engine system using a parabolic concentrator. The system focuses solar radiation onto a boiler to generate steam, which is then used to power an oscillating steam engine coupled to a generator to produce electricity. The parabolic dish has a diameter of 0.625m and focuses sunlight onto a 1L boiler. Testing showed the system could produce 9V with no load and 5.3V under load, demonstrating its potential for rural electrification applications.
training report on Mejia Thermal Power Stationsagnikchoudhury
ย
Mejia Thermal Power Station is located at Durlovpur, Bankura, 35 km from Durgapur city in West Bengal. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of DVC
Environmental impact assessment (eia) april 30 2008Nina Phet Asa
ย
This document provides information on the Theun Hinboun Expansion Project in Laos, including:
1) An overview of the project which involves expanding an existing hydropower facility on the Theun Hinboun River by constructing a new dam and reservoir on the Nam Gnouang River and connecting power station.
2) A description of the environmental and social setting of the project areas, including climate, geology, hydrology, water quality and communities located in the project zones.
3) Details of the project components such as the new dam and reservoir, tunnels, power stations and transmission lines, as well as the construction process and future operation of the expanded facilities.
4) An environmental and
The document provides details about Anant Narayan Sharma's 60-day practical training report at the Kota Super Thermal Power Station (KSTPS) in Kota, Rajasthan, which was submitted in partial fulfillment of his Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It consists of 16 chapters that describe the layout, components, and operations of the KSTPS including the coal handling plant, ash handling plant, electrostatic precipitator, boiler, steam turbine, turbo generator, cooling system, excitation system, water treatment plant, control room, protections, and salient features of the power station. The report aims to provide an understanding of the practical implementation and functioning of a thermal power plant based on the knowledge and
This document describes the components and operation of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. It discusses PV cells, modules, panels and arrays, and how they are connected in series and parallel. It also covers batteries, charge controllers, inverters and different applications of solar PV systems, including solar lanterns, home lighting, and street lighting. The document provides details on the materials used in PV cells, benefits of solar PV systems, and color coding of wires. It concludes that the practical training enhanced the author's technical knowledge of solar PV systems, components, and applications.
Basic introduction to solar PV System Presentation.
The need for renewable energy resources has never been bigger than today and so is a lot of research going to match this high energy demand. Solar PV Array technology is one such technique which can actually make the effective use of solar energy available to us.
Sagar mehta summer training thermal power station full reportSagar Mehta
ย
This document provides a practical training report submitted by Sagar Mehta to Rajasthan Technical University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details Mehta's summer training at the Nashik Thermal Power Station in Maharashtra, India. It includes sections on the history of the power sector and thermal power generation in India, an overview of the Nashik Thermal Power Station, descriptions of the key components and operations of a steam power plant, and summaries of Mehta's experiences working in various parts of the plant during the training.
Program: Diploma in Mechanical Engineering (Semester: 5)
Course: Power Plant Engineering
Lecture 14
Unit 5: Nuclear Power Plants
5.1 Nuclear Power Plants :-
- Classification
- General arrangement
- Operating Principles
Presented by : Prof. Rushikesh Sonar, Sandip Polytechnic, Nashik
This document provides a summary of a practical training report submitted by Himanshu Derwal at the Kota Super Thermal Power Station from June 1-30, 2013. The report describes the power station's layout and key components including the coal handling plant, ash handling plant, boiler, steam turbine, turbo generator, cooling system, water treatment plant, and control room. It provides technical details and specifications of the various units and aims to document the practical experience and knowledge gained during the training.
Worcester Art Museum: Green Technology EvaluationFlanna489y
ย
The document discusses performing an energy audit of the Worcester Art Museum's Higgins Education Wing to evaluate its current energy usage and determine opportunities for energy savings. It provides an overview of the different types of energy audits that can be conducted, from preliminary walk-through audits to more comprehensive investment grade audits. It also reviews the methodology used in the audit, which included quantifying electricity usage, evaluating office energy usage through device profiling and staff interviews, researching available funding sources for green technologies, and analyzing options for implementing photovoltaics or other solutions. The overall aim is to develop recommendations to reduce energy consumption and costs for the museum through green technology implementations.
Combined heat and power design guide by ASHRAEAli Hasimi Pane
ย
The document provides a guide on implementing combined heat and power (CHP) systems. CHP systems generate electricity and capture waste heat to provide thermal energy in an integrated system. This improves efficiency over separate generation of heat and power. The guide covers CHP technologies, site assessment, system design, installation, operation and maintenance. It is intended to help engineers, architects and others evaluate, select, design and maintain these systems.
This document provides an overview of a training seminar on a summer internship at the Dholpur Combined Cycle Power Plant. It discusses the organization and various components of the power plant, including the gas turbine, heat recovery steam generator, steam turbine, condenser, turbo generator, excitation system, and 220kV switchyard. Key details are provided on the selection of the plant site, plant specifications and costs, equipment ratings, theories of operation, components and functions of the various systems. The document aims to educate interns on the technical aspects and working of the combined cycle power plant.
The document discusses ground-source heat pump (GSHP) systems which use the stable underground temperature to provide heating and cooling for buildings. GSHPs extract renewable heat from the ground using a heat exchanger and concentrate it using a heat pump to efficiently heat or cool buildings. Compared to conventional systems, GSHPs can reduce energy consumption by 30-70% for heating and 20-50% for cooling. They are one of the fastest growing renewable energy technologies worldwide, with over 1 million installed units extracting over 20 terawatt-hours of renewable heat annually from the ground.
This document discusses using concentrating solar power (CSP) technology to preheat air for the Garri combined cycle power plant in Sudan to reduce its high operating costs. It examines central receiver, parabolic trough, and dish CSP systems. A hybrid option is proposed that introduces solar thermal energy to contribute a certain percentage to the total power generated, reducing fuel costs and risks of fully converting the plant to solar. A feasibility study will analyze the economics of the hybrid plant compared to the fully fossil-fueled plant.
This document discusses the effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions in spark ignition engines. It begins by providing context on increasing energy demands and the need to reduce emissions. The document then compares the physicochemical properties of ethanol and gasoline and discusses various NOx formation mechanisms. The majority of the document analyzes how different fuel compositions, engine parameters, and engine modifications impact NOx emissions when using ethanol-gasoline blends. It concludes that ethanol-gasoline blends can both increase and decrease NOx emissions depending on many complex and interacting factors. Prediction of NOx emissions from these blends remains challenging.
Lecture 10_PPE_Unit 3: Steam and Gas Power PlantsRushikesh Sonar
ย
This document discusses pulverized fuel handling systems and electrostatic precipitators used in steam power plants. It describes two methods for feeding pulverized fuel to combustion chambers: the unit system and central/bin system. The unit system connects each burner to one or more pulverizers, while the central system pulverizes fuel centrally and distributes it. Both systems consist of crushers, separators, driers, mills, conveyors and feeders. Electrostatic precipitators are also discussed as devices that remove fine particles from flue gases using charged plates. They ionize particles and attract them to oppositely charged collector plates to remove them from the air or gas flow.
This document provides a review of solar photovoltaic water pumping system technology. It discusses the current state of the technology and its components, including PV generators and water pumps. It also reviews literature on performance analysis and optimization of PV water pumping systems. The study finds that solar water pumping is economically viable compared to diesel or electric pumps, with payback periods of 4-6 years for some systems. It identifies factors that affect PV pump performance and potential areas for further research.
Dholpur Combined Cycle Power Project (DCCPP) is located 55km from Agra, Rajasthan. It uses a combined cycle configuration where waste heat from the gas turbine is used in a heat recovery steam generator to produce steam for a steam turbine, improving efficiency. The plant cost Rs. 1155 crore to build and uses liquified natural gas supplied by GAIL as its main fuel. It was the first plant in northern India to use a MARK-6 control system.
Industrial Training Report on NTPC FaridabadPawan Agrawal
ย
This industrial training report provides an overview of NTPC Faridabad power plant. The report discusses the plant's location, installed capacity, production inputs such as natural gas and naphtha fuels, and key mechanical systems including the gas turbine, waste heat recovery steam generator (WHRSG), and steam turbine. It also describes electrical systems like the switchyard, generator, transformers, and switchgear. In summary, the report details the major components and operations of the combined cycle gas and steam turbine power plant located in Faridabad, Haryana, India.
Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems in the Italian Power IndustryRiccardo Bonsignore
ย
This document summarizes an analysis of electrochemical energy storage systems (EESS) in the Italian power industry. It finds that EESS can help address issues caused by increasing renewable energy penetration, such as providing reserves when renewable output fluctuates. The document evaluates potential market sizes and applications of EESS in the Italian transmission grid, traditional generation, renewable generation, and distribution grid. It estimates the EESS market in Italy could reach hundreds of millions of euros annually by 2020. However, barriers include high costs and a lack of regulations around EESS use across the different segments of the power system. The document recommends widespread adoption of EESS and new regulations to fully realize their benefits and support Italy's transition to more renewable energy and smart grids
The document describes work to quantify the final energy consumption for heating and cooling in Europe in 2012 by sector, end-use, energy carrier, and country. It aims to assess available statistics, identify data gaps, and provide recommendations for improved data collection. Key outputs include an end-use energy balance for the EU disaggregated by these dimensions, along with useful and primary energy demand. The results will support scenario analysis and economic assessment of heating and cooling.
The document provides an overview of a thermal power plant training project conducted at the Jamshoro Thermal Power Station in Pakistan. It discusses the importance of practical training and familiarizing with real-world industrial scenarios. It also briefly outlines the various processes involved in power generation including steam generation, turbine generation, synchronization, and control and instrumentation. The report aims to cover all aspects of the power plant in detail to gain experience in electrical, mechanical, chemical and control/instrumentation departments.
iaetsd Modeling of solar steam engine system using parabolicIaetsd Iaetsd
ย
The document describes the modeling and testing of a solar-steam engine system using a parabolic concentrator. The system focuses solar radiation onto a boiler to generate steam, which is then used to power an oscillating steam engine coupled to a generator to produce electricity. The parabolic dish has a diameter of 0.625m and focuses sunlight onto a 1L boiler. Testing showed the system could produce 9V with no load and 5.3V under load, demonstrating its potential for rural electrification applications.
training report on Mejia Thermal Power Stationsagnikchoudhury
ย
Mejia Thermal Power Station is located at Durlovpur, Bankura, 35 km from Durgapur city in West Bengal. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of DVC
Environmental impact assessment (eia) april 30 2008Nina Phet Asa
ย
This document provides information on the Theun Hinboun Expansion Project in Laos, including:
1) An overview of the project which involves expanding an existing hydropower facility on the Theun Hinboun River by constructing a new dam and reservoir on the Nam Gnouang River and connecting power station.
