1. Volcanoes are natural openings in the Earth's crust where molten rock and gases erupt. 2. The Philippines has many active volcanoes due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire. Some of the most notable active volcanoes include Taal Volcano, Mount Mayon, and Bulusan. 3. Volcanoes are classified based on their eruption history as either active or inactive, and by their shape as shield, cinder cone, or composite volcanoes.

1. VOLCANO
Sir Alvin Marc M. Dancel

2. SCIENCE 9- WEEK 1
LEARNING COMPETENCY:
◦ The learners should be able to:
◦ 1. describe the different types of volcanoes and
◦ 2. differentiate between active and inactive volcanoes.

3. Play the music videos about volcano.
◦Process the Questions:
What do you think is a volcano?
What is the difference between a volcano from a mountain?
Can we consider a volcano as a mountain?

4. ACTIVE VOLCANOES IN THE PHILIPPINES: AN OVERVIEW
◦ The Philippines is located along the Pacific Ring of Fire. As a result, it is
a home to many volcanoes. The most famous among our volcanoes is the
Mayon Volcano that has erupted last July 2020 while a group of hikers
were exploring its beauty. Taal volcano which is located in Batangas has
latest eruption/activity recorded last January 2020.
◦ Who would forget the terrible eruption of Pinatubo Volcano in 1991
after 600 years of inactivity? Based on statistics, in the first five years
following the eruption, lahars destroyed the homes of more than 100,000
people. Lahars also covered about 120,000 hectares with sediment to an
average depth of about one meter, and floods spread rock debris over a
larger area. The eruption also affected other countries as its emissions in
the atmosphere lowered the air temperature.

5. WHAT MAKES A LANDFORM A
VOLCANO?
Before you learn more about what volcano is, you need to unlock
some concepts about volcano by knowing the following terms:
1. Volcano – a natural opening in the surface of the Earth where
molten rocks, hot
gases, smoke and ash are ejected.
2. Summit – highest point of the volcano.
3. Slope – sides or flanks of a volcano that create its shapes and
landforms.
4. Base – the bottom part of the volcano which is considered as its
support and foundation.

6. ◦5. Ash - fragments of rocks; fine-grained lava.
◦6. Caldera – formed when a part of the wall collapses
following an explosive eruption.
◦7. Cone – shape of the volcano.
◦8. Crater – a funnel – shaped depression and opening
at the top of the volcano.
◦9. Lava - molten rocks that has been extruded during
an eruption.

7. ◦10. Magma - molten rocks still under the ground.
◦11. Magma Chamber - underground
compartment where magma is stored.
◦12. Vent - an opening on the surface of a
volcano that emits lava, gases, ash or other
◦ volcanic materials.
◦

11. A volcano is a natural opening on the surface of the earth where
molten rocks, hot gases, smoke, and ash are ejected. A volcano on earth
is a vent or fissure on the earth’s crust through which lava, ashes, rocks
and gases erupt. A volcano is also a mountain formed by accumulation of
eruptive products. On volcano, a fissure is an elongated fracture or crack
at the surface from which the lava erupts. Volcanoes erupts when molten
rocks called magma rises to the surface. Magma is formed when the
earth’s mantle melts.

12. VOLCANOES ACCORDING TO VOLCANIC
ACTIVITY/RECORD OF ERUPTION
Activevolcanoesarethosethathavearecordoferuptionwithinthelast600years
orthosethaterupted10,000yearsagobasedonanalysisoftheirmaterials.
Inactivevolcanoes,ontheotherhand,arethosethathavenoteruptedforthelast
10,000yearsandtheirphysicalformisbeingchangedbyagentsofweatheringanderosion
throughformationofdeepandlonggullies.

17. 3) COMPOSITE VOLCANOES (STRATO VOLCANOES)
• Formed from alternate solidification of lava and cinders
characterized by large and symmetrical slope.
• Large, nearly perfect sloped structure formed from
alternate solidification of both lava and pyroclastic
deposits.
• Lava is therefore stickier (more viscous). This stickiness
"plugs up" the volcano, causing pressure to build-up.
• The result is an explosive, dangerous eruption.
Examples: Mount Fuji in Japan
Mt. St. Helens in Washington, USA
Mt. Pinatubo in Zambales, Philippines
Mt. Mayon in Albay, Philippines.