2) A description of the environmental and social setting of the project areas, including climate, geology, hydrology, water quality and communities located in the project zones.
3) Details of the project components such as the new dam and reservoir, tunnels, power stations and transmission lines, as well as the construction process and future operation of the expanded facilities.
4) An environmental and
The document provides details about Anant Narayan Sharma's 60-day practical training report at the Kota Super Thermal Power Station (KSTPS) in Kota, Rajasthan, which was submitted in partial fulfillment of his Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It consists of 16 chapters that describe the layout, components, and operations of the KSTPS including the coal handling plant, ash handling plant, electrostatic precipitator, boiler, steam turbine, turbo generator, cooling system, excitation system, water treatment plant, control room, protections, and salient features of the power station. The report aims to provide an understanding of the practical implementation and functioning of a thermal power plant based on the knowledge and
This document describes the components and operation of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. It discusses PV cells, modules, panels and arrays, and how they are connected in series and parallel. It also covers batteries, charge controllers, inverters and different applications of solar PV systems, including solar lanterns, home lighting, and street lighting. The document provides details on the materials used in PV cells, benefits of solar PV systems, and color coding of wires. It concludes that the practical training enhanced the author's technical knowledge of solar PV systems, components, and applications.
Basic introduction to solar PV System Presentation.
The need for renewable energy resources has never been bigger than today and so is a lot of research going to match this high energy demand. Solar PV Array technology is one such technique which can actually make the effective use of solar energy available to us.
This document provides information about a photovoltaic system project at IIT Roorkee. It discusses the components of a photovoltaic system including solar arrays, mounting systems, inverters, and batteries. It also describes different types of solar cell technologies like thin film and crystalline silicon, and provides background on the growth of photovoltaics over time in India and worldwide. The document highlights India's solar potential and the Indian government's support for solar energy development.
This document provides an overview of fundamentals of solar PV systems. It discusses solar energy basics and the solar spectrum. It describes the construction and working principle of photovoltaic cells made of semiconductors like silicon. The document outlines different types of solar PV technologies like monocrystalline, polycrystalline and thin film solar cells. It also discusses designing of solar PV systems including components like blocking diodes and bypass diodes. The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy systems are highlighted.
The document provides information about Solar & Gas Advisory Service, a company that provides advice on renewable energy installations including solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. It describes how solar PV systems work to generate electricity from sunlight using panels and inverters, and the financial incentives available through the Feed-in Tariff program which pays homeowners for electricity generated and exported to the grid. Installation costs and processes are outlined along with the equipment included in a typical residential solar PV installation.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes the I-V characteristics of solar cells and equivalent circuit. Variations in isolation and temperature affect the PV characteristics. Losses limit conversion efficiency. Maximizing open circuit voltage, short circuit current, and fill factor leads to high performance. Solar cells are classified based on material thickness, junction structure, and active material. PV modules, panels, and arrays are also discussed. Maximum power point tracking using a buck-boost converter can optimize solar PV output. Systems can be centralized, distributed, or hybrid to serve various applications including power generation, water pumping, and lighting.
Renewable energy is an energy source which can be replenished naturally and indefinitely and thus is not going to run out. Most of the renewable energy sources comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Sunlight can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other Forms of renewable energy.
๏ท Solar
๏ท Wind
๏ท Geothermal
๏ท Bioenergy
๏ท Ocean energy
๏ท Hydrogen & fuel cells
About 23.7% of global electricity consumptions comes from renewables, with 16.6% for hydroelectricity. [1]
The electrical generation globally is mainly from hydroelectricity and the rest from new renewables.
Renewable Energy can be divided into three sectors. [2]
๏ท Electric Power sector
๏ท Heat Energy Sector
๏ท Transport Sector
On each of these sectors different forms of renewables dominate, hence the requirement of renewable energy sources are increasing rapidly.
When considering the Electric Power Sector the following renewable energy forms are used.
๏ท Hydro
๏ท Bio Energy
๏ท Geothermal
๏ท Solar PV
๏ท Solar CSP (concentrated solar thermal Power)
๏ท Wind
When consider the Heat sector geothermal, solar, biomass are used. More over the transport industry is dominated by ethanol and biodiesel renewables.
Countries like China, United States, India Japan, and Brazil are continuously working on the conversion process from non-renewable energy sources to renewable energy sources.
The document presents a group project report for designing a solar powered Stirling engine system to pump water for rural homes. It includes an introduction to Stirling engines and the project objectives. The team divided the work, developing several design iterations. Components were selected and analyzed, including a Stirling engine, heat collector, pump, and safety considerations. The system is intended to provide off-grid water pumping using renewable solar energy.
Power Systems analysis with MATPOWER and Simscape Electrical (MATLAB/Simulink) Bilal Amjad
ย
The report analyses the power flow studies done in MATPOWER, some three-phase circuits and the operation of the DFIG wind turbine using Simcape Electrical library in Simulink.
The work was submitted to the University of Bradford as a part of the coursework during my MSc program.
This document provides an energy audit of the Battery Buildings at Fort Henry in Kingston, Ontario. It finds that the buildings' greatest electrical energy users are the kitchen and dining areas, with major kitchen appliances consuming most electricity. Natural gas is primarily used for heating, with the northwest building's zone 1 consuming the most. The audit analyzed energy consumption data from 2006-2014 to determine usage patterns and potential savings opportunities. It identifies high-efficiency lighting and equipment upgrades as areas for reducing energy costs. The audit provides a baseline understanding of the buildings' energy usage to inform future retrofit recommendations.
This document is the final report of an atmospheric plasma depainting project. It summarizes the results of experiments to determine the capabilities of atmospheric plasma to remove Navy paint. Adequate removal rates were achieved for both freeboard and antifouling paints. The substrate condition after removal was analyzed using various techniques and found to be satisfactory. Spectroscopic studies and modeling were used to characterize the atmospheric plasma plume. A large area plasma removal system was designed, fabricated, and tested. Risks for environmental hazards and operator safety were quantified. The technologies developed in this project show promise for depainting Navy ships.
Introduction to subsea engineering for electrical engineersThuc B. Luu
ย
Subsea technology in offshore oil and gas production is a highly specialized field with particular demands on engineering and simulation. ... This course introduces the electrical components developed and used by the offshore petroleum industry to safely and effectively produce oil and gas.
This document presents an analysis of improvements to the thermal efficiency of a steam power plant cycle through regeneration and reheat. It describes three scenarios: a basic Rankine cycle (24% efficiency), addition of regeneration and preheating (44% efficiency), and further addition of reheat (66% efficiency). Tables and diagrams are included showing the state variables and performance of each scenario. The document provides theoretical background on steam power plant components and outlines the assumptions and calculations used in the analysis.
This document provides a final project report for designing a machine components test lab. It discusses the background and need for providing hands-on experience to mechanical engineering students. Research into existing labs revealed a lack of comparable products. The concept of a mechanical breadboard was identified as a way to allow students to create different mechanical power transmission systems. The report describes the design development process and concepts considered. It presents the final design of a mechanical breadboard system that allows testing of pulleys, chains, and gears. Detailed drawings, manufacturing plans, costs, and safety considerations are provided. The goal is to help students better understand how mechanical components influence system performance.
This design final report summarizes a gas-to-liquids synthesis process found to be profitable. Raw materials including methane, steam, oxygen and carbon dioxide were converted via syngas, Fischer-Tropsch, separation and hydrocracking units to produce liquid hydrocarbons. The 15-year, 300-day/year plant was determined to have an NPV of $6 billion, IRR of 466%, and payback period of 23 days. Sensitivity analysis found sales most impacted NPV. Heat integration between units and annual credits improved economics. The process was recommended but maintaining costs of sales accuracy with feed input alterations.
As part of the Solar Energy and innovation module, our team Zaid Hani Bani, Cecilia Moramarco, Minh Pham Quang and myself designed, fabricated and tested these solar blinds.
Energy Systems Optimization of a Shopping Mall: The present study focuses on the development of software (general mathematical optimization model) which has the following characteristics:
โข It will be able to find the optimal combination of installed equipment (power & heat generation etc) in a Shopping Mall (micro-grid)
โข With multi-objective to maximize the cost at the same time as minimizing the environmental impacts (i.e. CO2 emissions).
โข To date, this tool is scarce to the industry (similar to DER-CAM, Homer).
Pressurized Water Reactor Simulated by TRACETroy Todd
ย
The report summarizes the development of a model of a four loop pressurized water reactor (PWR) using TRACE software. Key components modeled included the steam generator, reactor vessel and cores, pressurizer, pump, and turbine. Parameters and equations used to develop the geometry and inputs of each component are described. The goal of the model is to achieve steady state operation and evaluate plant behavior under transient conditions by analyzing output plots of temperatures, pressures, flow rates and other variables.
Evaluating Environmental Performance in Low-Carbon Energy SystemsLeonardo ENERGY
ย
Developing economic well-being and preserving a healthy environment are not opposing forces: maximising the efficiency of a product over its life cycle will minimise its total financial cost as well as the total environmental impact over its life cycle.
The case studies below were developed to substantiate this Life-Cycle-Thinking by delivering high-level messages supporting decision making on sustainable energy systems.
Developed by PE International using the GaBi Software embedded into the Ecodesign Toolbox 3, the case studies provide results for several realistic situations (future and present) applying different scenarios and boundary conditions for energy systems.
The aim is to clarify that system boundaries have a significant impact on framing a problem, so that different boundaries lead to different solutions, even with the same set of circumstances.
You can access the full study through the document attached. It consists of the following 7 case studies:
1) Environmental impact of the electricity mix
2) Low-Energy House heating system
3) Low Energy House vs Passive House
4) Primary Energy vs Global Warming
5) Investing 1 million Euros into higher efficiency motors or wind turbines
6) Building new houses (1 million Euros financing different energy efficiency levels)
7) Renovating standard houses (1 million Euros financing different energy efficiency levels)
This document appears to be a group research project report that includes 81 figures analyzing and comparing vehicle drive cycles and engine performance. Specifically, it analyzes the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP) drive cycles. It also models the effects of stop-start systems and varying engine parameters on fuel consumption, emissions and performance.
This document provides a practical guide to designing solar power systems for homeowners. It covers the basic components of a solar power system, including solar panels, charge controllers, batteries, inverters, and wiring. It explains how each component works and factors to consider when designing a system. The document provides specifications for various components and guidance on determining component sizes. It also includes tutorials on more advanced topics like battery wiring and solar radiation patterns.
This document is an assignment report submitted by a group of 4 students for their Human Computer Interfaces course in 2015. It includes an introduction, abstract, documentation of their lab works, use case diagrams, scenarios, requirements using the Volere template, user groups, transcripts, flow diagrams, prototypes, meeting minutes and individual workloads. There are 25 paper prototypes presented with screenshots and descriptions. Tables and figures are provided to explain the various design artifacts and deliverables.
This document describes modeling and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms for photovoltaic (PV) cells. It presents:
1) A MATLAB/Simulink model of a PV cell that simulates the cell's output power, voltage and current based on solar irradiance and temperature inputs.
2) Two MPPT algorithms - Perturb and Observe (P&O) and a fuzzy logic method - to track the maximum power point of the PV cell as environmental conditions change.
3) A comparison of the tracking times for the P&O and fuzzy logic MPPT methods, showing the fuzzy logic technique produces a more stable power output.
This document provides an overview and technical specifications for an OP16-3A gas turbine package. It includes:
1) An introduction covering the scope, maintenance philosophy, documentation, support and safety aspects.
2) Main data on general engine performance specifications and utilities requirements.
3) A technical description of the gas turbine components and systems, including enclosure, engine, oil system, fuel system, control system, and fire protection.
4) Process descriptions of the control logics and sequences.
5) Operating and emergency procedures.
6) Inspection and maintenance instructions and intervals.
7) Guidelines for handling and storage.
Historic and recent progress in solar chimney power plant enhancing technologiesfirmanfds
ย
This document discusses efforts to enhance the performance of solar chimney power plants (SCPPs). SCPPs have low efficiency of less than 2% due to multiple energy conversions, from solar energy to thermal to kinetic to mechanical to electrical. The document reviews the history and components of SCPPs. It then summarizes numerous attempts that have been reported to improve system performance through more efficient solar collection, chimney design, power generation, and thermal energy storage integration to reduce dependence on direct sunlight. The document provides a comprehensive review of enhancing technologies for SCPPs and suggests that performance could be significantly improved through such solutions.
Similar to MECE4430U - Project Report_Final_v6 (20)
Historic and recent progress in solar chimney power plant enhancing technologies
ย
MECE4430U - Project Report_Final_v6
1. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE
Analysis of Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
PROJECT REPORT
Course Code: MECE4430U
Course Instructor: Dr. Marc Rosen
Project Report Submitted On: Nov. 25, 2015
LAB GROUP MEMBERS
# Last Name First Name ID Signature
1 Bower Lowell 100500898
2 Karanwal Tushar 100481186
3 Owais Syed 100506689
2.
3. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
1
Table of Contents
List of Figures................................................................................................................................. 2
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................. 3
1. Abstract.................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5
3. Project Objective/Scope .......................................................................................................... 6
4. System Requirements .............................................................................................................. 7
4.1 Existing System .................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Ambient Temperature........................................................................................................... 8
4.3 Ventilation Requirements ..................................................................................................... 8
4.4 Electricity and Thermal Generation Targets......................................................................... 9
5. System Overview................................................................................................................... 10
5.1 Diagram............................................................................................................................... 10
5.2 System Operation................................................................................................................ 10
5.3 Components Parameters...................................................................................................... 13
5.4 System Assumptions........................................................................................................... 23
6. System Analysis .................................................................................................................... 24
6.1 Balance Equations............................................................................................................... 24
6.2 Energy and Efficiency......................................................................................................... 26
6.3 Parametric Study................................................................................................................. 27
6.5 Economic Analysis ............................................................................................................. 28
6.6 Environmental Analysis...................................................................................................... 28
7. Conclusion............................................................................................................................. 30
8. Nomenclature......................................................................................................................... 31
9. Appendix ............................................................................................................................... 32
9.1 Figures................................................................................................................................. 32
9.2 Tables.................................................................................................................................. 39
9.3 Sample Calculations............................................................................................................ 41
9.4 EES Code............................................................................................................................ 43
9.5 T-s Diagram ........................................................................................................................ 49
References..................................................................................................................................... 50
4. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
2
List of Figures
Figure 1: Satellite view of 108 High Street (43.921, -78.690) [22]................................................ 7
Figure 2: Proposed system diagram.............................................................................................. 10
Figure 3: ClimateMaster geothermal system [11] ........................................................................ 13
Figure 4: HeatSafe collectors by Enerworks [4]........................................................................... 14
Figure 5: Rinnai R75LSi instantaneous water heater [5].............................................................. 15
Figure 6: SunPower E20-327 solar module [24] .......................................................................... 16
Figure 7: Pika Energy T701 wind turbine..................................................................................... 17
Figure 8: Pika Energy Econotower [14] ....................................................................................... 18
Figure 9: Pika Energy B801 charger controller [14] .................................................................... 19
Figure 10: Pika Energy S2001 MPPT [14]................................................................................... 20
Figure 11: Pika Energy X3001 inverter [14] ................................................................................ 21
Figure 12: Series/parallel battery connection [26]........................................................................ 22
Figure 13: Rolls S-480 battery [25] .............................................................................................. 22
Figure 14: NASA model of CO2 emissions in atmosphere [19] .................................................. 29
Figure 15: Total existing electricity use (August 7, 2013 - October 7, 2014).............................. 32
Figure 16: Average daily existing electricity use (August 7, 2013 - October 7, 2014)................ 32
Figure 17: Average ambient maximum (blue) and minimum (red) temperature for Oshawa...... 33
Figure 18: COP vs. compressor efficiency ................................................................................... 33
Figure 19: Compressor work vs. compressor efficiency .............................................................. 34
Figure 20: Exergy efficiency vs. winter temperature.................................................................... 34
Figure 21: Full-scale proposed system diagram ........................................................................... 35
Figure 22: Enerworks HeatSafe solar thermal collectors ............................................................. 36
Figure 23: Enerworks Energy Stations and hot water storage tank.............................................. 37
Figure 24: Rinnai R75LSi instantaneous water heater ................................................................. 38
Figure 25: T-s diagram for GSHP cycle ....................................................................................... 49
5. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
3
List of Tables
Table 1: GSHP/AHU/HE component parameters......................................................................... 13
Table 2: HeatSafe solar thermal collector component parameters ............................................... 14
Table 3: R75LSi NG instantaneous water heater component parameters .................................... 15
Table 4: E20-327 solar module component parameters ............................................................... 16
Table 5: T701 wind turbine component parameters ..................................................................... 17
Table 6: Econotower component parameters................................................................................ 18
Table 7: B801 charge controller component parameters .............................................................. 19
Table 8: S2001 MPPT component parameters ............................................................................. 20
Table 9: X3001 inverter component parameters........................................................................... 21
Table 10: S-480 battery component parameters ........................................................................... 22
Table 11: Existing system total electricity requirements.............................................................. 39
Table 12: Existing system average electricity requirements and cost .......................................... 39
Table 13: On-peak, mid-peak, and off-peak electricity rates........................................................ 39
Table 14: Natural gas use and thermal energy requirements........................................................ 40
Table 15: Ambient temperature conditions for Oshawa, Ontario [7]........................................... 40
6. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
4
1. Abstract
This report covers a proposal to implement sustainable and alternative energy technologies in order
to turn a located at 180 High Street in Bowmanville, Ontario into a positive net energy building.
The house in question was already relatively efficient, as it has a solar thermal collector and various
high efficiency lights and appliances. A proposed wind turbine, ground source heat pump and solar
photovoltaic (PV) modules allowed the system to generate excess energy up to 20%. Greenhouse
gas emissions were also mitigated due to the removal of a natural gas furnace for heating.
Keywords: Positive energy, renewable energy, solar PV/T, ground source heat pump.
7. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
5
2. Introduction
Energy is needed for humanity to continue the current path of increasing development. It is
apparent that we need a solution for the global energy demand, as fossil fuel reserves are on the
decline and are becoming more difficult to harvest. Due to technological advancements, there have
been many solutions proposed in order to produce clean and sustainable energy. Net-Zero energy
buildings are seen as a viable way to mitigate the demand for energy.
Net-Zero energy buildings generate enough energy to meet their own demand and can become
Net-Positive if they are able to feed power into the grid. This means they would provide more
energy than they need, essentially serving as an energy provider. These buildings would implement
technologies to harvest โcleanโ and renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind. They would
also provide their heating and cooling needs through sustainable means.
Recently, a building in France nicknamed the โHikariโ building, Japanese for โlightโ, was
inaugurated. This building produces โslightly more energy (0.2%) than it consumesโ [1].
Photovoltaic panels are placed on roofs and various surfaces of the building which produce enough
energy to power approximately 160 homes. The system also implements a geothermal system and
a cogeneration power plant which uses a biofuel, rapeseed oil [2]. This concept demonstrates the
possibility that our energy needs can be met sustainably if the goal of Net-Zero energy is pursued.
8. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
6
3. Project Objective/Scope
A sustainable energy system was to be designed which would result in a positive net energy
building. This building would need to provide a 20% net positive by applying at least two
sustainable and alternative technologies.
Information and data relating to a physical house was used to analyze the current system. Hydro
and natural gas bills from the year 2014 were further explored to provide a sound basis of the
energy demands of the building currently. Heating and cooling will need to be met in order to
meet seasonal demands.
The system proposed provides the needed 20% net positive electricity, which could possibly be
sold back to the grid as part of Ontarioโs Feed-In Tarrif (FIT) program [3]. The following main
components are used in the system to meet the demands:
- Pika T-701 wind turbine
- SunPower E20-327 high efficiency photovoltaic modules
- ClimateMaster R-134a based ground source heat pump (GSHP)
- Rolls S-480 battery bank
By implementing the PV module and the wind turbine, the electricity demands of the house are
met. They also are used to charge a bank of batteries which will function as chemical electrical
energy storage when the intermittent renewable energy sources are unavailable.