18.  A volcano is a natural opening in the surface of the Earth where
molten rocks, hot gases, smoke, and ash are ejected.
 Philippines have known to have a lot of volcanoes because it is
located along the Pacific Ring of Fire.
 Some of active volcanoes in the Philippines according to PHIVOLCS
includes Taal volcano in Batangas, Mount Mayon in Albay and
Bulusan in Sorsogon
 Volcanoes are classified according to
a. record of eruption – as active or inactive
b. shape of volcano – as shield, cinder, or composite

19. Before we proceed to the next topic, let us review these words and concepts from the
previous lesson.
1.Crater - It’s is the funnel – shaped depression and opening at the top of the volcano.
2.Active volcano - These are the volcanoes that have a record of eruption within the last
600 years.
3.Composite Cone Volcano - According to shape of the volcanoes, this volcano will have a
dangerous eruption.
4.Magma Chamber - It is the underground reservoir (usually deep below the earth's
surface) occupied by magma

20. A VOLCANIC ERUPTION is a major natural
hazard on Earth. The hazard from a volcanic
eruption depends on the type of volcano.
Volcanoes are Earth's geologic architects.
They've created more than 80 percent of our
planet's surface, laying the foundation that
has allowed life to thrive. Their explosive
force crafts mountains as well as craters.

21. HOW DO VOLCANOES ERUPT?
Volcanic eruptions occur when magma and other
volcanic materials are released to Earth’s surface.
The degree of eruption depends on the
composition and temperature of the magma and
dissolve gases.

22. EX: PRESSURE COOKER
A pressure cooker is a sealed pot with a
valve that controls the steam pressure
inside. When you heat up a pot, the
liquid inside boils and turns into steam.
When this steam is trapped in a tightly
sealed pot, pressure begins to build
which raises the pressure in the pot.
Since you need a cooking liquid to create
steam and pressure, this explains why
cooking with a pressure
cooker always requires some form of
liquid.

23. Hazards of Volcanic Eruption
1.Lava- is molten rock erupted at the ground surface. When
molten rock is beneath the ground, it is called magma.
2.Lava flows- are the effusive (non-explosive) outpourings of
lava, and usually flow slower than walking pace.
3. Lava fountains- are a fountain of runny lava fragments from a
vent or line of vents (a fissure).

24. 4. Lava domes- are mounds that form when viscous lava is erupted
slowly and piles up over the vent, rather than moving away as a lava
flow.
5. Volcanic Ash or Ash Clouds- are expelled in the atmosphere and is
composed of pulverized rocks and glass created during eruption.
6. Volcanic bombs- are the chunks of lava blasted into the air which
solidify before reaching the ground. Their sizes may vary and can
measure up to 64mm in diameter.

25. 7. Pyroclastic flow- are fast moving current of
hot gases and rock travelling downhill from a
volcano.

26. 8. Lahar or mudflow – are flowing mixtures of volcanic
debris and water. They are classified as primary hot
which directly associated with volcanic eruption or as
cold lahar when they are caused by heavy rainfall.

27. Types of Volcanic Eruptions
1. Phreatic or Hydrothermal – is a stream- driven
eruption when rising magma makes contact with
ground or surface water. The intense heat of such
material (as high as 1,170°C for basaltic lava) may
cause water to boil and flash
to steam, thereby generating an
explosion of steam, water, ash, blocks, and bombs.
It is short lived, characterized by ash columns but
may be an onset of a larger eruption.

29. Examples:
• Taal Volcano, 1965
• La Soufriere of Guadalupe (Lesser Antilles),
1975-1976
• Mt. St. Helens, which exhibited phreatic
activity just prior to its catastrophic 1980 eruption

30. B. Phreatomagmatic – means that
erupting magma reacts with
external water with a violent
eruption due to the contact
between water and magma. As a
result, a large column of very fine
ash and high-speed and sideway
emission of pyroclastic called base
surges are observed.

31. Examples:
• Mt. Tarawera
(New Zealand), 1886
• Surtsey (Iceland)
emerged above the
Atlantic ocean, 1963
• Hunga Tonga
(Tonga, Falcon Island),
2009

32. C.Strombolian -are eruptions
driven by the bursting of gas
bubbles within magma. A
periodic weak to violent eruption
characterized by fountain lava
(shower of lava fragments.). It is a
short-lived and explosive
eruption of lava with
intermediate viscosity.

33. Examples:
Mt. Etna (Italy), 1981, 1999, 2002, 2003,
2009
Mt. Irazu (Costa Rica), 1965
Pico do Fogo (Cape Verde Islands), 2014

34. D. Vulcanian–are small to
moderate explosive
eruptions, lasting
seconds to minutes.
Characterized by
tall eruption columns
(Ash columns) that can be up to 20 km
in high with pyroclastic flow, ashfall
tephra (volcanic rock) and lava blocks
and bombs may be ejected from the
vent.

35. E.Plinian – these eruptions often
start suddenly and unexpectedly
after a long period of dormancy.
They feature large explosive
events that form enormous dark
columns of tephra and gas high
into the stratosphere. It is
considered as the most explosive
and powerful of all eruptions.