The thermal energy needs of the home are met by implementing a ground source heat pump
(GSHP), essentially an R-134 based vapor compression cycle. This system employs the earth as
a source of heat in the winter and essentially a sink for heat in the summer. It provides a reliable
source of heating and cooling while still maintaining a high coefficient of performance as
compared to the more commonly used electric heating and cooling methods.
9. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
7
4. System Requirements
4.1 Existing System
The existing system is located at 108 High Street in Bowmanville, Ontario at the approximate
coordinates of 43.921, -78.690 (see Figure 1). Space heating for the residence is currently provided
by a Frigidaire natural gas furnace and space cooling is provided by a Lennox central air
conditioning system that circulates R-410A. Hot water is generated with two HeatSafe flat plate
solar thermal collectors (see Figure 22) manufactured by Enerworks [4] which use glycol as a
cycle fluid. The existing solar thermal collectors are tied into a hot water storage tank with an
Enerworks Energy Station module (see Figure 23). A Rinnai R75LSi natural gas instantaneous
water heater (see Figure 24) is installed as a backup source of hot water and used primarily in
winter [5].
In order to determine the system requirements data was collected from utility bills provided by
Veridian Connections and Enbridge Gas. The electricity requirements were tabulated based on
data from August 7, 2013 to August 7, 2014 with data points for every two months. The maximum
total electricity use of 1830 kWh was found in the billing period of August 7, 2013 to October 7,
2013. Data provided is tabulated in Section 9.2 Tables and includes total electricity use per billing
Figure 1: Satellite view of 108 High Street (43.921, -78.690) [22]
10. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
8
period (see Table 11), average daily on-peak/mid-peak/off-peak use and total charges per billing
period (see Table 12), and electricity rates for on-peak/mid-peak/off-peak use (see Table 13).
Existing space heating requirements were calculated using gas consumption values provide by
Enbridge Gas. These monthly data points were from August 2013 to July 2014 and were used to
calculate the monthly energy input into the system (see Section 9.3 Sample Calculations). For
these calculations the density of natural gas (CnH3.8nN0.1n (g)) and lower heating value were assumed
to be 0.79 kg/m3
and 50.0 MJ/kg respectively and found from published values [6]. The efficiency
of the furnace was assumed to be 90%.
In this way thermal energy input to the system was estimated for each month (see Table 14) and a
maximum energy input and space heating rate were found to be 4.424 kW and 3.982 kW
respectively. This maximum energy requirement occurred during January 2014. This value is an
over-estimate since the natural gas use of the Rinnai instantaneous water heater is not taken into
account and is used in the winter when the solar thermal array is not sufficient.
The homeโs electricity and thermal use over time can be analyzed by creating graphs of the
tabulated data. As can be seen from Figure 15 the total monthly electricity use was generally
highest in the summer and lower in the winter. This is most likely due to the use of the central air
conditioning system during summer months which requires more power for the compressor. The
average daily electricity use (see Figure 16) follows the same general trend with higher use in the
summer compared with the winter. There is an anomalous increase in energy use from October
2013 to December 2013 but the cause could not be determined.
4.2 Ambient Temperature
Ambient temperature conditions for the residence were required for the exergy analysis portion of
this report. These values were obtained from data provided by the Government of Canada for the
Oshawa weather station for the period of August 2013 to July 2014 [7]. This weather station is
located at the coordinates (43ยฐ55โ22โ, 78ยฐ53โ00โ) and an elevation of 139.9 m (Climate ID
6155875, WMO ID 71697, TC ID YOO). Using this dataset, the mean temperature, average
maximum temperature, and average minimum temperature were found (see Table 15) and a graph
of average maximum/minimum temperature for the period were created (see Figure 17). For this
system, the year was divided into a summer season from May to October and a winter season from
November to April. The maximum average summer temperature of 24.9 ยฐC occurred in August
2013 and the minimum average winter temperature of -14.7 ยฐC occurred in February 2014.
4.3 Ventilation Requirements
One of the factors influencing system design was the required ventilation requirements for the
building air. The latest residential ventilation standard is ASHRAE 62.2 (2013) released by the
11. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
9
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (AHSRAE). This
standard requires that a ventilation rate of 7.5 cfm per occupant and 3 cfm per 100 ft2
of living
space be provided by the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system for the home
[8]. The residence is approximately 1100 ft2
and has three occupants. The density of air for the
home (๐ ๐,โ๐๐๐) was found using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) for a temperature of 25 ยฐC
and a pressure of 101 kPa. The required ventilation for the home was calculated to be
approximately 1.850 kg/s (3322.5 cfm) and used to estimate the power requirements for the fan
circulating the home air.
Some observers have criticized the new ASHRAE standard for requiring an excessive air flow
rate; the older 2003 AHSRAE 62.2 standard only required 1 cfm per 100 ft2
living space and some
building scientists argued that even this rate was too high [8]. Applying the old formula results in
a ventilation requirement that is approximately a third of the required value at 0.625 kg/s. The
more stringent requirement of 1.850 kg/s will be used to guide the estimation of power
requirements for the air circulation fan in the system.
4.4 Electricity and Thermal Generation Targets
Electricity and thermal generation targets can now be determined as the existing system
requirements and external parameters have been identified. The winter space heating thermal
requirement will be found using the maximum space heating requirement (๐ฬโ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐) of 3.982 kW
from January 2014. A space cooling requirement (๐ฬ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐) of 0.1602 kW was estimated from
Energy Efficiency tables provided by Natural Resources Canada for a single detached home [9].
These tables were also used to estimate a required energy input for water heating (๐ฬ ๐ค๐๐ก๐๐) of
0.7843 kW.
Targeted electricity production will be found by converting the largest total power use of 1850
kWh (for the two month period of August 2013 to November 2013) into a maximum power
requirement of 1.271 kW for the existing system. The total power required by the system can be
found by subtracting the estimate powered required for the AC system (๐๐ด๐ถ = 0.1602 ๐๐) since
the ground source heat pump will supply the required cooling. The estimated power required for
the GSHP compressor (๐๐๐๐๐ = 1.282 ๐๐), total system pumps (๐๐๐ข๐๐ = 1.056 ๐๐), and AHU
fan (๐๐ด๐ป๐ = 2.112 ๐๐) can be added to this total to obtain a total power requirement of 5.561
kW. In order to be a 20% net export of energy, the total target power for the system (๐๐ก๐๐ก) will be
increased to 6.674 kW. The amount of power required for the solar PV system (๐๐ ๐๐๐๐) can be
found by subtracting the estimated power to be generated by the wind turbine (๐ ๐ค๐๐๐ =
0.2806 ๐๐). Therefore the power that the new solar PV system must generate is 6.393 kW.
12. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
10
5. System Overview
5.1 Diagram
A small-scale diagram of the proposed system is included below for ease of reference. A larger
full-scale image is included in Section 9.1 Figures.
5.2 System Operation
The system is divided into two main components, the thermal sub-system and the electrical sub-
system. The electrical system includes the following components: solar PV module, PV maximum
power-point tracker (MPPT), charge controller, wind turbine, batteries, and inverter. Electrical
connections between the compressor and electrical system have been omitted for clarity.
Additionally, the system pumps have not be depicted. The operational details of each component
are as follows:
Figure 2: Proposed system diagram
13. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
11
Electrical System Operation:
1. Solar PV system
o Converts incoming solar radiation into an electrical current.
๏ง Comprised of multiple PV modules connected in series.
2. Maximum power point tracker
o Optimizes the solar PV system output for efficient battery charging.
3. Junction box and DC disconnect
o Connects the power output of the solar PV system and wind turbine.
๏ง Disconnect allows for system service/maintenance.
4. Charge controller
o Allows for either charging of battery bank or supply of power to house loads/grid.
๏ง Manages battery storage for both solar PV and wind system.
5. Inverter
o Converts DC power supplied by the solar/wind system into 240 VAC power at 60
Hz.
๏ง Additional transformer would be required to step power down to 120 VAC
required by most home appliances.
The thermal sub-system is further divided into the ground source heat pump that will supply the
majority of the homeโs heating and cooling requirements and the existing solar thermal array and
instantaneous natural gas water heater. The GSHP system includes a compressor, reversing valve,
interior and exterior air-handling unit/heat exchanger, expansion valve, and ground loop system.
R-134a is used as a cycle fluid for states 1-4 and water is used in the ground loop system which
will not be exposed to freezing temperatures. The existing water solar thermal/NG water heater
has a cycle fluid of 50% propylene glycol USP/EP and distilled water by volume. This system will
not be removed but kept as a supplemental thermal energy source.
Ground Source Heat Pump Component (GSHP) Operation:
1. Compressor
o Used to compress the saturated vapor coming from the cooling heat exchanger.
๏ง Adds energy to vapor
๏ง Adds pressure to vapor
2. Interior AHU/heat exchanger
o Depending on the mode the GSHP will either be heating or cooling.
๏ง Heating: this is where the extra energy that was into the saturated
refrigerant vapor is expelled into the environment. This is due to the fact
that at the elevated pressure the vapor feels โhotโ compared to its
surroundings, thus it condenses into ideally a saturated liquid.
3. Expansion valve
14. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
12
o This is here to increase the entropy of working fluid (R-134a).
๏ง Stage 1: increases velocity of fluid via nozzle effect
๏ง Stage 2: decreases velocity and increases pressure
๏ง This suspends liquid particles analogous to a mist into the cooling heat
exchanger
4. Exterior AHU/heat exchanger
o Depends on the mode of the GSHP, if heating outside heat exchanger will be cold
relative to its environment.
๏ง At this decreased pressure the natural state of the refrigerant is saturated
vapor. The liquid particles in the mist evaporate as they collect heat from
their surroundings. Known as evaporative cooling.
5. Ground heat exchanging tubes
o The reason these tubes are underground is because at a certain depth the
temperature remains constant. This is an example of a semi-infinite solid, and an
isothermal boundary layer. When using the ground we have access to a vast
amount of energy, we can use this medium as a heat source and heat sink. This
depends on the mode the GSHP is set at; heating or cooling. Usually we run water
through these series of pipes because of waterโs high cp and it is easy to pump.
This water is pumped to the outside heat exchanger to serve as a heat sink or heat
source for the GSHP.
6. Reversing valve
o Reverses the flow of R-134a depending on whether the system is in cooling mode
(assumed to be May-October) or heating mode (assumed to be November-April).
Backup Solar Thermal System Operation:
1. Solar thermal system
o Transfers thermal energy from incoming solar radiation to water/glycol fluid.
๏ง Comprised of two modules connected in series.
2. Storage tank #1
o Transfers thermal energy from the water/glycol in the solar thermal collector to
domestic water for home use.
๏ง Cold city water is input into water tank as water is used.
3. Storage tank #2
o Additional storage of thermal energy for domestic water.
๏ง Outputs warm water to interior AHU/HE for additional heating and accepts
hot water from the GSHP.
๏ง Outputs warm water to the instantaneous NG backup water heater as
needed.
4. Backup instantaneous water heater
o Uses natural gas as a fuel to heat up domestic water in case of system failure or if
the demand cannot be met.
15. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
13
5.3 Components Parameters
Ground Source Heat Pump/Air Handling Unit/Heat Exchanger
Includes ClimateMaster Tranquility 22 geothermal system with a 2-stage compressor, variable
speed water flow/air flow control and a ClimateMaster thermostat. Includes Qt1-230 flow
controller and four 1 inch by 500 foot coils of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geothermal pipe
[10] [11].
Table 1: GSHP/AHU/HE component parameters
COP (Heating) EER (Cooling)
Capacity
(ton)
4.1 23.7 2
Voltage Input
(V)
Dimensions
(m)
Weight
(kg)
208/230 0.569 x 0.660 x 1.18 105
Air Filter
Cost
(CAD)
1โ MERV 8 $8217.00
Figure 3: ClimateMaster geothermal system [11]
16. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
14
Solar Thermal Collectors
Two HeatSafe flat plate solar thermal collectors manufactured by Enerworks. Thermal collectors
are copper tubes on aluminum and array have glazed tempered glass covers [4].
Table 2: HeatSafe solar thermal collector component parameters
Dimensions (Each)
(m)
Weight (Each)
(kg)
Coating Absorptance
1.219 x 2.438 x 0.076 5 94% ยฑ 2
Coating Emittance
Cost
(CAD)
5% ยฑ 2 $0.00 (existing)
Figure 4: HeatSafe collectors by Enerworks [4]
17. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
15
Instantaneous Water Heater
The R75LSi instantaneous water heater uses natural gas as a fuel to provide a continuous flow of
hot water for domestic use. Exhaust is direct vent/forced combustion with a variable NG input of
9,900-180,000 Btu/h and electronic ignition system [5].
Table 3: R75LSi NG instantaneous water heater component parameters
Dimensions
(m)
Voltage Input
(V)
Max./Min. Flow Rate
(GPM)
0.355 x 0.244 x 0.0229 120 @ 60 Hz (AC) 7.5/0.26
Temperature Range
(ยฐC)
Thermal Efficiency
(%)
Cost
(CAD)
36.6 to 48.8 82 $0.00 (existing)
Figure 5: Rinnai R75LSi instantaneous water heater [5]
18. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
16
Solar PV Module
The E-Series of solar module from SunPower features mono-crystalline silicon Maxeon solar cell
technology with a solid copper foundation. This module was ranked number first in the
Photovoltaic Durability Initiative (PVDI) performed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy
Systems (ISE) [12]. Pricing could not be found for this module so the cost was estimated at $3
CAD/W for a total of 20 panels [13].
Table 4: E20-327 solar module component parameters
Dimensions
(m)
Nominal Power
(W)
Average Module Efficiency
(%)
1.559 x 1.046 x 0.046 327 20.4
Rated Voltage
(V)
Rated Current
(A)
Open-Circuit Voltage
(V)
54.7 5.98 64.9
Short-Circuit Current
(A)
Cost
(CAD)
6.46 $19178
Figure 6: SunPower E20-327 solar module [24]
19. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
17
Wind Turbine
The T701 wind turbine from Pika Energy is a three-blade horizontal wind turbine (HAWT) that
features an upwind rotor and free yaw. The blades are glass-reinforced polymer and the
alternator is brushless permanent magnet. The system also features a Wi-Fi monitoring system
and has been certified by the Small Wind Certification Council (SWCC) [14]. The cost includes
the price of a B801 charge controller [15].
Table 5: T701 wind turbine component parameters
Rotor Diameter
(m)
Swept Area
(m2
)
Tower Top Weight
(kg)
3.0 7.1 42
Peak Output
(kW)
Rated Output
(kW)
Monthly Output
(kW)
1.7 @ 13.5 m/s 1.5 @ 11 m/s 202 kWh @ 5 m/s
Cut In Wind Speed
(m/s)
Survival Wind Speed
(m/s)
Cost
(CAD)
3.3 66 $5995.00
Figure 7: Pika Energy T701 wind turbine
20. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
18
Wind Tower
The Econotower from Pika Energy uses a gin-pole raising system to install the turbine at a height
of either 42โ or 60โ [14]. The following components are also required in order setup the wind
tower and can be sourced from an online distributor [16]: Qty 4 - 10.5โ Schedule 40 2.5โ Male
Thread, Qty 2 - 8โ Copper-Clad Steel Ground Rod, Qty 4 - 5/8โ-11 Thread 9โ Adjustment Steel
Jaw-and-Jaw Turnbuckle with Cotter Pins, Qty 3 - Galvanized Schedule 40 2.5โ NPT Pipe
Coupler. The following screw anchors are used to secure the system guy wires and can be
purchased from American Earth Anchors [17]: Qty 10 - PE46GUY 46โ (1.2 m) Penetrator Screw
Anchor. These costs are added to the base cost of $999.00 for the Econotower.
Table 6: Econotower component parameters
Height
(m)
Tube Specification
Total Cost
(CAD)
12.8 Sched. 40 2.5โ diameter $3040.90
Figure 8: Pika Energy Econotower [14]
21. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
19
Charge Controller
The B801 charge controller from Pika Energy is designed to work with hybrid wind/solar PV
systems and can be used with any 24-48 V DC energy system [14].
Table 7: B801 charge controller component parameters
Battery Voltage
(V)
Max. Battery Current
(A)
Efficiency
(%)
24 to 48 ยฑ 80 95
Standby/Sleep Power
(W)
Temperature Range
(ยฐC)
Cost
(CAD)
7/3 -20 to 50 $0.00 (Included with T701)
Figure 9: Pika Energy B801 charger controller [14]
22. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
20
Maximum Power Point Tracker
The S2001 PV Link manufactured by Pika Energy allows for the optimization of a solar PV
module and uses natural convection cooling for quiet operation [14].
Table 8: S2001 MPPT component parameters
Dimensions
(m)
Weight
(kg)
Max. Temperature
(ยฐC)
0.235 x 0.102 x 0.210 4.5 60
MPPT Voltage
(V)
Min. Input Voltage
(V)
Max. Input Voltage
(V)
100-320 DC 100 320
Standby Power
(W)
Efficiency
(%)
Cost
(CAD)
1 98.9 $995.00
Figure 10: Pika Energy S2001 MPPT [14]
23. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
21
Inverter
The X3001 is a grid-tie inverter which will accept power from any combination of wind/power
sources [14]. A cost for this inverter could not be sourced for this report and will not be included
in the economic analysis.
Table 9: X3001 inverter component parameters
Dimensions
(m)
Weight
(kg)
Output Voltage
(V)
0.381 x 0.381 x 0.152 11.7 240 @ 60 Hz (AC)
Max. Current
(A)
Peak Efficiency
(%)
Max. Temperature
(ยฐC)
13 (AC) 96.3 60
Figure 11: Pika Energy X3001 inverter [14]
24. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
22
Battery
Eight S-480 flooded deep cycle battery from Rolls will be hooked up in a series/parallel
configuration for a total system voltage of 24 V and total amperage of 1500 Ah (see Figure 12).
Table 10: S-480 battery component parameters
Dimensions
(m)
Weight
(kg)
Capacity (Each)
(Ah)
0.318 x 0.181 x 0.425 37 375
Voltage
(V)
Hour Rate
(hr)
Total Cost
(CAD)
6 20 $3280
Figure 12: Series/parallel battery connection [26]
Figure 13: Rolls S-480 battery [25]
25. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
23
5.4 System Assumptions
1. Constant room temperature set to 20 ยฐC
2. Constant ground temperature set to 15 ยฐC
3. No head loss in tubing due to major and minor losses
4. Heat exchanger efficiency is 100%
5. Temperatures used for exergy analysis are peak temperature monthly averages. The
average temperature of the hottest and coldest month.
6. Dead state temperature is assumed to be 5 ยฐC at 1 atmosphere.
7. House is insulated such that there is no heat loss through walls. Only heating and cooling
demands are met.
8. No leakages in the system
9. Nozzle efficiency is assumed to be 100%
10. The system is designed such that it exceed the peak demand by approximately 25%.
11. Steady flow system.
12. Assume 100% efficiencies for electrical components and ignore resistive losses.
26. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
24
6. System Analysis
6.1 Balance Equations
The following equations refer to the proposed system diagram (see Figure 21).
Compressor (neglecting reversing valve)
Mass Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 1 = ๐ฬ 2
Energy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 1โ1 = ๐ฬ 2โ2
Entropy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 1 ๐ 1 + ๐ฬ ๐๐๐ = ๐ฬ 2 ๐ 2
Exergy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 1 ๐1 = ๐ฬ 2 ๐2 + ๐ธ๐ฅฬ ๐
Expansion Valve
Mass Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 3 = ๐ฬ 4
Energy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 3โ3 = ๐ฬ 4โ4
Entropy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 3 ๐ 3 + ๐ฬ ๐๐๐ = ๐ฬ 4 ๐ 4
Exergy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 3 ๐3 = ๐ฬ 4 ๐4 + ๐ธ๐ฅฬ ๐
Ground Loop System (when heating, heat is an input)
Mass Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 5 = ๐ฬ 6
Energy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 5โ5 + ๐ฬโ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ = ๐ฬ 6โ6
Entropy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 5 ๐ 5 + ๐ฬ ๐๐๐ +
๐ฬโ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐
๐โ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐
= ๐ฬ 5 ๐ 5
Exergy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 3 ๐3 + ๐ธ๐ฅฬ ๐โ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ = ๐ฬ 4 ๐4 + ๐ธ๐ฅฬ ๐
Ground Loop System (when cooling, heat is an output)
Mass Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 5 = ๐ฬ 7
Energy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 5โ5 = ๐ฬ 7โ7 + ๐ฬ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
Entropy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 5 ๐ 5 + ๐ฬ ๐๐๐ = ๐ฬ 7 ๐ 7 +
๐ฬ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
Exergy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 5 ๐5 = ๐ฬ 7 ๐7 + ๐ธ๐ฅฬ ๐ + ๐ธ๐ฅฬ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐๐
28. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
26
Solar-Thermal Module
Mass Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 13 = ๐ฬ 14
Energy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 13โ13 + ๐ฬ ๐ ๐๐๐๐ = ๐ฬ 14โ14
Entropy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 13 ๐ 13 + ๐ฬ ๐๐๐ +
๐ฬ ๐๐๐๐๐
๐ ๐๐๐๐๐
= ๐ฬ 14 ๐ 14
Exergy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 13 ๐13 + ๐ธ๐ฅฬ ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ = ๐ฬ 14 ๐14 + ๐ธ๐ฅฬ ๐
Backup Instantaneous Water Heater
Mass Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 11 = ๐ฬ 12
Energy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 11โ11 + ๐ฬ ๐๐๐ก๐ข๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐ = ๐ฬ 12โ12
Entropy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 11 ๐ 11 + ๐ฬ ๐๐๐ +
๐ฬ ๐๐๐ก๐ข๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐
๐ ๐๐๐ก๐ข๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐
= ๐ฬ 12 ๐ 12
Exergy Balance Equation: ๐ฬ 11 ๐11 + ๐ธ๐ฅฬ ๐ ๐๐๐ก๐ข๐๐๐ ๐บ๐๐ = ๐ฬ 12 ๐12 + ๐ธ๐ฅฬ ๐
6.2 Energy and Efficiency
The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, it merely
changes form. Energy efficiency is given by the division of desired output by required input. When
it comes to refrigeration systems we need to change this concept and introduce another name for
this parameter; coefficient of performance. This is because when doing the calculations for
efficiency for such systems, we get a value that is greater than 1 which is normally not a sensible
result for real systems. This is not the only problem that is presented by these systems but, we
know from heat transfer that energy moves only from a hot body to a cold body, in a heat pump
system the opposite is happening.
The one thing that that explains both of these presented problems is that these types of systems
utilize phase change of its working fluid to attain their desired outputs. Referring to system
overview (see Section 5.2 System Operation), we can refresh our knowledge on what is happening
to the working fluid after each component in the ground source heat pump cycle.
The highest efficiency thermal cycle is known as the Carnot cycle. This is a cycle where every
single process is reversible and it is calculated using only the high and low temperatures of the
system. This serves as a comparison tool to see how close a modeled system is to being the best it
can physically be. The COPCarnot,HP and COPCarnotR for our system design are 5.08 and 4.08
respectively. When we compare the actual COP values to the Carnot COP we can see that values
of 81.41% and 77.87% of the Carnot COP for COPHP and COPR are being reached respectively.
This shows that our system is incredibly efficient, but we must also take into consideration the
29. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
27
assumptions made in our calculations and parameters. In reality these numbers will be significantly
lower due to losses and irreversibilities that remain unaccounted for.
Expanding on irreversibilities, the second law of thermodynamics states that in any cyclic process,
the entropy will either increase or remain the same. Energy is divided into two categories, the first
one being anergy which is a portion of energy that is wasted and cannot be converted to work. The
remaining portion of energy is called exergy, this is easily defined as useful work.
Exergy analysis is an extremely powerful tool that can serve as a comparison value like the Carnot
value when discussing efficiencies. For example, we know that energetically the efficiency of an
electrical space heater is 99%-100%, i.e. the amount of energy supplied is the amount of heat
energy received. But when using exergy analysis we see that โexergy analysis recongnizes this
difference in energy qualities and indicates the exergy of the heat deliverd to the room to be about
5% of the exergy entering the heaterโ [18].
In our system we can see that our overall exergy efficiency is 65.79% this is an acceptable
efficiency and it shows us that we are able to convert 65.79% of all useful work supplied to our
system to the desired output. This efficiency depends on the ambient temperatures of the
environment, which will be discussed in the following parametric study.
6.3 Parametric Study
Referring to Figure 18 and Figure 19 we can see that the coefficient of performance increases as
the efficiency of the compressor is increased, while decreasing the work required to compress the
vapor to its desired pressure. By increasing the compressor efficiency we decrease the
irreversible losses during this process. Also by increasing the efficiency of the compressor work
we also increase the exergy efficiency, this is understood when looking at the exergy efficiency
formula:
๐๐ผ๐ผ =
๐ธ๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ฆ ๐ ๐๐๐๐ฃ๐๐๐๐
๐ธ๐ฅ๐๐๐๐ฆ ๐ ๐ข๐๐๐๐๐๐
We can see that as we decrease the exergy supplied by increasing the compressor efficiency it
will inherently increase the second law efficiency.
When dealing with exergy, temperature is a crucial parameter to consider. The following figure
represents the behavior of exergy efficiency as we decrease the winter ambient temperature. This
analysis was conducted while the GSHP was in heating mode. Another way of calculating the
second law efficiency is through exergy destruction. Exergy destruction is a value that represents
the amount of exergy that is wasted during a process. Exergy destruction can be calculated using
two main methods: ExD
= T0 แน gen where แน gen is the increase of entropy from a process. The second
30. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
28
method utilizes the difference of exergy flows, where the equation for a single flow is given by ฯi
= (hi โ h0) โ T0(si โs0).
For the proposed system an increase of exergy efficiency was observed as the ambient
temperature was decreased (see Figure 20). This is due to the fact that the ground is being used
as a heat source, since our heat source temperature remains constant and is not affected by the
ambient temperature we are able to effectively heat a space without additional work. By
decreasing the ambient temperature in the winter the individual exergy flow values are affected,
in this case the exergy flow of the inlet winter air is increased. By doing this the exergy
destroyed in the condenser for heating mode is decreased. Relatively speaking, the useful work
provided at a colder temperature is more effectively used than compared to a higher temperature.
6.5 Economic Analysis
Component costs have been collected for most of the proposed products that are to be installed in
this system (see Section 5.3 Components Parameters). Using these values a total purchase cost of
$40,706 (CAD) is estimated. It should be noted that this value estimates the cost of the
SunPower solar modules and does not include the cost of a transformer or the X3001 inverter.
Additionally, the installation and maintenance cost for this system has not been estimated and
would add significantly to the total cost.
The payback period for the system can be estimated by assuming that it would be eligible for the
Ontario Feed-In Tarrif (FIT) program and receive the electricity price of 29.4 (ยข/kWh) [3]
applied to the solar PV subsystem. If it is assumed that the entire excess 20% of electricity is
sold back to the grid at this rate there will be approximately 1.334 kW of power or 32.03
kWh/day available. At this rate it will take approximately 4322 days (11.84 years) to recover the
cost of the components alone. This assumes that no government grants have been used to install
the system.
6.6 Environmental Analysis
Greenhouse gas emissions is one of the major issues related to the energy sector globally. It is a
โkey driver of global warmingโ [19]. The system proposed eliminates the use of natural gas,
which was used to heat water and air for the house in question. A simulation depicting the CO2
emissions in the atmosphere shows that North America is essentially covered by a large
concentrated cloud of CO2 (see Figure 14)
The total amount of natural gas used in the house, prior to any improvements, was found to be
approximately 1100 m3
(annually). This results in approximately 2100 tonnes of CO2 expelled
annually [20].
31. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
29
The proposed system implements a solar thermal collector which uses a propylene-glycol-water
solution as working fluid. There have been many studies done to find the hazards of this solution
pertaining to ecological and human impacts.
Propylene-glycol is considered to be a relatively safe chemical. Due to it breaking down quickly
in the body, is it difficult to detect. The FDA classifies the chemical โgenerally safeโ, as it is used
in flavorings, cosmetics and even edibles. [21]
Figure 14: NASA model of CO2 emissions in atmosphere [19]
32. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
30
7. Conclusion
The proposed system for a net positive energy building was designed using a wind turbine, solar
PV/T modules and a ground source heat pump. The system produced an excess of 20% of its
energy demands, while also providing its own thermal requirements needed for heating and
cooling.
The total electrical load (plus 20%) for the house was found to be 6.674 kW with 0.2806 kW being
supplied by the wind turbine and 6.393 kW being generated by the PV array. The thermal needs
of the house for cooling and heating were estimated at 3.982 kW during the winter and 0.1602 kW
during the summer with an additional 0.7843 kW for domestic hot water heating. These needs
were met by implementing a vapor compression cycle and a ground source heat pump, using R-
134a and water as their working fluid respectively. The homeโs existing flat-plate solar thermal
array and instantaneous NG water heater were kept as a supplementary/backup source of hot water.
Due to providing energy for space heating and hot water, it was found that approximately 2100
tonnes of CO2 was saved from being released from the environment. This value assumes that no
natural gas is burned in the NG water heat.
The excess energy provided by the house could essentially be sold to the grid, which would
annually generate approximately $3437.43 per year at a reimbursement rate of 29.4 (ยข/kWh). The
resulting payback period is approximately 12 years (not including installation costs).
Possible issues with the analysis include overestimates for the power consumption of the system
by the pumps, fans, and compressor. Additionally 20 solar modules are required to generate the
required electricity however there is not enough south-facing area on the roof to accommodate an
array of this size. It is possible to install panels on the ground however there are trees on the lot
(see Figure 1) that would have to be removed. Another simplification is that the rated wind turbine
and solar PV output have been used to size the system. A more thorough analysis would have
considered regional and seasonal variations to estimate the power output of these renewable
systems.
33. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
31
8. Nomenclature
General
AC = Alternating Current
AHU = Air-Handling Unit
ASHRAE = American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers
COP = Coefficient of Performance
DC = Direct Current
EES = Engineering Equation Solver
FIT = Feed-In Tarrif Program
GPM = Gallons Per Minute
GSHP = Ground Source Heat Pump
HDPE = High-Density Polyethylene
HE = Heat Exchanger
ISE = Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems
MPPT = Maximum Powerpoint Tracker
NG = Natural Gas
PV = Photovoltaic
SWCC = Small Wind Certification Council
System Parameters
๐ธ๐ต๐ธ - Energy Balance Equation
๐ธ๐๐ต๐ธ - Entropy Balance Equation
๐ธ๐ฅ๐ต๐ - Exergy Balance Equation
๐ธ๐ฅฬ ๐ - Exergy Destruction Rate
โ - Specific Enthalpy
๐ฬ - Mass Flow Rate
๐๐ต๐ธ - Mass Balance Equation
๐ = Power
๐ฬ - Heat Rate
๐ - Specific Enthalpy
๐ฬ ๐๐๐ - Entropy Generation Rate
๐ - Temperature
Greek Letters
๐ - Efficiency
๐ - Flow Exergy
34. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
32
9. Appendix
9.1 Figures
1550.00
1600.00
1650.00
1700.00
1750.00
1800.00
1850.00
06-25-13 08-14-13 10-03-13 11-22-13 01-11-14 03-02-14 04-21-14 06-10-14 07-30-14
TotalElectricityUse(kWh)
Date
26.00
26.50
27.00
27.50
28.00
28.50
29.00
29.50
30.00
30.50
06-25-13 08-14-13 10-03-13 11-22-13 01-11-14 03-02-14 04-21-14 06-10-14 07-30-14
AverageDailyUse(kWh)
Date
Figure 15: Total existing electricity use (August 7, 2013 - October 7, 2014)
Figure 16: Average daily existing electricity use (August 7, 2013 - October 7, 2014)
35. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
33
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
06-25-13 08-14-13 10-03-13 11-22-13 01-11-14 03-02-14 04-21-14 06-10-14 07-30-14
Temperature(ยฐC)
Date
Figure 17: Average ambient maximum (blue) and minimum (red) temperature for Oshawa
4.84
5.08
5.32
5.56
3.84
4.08
4.32
4.56
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96
CoefficientofPerformance
Efficiency
COP COPr
Figure 18: COP vs. compressor efficiency
36. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
34
1.362
1.282
1.211
1.147
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
0.78 0.8 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.9 0.92 0.94 0.96
Work(kW)
Efficiency
Compressor work vs. Compressor Efficency
Figure 19: Compressor work vs. compressor efficiency
65.5
66
66.5
67
67.5
68
68.5
69
69.5
70
70.5
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10
ExergyEfficiency(%[)
Temperature (ยฐC)
Figure 20: Exergy efficiency vs. winter temperature
37. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
35
Figure 21: Full-scale proposed system diagram
38. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
36
Figure 22: Enerworks HeatSafe solar thermal collectors
39. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
37
Figure 23: Enerworks Energy Stations and hot water storage tank
40. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
38
Figure 24: Rinnai R75LSi instantaneous water heater
41. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
39
9.2 Tables
Table 11: Existing system total electricity requirements
Period #
Billing Period
Start
Billing Period
End
Total Days
Total Use
(kWh)
Total Use (kW)
1 08/07/13 10/07/13 61 1830.00 1.250
2 10/07/13 12/07/13 61 1603.01 1.095
3 12/07/13 02/07/14 62 1749.00 1.175
4 02/07/14 04/07/14 59 1620.99 1.145
5 04/07/14 06/07/14 61 1678.00 1.146
6 06/07/14 08/07/14 61 1774.00 1.212
Table 12: Existing system average electricity requirements and cost
Period #
Average Daily
Use (kWh)
Average On-
Peak Daily Use
(kWh)
Average Mid-
Peak Daily Use
(kWh)
Average Off-
Peak Daily Use
(kWh)
Total Charge
(CAD)
1 30.00 6 5 19 257.63
2 26.28 5 4 17 240.88
3 28.21 5 5 19 262.99
4 27.47 4 4 19 242.66
5 27.51 5 5 18 262.88
6 29.08 6 5 19 281.88
Table 13: On-peak, mid-peak, and off-peak electricity rates
2013 Summer On-Peak Rate
(ยข/kWh)
2013 Summer Mid-Peak Rate
(ยข/kWh)
2013 Summer Off-Peak Rate
(ยข/kWh)
12.40 10.40 6.70
2013 Winter On-Peak Rate
(ยข/kWh)
2013 Winter Mid-Peak Rate
(ยข/kWh)
2013 Winter Off-Peak Rate
(ยข/kWh)
12.90 10.90 7.20
2014 Summer On-Peak Rate
(ยข/kWh)
2014 Summer Mid-Peak Rate
(ยข/kWh)
2014 Summer Off-Peak Rate
(ยข/kWh)
13.50 11.20 7.50
42. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
40
Table 14: Natural gas use and thermal energy requirements
Date
Natural Gas Use
(m3
)
Days per Month
Energy Input
(kW)
Space Heating
(kW)
08/01/13 10.0 31 0.1475 0.1327
09/01/13 10.0 30 0.1475 0.1327
10/01/13 12.5 31 0.1843 0.1659
11/01/13 100.0 30 1.475 1.327
12/01/13 137.5 31 2.028 1.825
01/01/14 300.0 31 4.424 3.982
02/01/14 225.0 28 3.318 2.986
03/01/14 225.0 31 3.318 2.986
04/01/14 140.0 30 2.065 1.858
05/01/14 70.0 31 1.0323 0.9291
06/01/14 30.0 30 0.4424 0.3982
07/01/14 10.0 31 0.1475 0.1327
Table 15: Ambient temperature conditions for Oshawa, Ontario [7]
Date
Mean Temperature
(ยฐC)
Average Max.
Temperature (ยฐC)
Average Min.
Temperature (ยฐC)
08/01/13 19.1 24.9 13.2
09/01/13 14.3 20.1 8.5
10/01/13 9.7 14.8 4.6
11/01/13 0.9 5.5 -3.8
12/01/13 -5.4 -1.5 -9.2
01/01/14 -8.4 -3.8 -13.1
02/01/14 -9.5 -4.2 -14.7
03/01/14 -4.8 0.2 -9.9
04/01/14 5.1 10.5 -0.3
05/01/14 13.4 18.9 7.8
06/01/14 18.1 23.8 12.4
07/01/14 19.0 24.8 13.1
43. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
41
9.3 Sample Calculations
Thermal Energy Input:
Convert natural gas use for January 2014 into energy input.
๐ฬ ๐๐บ =
300 ๐3
31 ๐๐๐ฆ๐
๐ ๐๐บ = 0.79
๐๐
๐3
[6]
๐ฟ๐ป๐๐๐บ = 50.0
๐๐ฝ
๐๐
[6]
๐ฬ ๐๐ = ๐ ๐๐บ ๐ฬ ๐๐บ ๐ฟ๐ป๐๐๐บ
โด ๐ฬ ๐๐ = (0.79
๐๐
๐3
) (
300 ๐3
31 ๐๐๐ฆ๐
) (
1 ๐๐๐ฆ
86400 ๐
) (50.0 ยท 103 ๐๐ฝ
๐๐
) โ 4.424 ๐๐
Required Thermal Energy:
Calculate the required thermal energy into the system by accounting for the estimated efficiency
of the furnace.
๐ ๐๐ข๐๐๐๐๐ = 0.90
๐ฬ ๐๐๐ = ๐ ๐๐ข๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ฬ ๐๐ = (0.90)(4.424 ๐๐) โ 3.982๐๐
Required Ventilation:
Calculate the required ventilation rate for the home.
๐ฬ ๐,๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ก =
7.5 ๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ก
[8]
๐ฬ๐,๐๐๐๐ =
7.5 ๐๐๐
100 ๐๐ก2
[8]
๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ก = 3 ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ก๐
๐ดโ๐๐๐ = 1100 ๐๐ก2
๐ ๐,โ๐๐๐ = 1.180
๐๐
๐3
[EES]
๐ฬ ๐,โ๐๐๐ = ๐ ๐,โ๐๐๐(๐ฬ ๐,๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ก ๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ก + ๐ฬ๐,๐๐๐๐ ๐ดโ๐๐๐)
โด ๐ฬ ๐,โ๐๐๐ = (1.180
๐๐
๐3
) [(
7.5 ๐๐๐
๐๐๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ก
) (3) + (
7.5 ๐๐๐
100 ๐๐ก2
) (1100 ๐๐ก2)] (
1 ๐3
35.3147 ๐๐ก3
) (
1 ๐๐๐
60 ๐
)
โด ๐ฬ ๐,โ๐๐๐ โ 1.850
๐๐
๐
44. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
42
Power Requirement:
Calculate the power requirement for the system.
๐2๐๐๐๐กโ =
1830 ๐๐โ
61 ๐๐๐ฆ๐
=
(1830 ๐๐)(3600 ๐ )
61 ๐๐๐ฆ๐
(
1 ๐๐๐ฆ
86400 ๐
) โ 1.25 ๐๐
Subtract an estimated 0.1602 kW for AC use which will be supplied by the GSHP system. Add in
the required 1.282 kW for the compressor, 2.112 kW for the AHU fan, and 1.056 kW for the
system pumps.
๐๐ก๐๐ก = 1.2(1.25 โ 0.1602 โ 0.2806 + 1.282 + 2.112 + 1.056)๐๐ โ 6.674 ๐๐
The 0.2806 kW power to be supplied by the wind turbine can be removed to find the estimated
power required by the solar PV system.
๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ = ๐๐ก๐๐ก โ ๐ ๐ค๐๐๐ = (6.674 โ 0.2806) ๐๐ โ 6.393 ๐๐
45. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
43
9.4 EES Code
"Refrigeration Cycle"
p[1]=350 [kPa]
p[2]=1300 [kPa]
m_dot_refrig= 0.04 [kg/s]
eta_pump_Refrig= .85 "Pump efficiency"
h[3]=h[4]
h2s = enthalpy(R134a, s=s[1],P=P[2])
eta_pump_refrig = (h2s-h[1])/(h[2]-h[1]) "efficiency equation to solve for h[2]"
h[1]=enthalpy(R134a,x=x[1] ,P=P[1]) ;x[1]=1.0
s[1]=entropy(R134a,x=x[1],P=P[1])
h[2]=enthalpy(R134a,s=s[2],P=P[2])
h[3]=enthalpy(R134a,x=x[3],P=P[2]) ;x[3]=0
s[3]=entropy(R134a,x=x[3],P=P[2])
s[4]=entropy(R134a,h=h[4],P=P[4]);p[4]=p[1];p[3]=p[2]
t[1]=temperature(R134a,h=h[1],P=P[1])
t[2]=temperature(R134a,s=s[2],P=P[2])
t[3]=temperature(R134a,x=x[3],P=P[2])
t[4]=t[1]
x[4]=quality(R134a,h=h[4],P=P[4])
"Analysis"
Q_dot_evap=m_dot_refrig*(h[1]-h[4]) "heat removed in evaporator"
Q_dot_cond=m_dot_refrig*(h[2]-h[3]) "heat exchanged to atmosphere in
condenser"
W_dot_comp_refrig=m_dot_refrig*(h[2]-h[1]) "compressor power"
COP_R=Q_dot_evap/W_dot_comp_refrig "coefficient of performance Refrig"
COP_HP=COP_R+1
COP_Carnot_HP = 1/(1-((t[4]+273)/(t[2]+273)))
COP_Carnot_R = 1/(((t[2]+273)/(t[4]+273))-1)
Percent_COP_R = COP_R/COP_carnot_R " this is the percentage of how close we are to carnot"
Percent_COP_HP = COP_HP/COP_carnot_HP " this is the percentage of how close we are to carnot"
"Thermal Load"
Winter_thermal_load = 3.982 [kW]
Summer_thermal_load = 0.1602 [kW]
Water_heating_load = 0.7843 [kW]
"Fraction of how much the system is used relative to max capacity of the system"
Load_Factor_heating = (Winter_thermal_load+water_heating_load)/Q_dot_cond
Load_Factor_cooling = Summer_thermal_load/Q_dot_evap
"Tons of heating and cooling Calculations"
Ton_heating = Winter_thermal_load/3.5168525
Ton_cooling = Summer_thermal_load/3.5168525
"Ground tubes"
T_inlet = 15 [C]
T_outlet_winter = (Q_dot_cond)/((0.3)*(c_p_water)) +15
T_outlet_summer = 15 - (Q_dot_evap)/((0.3)*(c_p_water))
m_dot_ground_tubes = 0.3 [kg/s]
c_p_water = cp(water, T= 15, x=0)
P_water= 200
"Inlet water ground"
46. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
44
h[5] = enthalpy(water, T= T_inlet, P = P_water)
s[5] =entropy(water, T= T_inlet, P = P_water)
"outlet in winter ground"
h[6] = enthalpy(water, T= T_outlet_winter, P = P_water)
s[6] = entropy(water, T= T_outlet_winter, P = P_water)
"outlet in summer ground"
h[7] = enthalpy(water, T= T_outlet_summer, P = P_water)
s[7] = entropy(water, T= T_outlet_summer, P = P_water)
"Air Space Heating Air vents"
T_house = 20
T_winter = -30
T_summer = 24.9
density_air = density(air_ha, T=20, p=101.3)
cp_air_cold = cp(air, T=-14.7)
cp_air_hot = cp(air, T=24.9)
delta_t_cold = T_house - T_winter
delta_t_hot = T_summer-T_house
m_dot_air_heating = (winter_thermal_load+water_heating_load)/(cp_air_cold *delta_T_cold)
"Mass flow of air to meet demands"
m_dot_air_cooling = (summer_thermal_load)/(cp_air_cold *delta_T_cold)
"Mass flow of air to meet demands"
"Pump and Fan work"
Water_geo_pump = 1.05639 [kW]
Fan_work_air = 2.1122 [kW]
"Ambient air/outlet air"
h[8] = enthalpy(air_ha, T=20, P=101.3)
s[8] = entropy(air_ha, T=20,P=101.3)
"inlet air summer"
h[9] = enthalpy(air_ha, T = T_summer, P = 101.3)
s[9] = entropy(air_ha, T = T_summer, P = 101.3)
"inlet air winter"
h[10] = enthalpy(air_ha, T = T_winter, P = 101.3)
s[10] = entropy(air_ha, T = T_winter, P = 101.3)
"Exergy Flow"
T_soil = 15+273
T_0_r = 5+273
T_0_w = 5+273
T_0_air = 5+273
s_0_r = entropy(R134a, T=5, P= 101.3)
h_0_r = enthalpy(R134a, T=5, P = 101.3)
s_0_w = entropy(water, T=5, P= 101.3)
h_0_w = enthalpy(water, T=5, P = 101.3)
s_0_air = entropy(air_ha, T=5, P= 101.3)
h_0_air = enthalpy(air_ha, T=5, P = 101.3)
psi_1 = (h[1] - h_0_r) - T_0_r*(s[1]-s_0_r)
psi_2 = (h[2] - h_0_r) - T_0_r*(s[2]-s_0_r)
psi_3 = (h[3] - h_0_r) - T_0_r*(s[3]-s_0_r)
psi_4 = (h[4] - h_0_r) - T_0_r*(s[4]-s_0_r)
51. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
49
9.5 T-s Diagram
Figure 25: T-s diagram for GSHP cycle
52. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
50
References
[1] Global Buildings Performance Network, "A success story: the Hikari project," 23
September 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.gbpn.org/newsroom/news-success-
story-hikari-project. [Accessed 24 November 2015].
[2] Next Buildings, "Hikari Building," 2015. [Online]. Available: http://next-
buildings.com/index.php/about/hikaribuilding. [Accessed 24 November 2015].
[3] Independent Electricity System Operator, "FIT/microFIT PRICE SCHEDULE (January 1,
2016)," 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://fit.powerauthority.on.ca/sites/default/files/FIT%20Price%20Schedule%202016-01-
01.pdf. [Accessed 16 November 2015].
[4] Enerworks Inc., "Solar Heating and Cooling," 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://enerworks.com/. [Accessed 2 November 2015].
[5] Rinnai Corporation, "Tankless Water Heaters," 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://www.rinnai.ca/tankless-water-heater. [Accessed 4 November 2015].
[6] J. B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, New York: McGraw-Hill,
1988.
[7] Government of Canada, "Daily Data Report," 22 September 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://climate.weather.gc.ca/climateData/dailydata_e.html?timeframe=2&Prov=ON&Stati
onID=48649&dlyRange=2010-06-03|2015-11-21&Year=2015&Month=11&Day=01.
[Accessed 12 November 2015].
[8] M. Holladay, "How Much Fresh Air Does Your Home Need?," Green Building Advisor,
28 June 2013. [Online]. Available:
http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/blogs/dept/musings/how-much-fresh-air-does-your-
home-need. [Accessed 15 November 2015].
[9] Natural Resources Canada, "Energy Efficiency Analysis Tables," 1 January 2014.
[Online]. Available: http://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/a3ef9fb0-f63f-4a7e-b11d-
6743166a4032. [Accessed 22 November 2014].
[10] CMDealernet, "Tranquilityยฎ 22 Digital Series (TZ)," 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://www.climatemaster.com/geothermal-dealer/geothermal-product-literature/tz/.
[Accessed 16 November 2015].
[11] ebay, "2 ton 2 stage Geothermal Climatemaster heat Pump Install Package TZv024,"
2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.ebay.com/itm/2-ton-2-stage-Geothermal-
Climatemaster-heat-Pump-Install-Package-TZv024-/252179706699. [Accessed 16
November 2015].
[12] Fraunhofer USA, "Photovoltaic Technologies: The PV Module Durability Initiative
(PVDI)," 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.cse.fraunhofer.org/pv-technologies/pv-
module-durability-initiative. [Accessed 16 November 2015].
53. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
51
[13] FreeCleanSolar, "Sunpower 327 Solar Panels," 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://www.freecleansolar.com/SunPower-327-Solar-Panels-s/4580.htm. [Accessed 16
November 2015].
[14] Pika Energy Ltd., "Pika Energy," 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.pika-
energy.com/. [Accessed 16 November 2015].
[15] RaySolar, "Pika Energy โ 3.7kW Hybrid Wind/Solar System," 2015. [Online].
Available: http://raysolar.ca/product/pika-energy-3-7kw-hybrid-windsolar-system/.
[Accessed 16 November 2015].
[16] McMaster Carr, "McMaster Carr," 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.mcmaster.com/.
[Accessed 16 November 2015].
[17] American Earth Anchors, "Penetrator Screw Anchors," 2015. [Online]. Available:
https://americanearthanchors.com/products/ground-anchors-penetrators/. [Accessed 16
November 2015].
[18] What-When-How, "Exergy: Analysis (Energy Engineering)," 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://what-when-how.com/energy-engineering/exergy-analysis-energy-engineering/.
[Accessed 19 November 2015].
[19] National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "NASA Computer Model Provides a
New Portrait of Carbon Dioxide," 17 November 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.nasa.gov/press/goddard/2014/november/nasa-computer-model-provides-a-
new-portrait-of-carbon-dioxide/#.VH0ENjHF98E. [Accessed 1 December 2014].
[20] Environment Canada, "National Inventory Report 1990-2011: Greenhouse Gas Sources
and Sinks in Canada," Environment Canada, 2013.
[21] Agency for Toxis Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), "Toxilogical Profile for
Propylene Glycol," Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, 1997.
[22] Google Earth, "108 High Street, Bowmanville, ON, L1C 3B6," 2015. [Online]. Available:
https://www.google.ca/maps/place/108+High+St,+Bowmanville,+ON+L1C+3B6/@43.92
12859,-
78.6905882,52m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x89d507303b60146d:0xe4b4875d4fed4fe
ahttps://www.google.ca/maps/place/108+High+St,+Bowmanville,+ON+L1C+3B6/@43.9
214246,-78.6907759,20. [Accessed 21 November 2015].
[23] Y. A. รengel and M. A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach (5th
Edition), New York: McGraw Hill, 2004.
[24] SunPower, "Better Solar Products," 2015. [Online]. Available:
http://us.sunpower.com/home-solar/solar-cell-technology-solutions/. [Accessed 16
November 2015].
[25] Rolls Battery, "Batteries," 2015. [Online]. Available: http://rollsbattery.com/catalog/.
[Accessed 16 November 2015].
54. MECE4430U - Analysis of a Solar PV/T and Geothermal System
52
[26] BatteryStuff.com, "Battery Bank Tutorial - Series and Parallel," 2015. [Online].
Available: http://www.batterystuff.com/kb/articles/battery-articles/battery-bank-
tutorial.html. [Accessed 16 November 2015].