36. Examples:
• Mt. Vesuvius (Italy), AD 79
• Mt. St. Helens
(Washington), 1980
• Mt. Pinatubo
(Philippines), 1991

37. What determines the nature of eruption?
There are primary factors affecting the volcanoes’ eruptive style, namely: the magma’s temperature, its chemical
composition, and the amount of dissolved gases it contains. These factors can affect the magma’s viscosity in
different ways.
1)Viscosity is the property of the material’s resistance to flow. It is also
described as the liquid’s thickness and stickiness. The more viscous and thicker
the material is, the greater is its resistance to flow. For instance, syrup is more
viscous than water.
• The more viscous the magma is, the more violent is the eruption.
• Magma with less silica would be less viscous and therefore quiet
eruptions.
• Magma with more silica would become more viscous and therefore
produce explosive eruptions.

38. What determines the nature of eruption?
There are primary factors affecting the volcanoes’
eruptive style, namely: the magma’s temperature, its
chemical composition, and the amount of dissolved gases it
contains. These factors can affect the magma’s viscosity in
different ways.

39. 1.)Viscosity is the property of the material’s resistance to flow. It is also
described as the liquid’s thickness and stickiness. The more viscous and
thicker the material is, the greater is its resistance to flow. For instance,
syrup is more viscous than water.
• The more viscous the magma is, the more violent is the eruption.
• Magma with less silica would be less viscous and therefore quiet
eruptions.
• Magma with more silica would become more viscous and
therefore produce explosive eruptions.

40. 2) Temperature of Magma
• The higher the temperature, the less viscous is the magma.
• The lower the temperature, the more viscous is the magma.
• The viscosity of magma decreases with temperature.
3) Composition of Magma
• The higher the silica content the more explosive the eruption will be.
• Magma with high silica content are more viscous than those with low
silica content
• The magma that contains less silica is relatively fluid and travels far
before solidifying.

41. 4) Amount of Gas
• The greater the dissolved content, the less viscous is the lava.
• Gas (mainly water vapor) dissolved in magma tends to increase its
ability to flow.
• Therefore, in near-surface environments, the loss of gases makes
magma more viscous forming a dome or a columnar structure.

42. ENERGY FROM VOLCANO

43. Volcanic eruptions although may cause alarm and
damage to humans, animals, and properties are considered
spectacular geologic phenomena. It demonstrates that
Earth undergoes a dynamic process allowing it to cool
down by releasing underground heat and lowering internal
pressure.

44. Planet Earth is made up of different things – air, water, plants,
animals, soil, rocks, mineral, crude oil, and other fossil fuels.
These things are called natural resources because they are not
made by people; rather they are gathered from nature. These
things are the resources where we can get energy. Energy
resources are generally defined as anything that can be
used as a source of power or energy.

45. Energy is the ability to do work or produce change. Every living
thing needs energy to perform its daily functions and even more
energy to grow. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can
only be transformed from one form to another. Plants get energy
from the“food” they make by photosynthesis, and animals get
energy directly or indirectly from that food.

46. Types of Energy Resources
Energy resources are either renewable or non-renewable.
Non-renewable resources are used faster than they can be
replaced, so the supply available to society is limited.
Renewable resources will not run out because they are
replaced as quickly as they are used.

47. Non-renewable Resources
Fossil fuels – coal, oil, and natural gas – are the most common
example of non-renewable energy resources. Fossil fuels are
formed from fossils, the partially decomposed remains of once
living plants and animals. These fossils took millions of years to
form. When fossil fuels are burned for energy, they release
pollutants into the atmosphere. Fossil fuels also release carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which are causing global
temperatures to rise

48. Renewable Resources
Renewable energy resources include solar, water, wind, biomass, and
geothermal. These resources are either virtually limitless like the
Sun, which will continue to shine for billions of years or will be
replaced faster than we can use them. Amounts of falling water or
wind will change over the course of time, but they are quite
abundant. Biomass energy, like wood for the fire, can be replaced
quickly.

49. Renewable Energy Non – Renewable Energy
Windmill Nuclear Power Plant
Geothermal energy from geothermal
power plant
Coal
Biomass Minerals

50. Places where Geothermal Energy is commonly located:
Geothermal energy is produced by hot rocks underground. To
harness this energy, deep wells are drilled into the earth. Then cold
water is pumped down into these wells. When the water goes
through the cracks in the rocks, it heated up. Upon its return to the
surface, it has transformed into steam and hot water. This energy is
then used to power generators.

51. Most places on the planet where geothermal
energy is found are not visible. However, there
are some places where geothermal energy
makes its way to the surface. These places are
volcanoes, fumaroles, hots springs, and geysers.

53. PARTS AND TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS
There are several parts of a geothermal plant to operate well and
there are also three (3) main types of geothermal power plants, with
the flash cycle being the most common. The choice of the plant
depends on how much geothermal energy is available, and how hot
the resource is. The hotter the resources, the less fluid needs to flow
from the ground to take advantage of it, the more useful it is.
Parts of Geothermal Power Plant

54. Turbine – is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a
part moving flow of water, steam, gas, air or other fluid and convert
it into useful works.
Generator – a device that converts mechanical power into electrical
power for use in a circuit.
Steam – is water in the gas phase, and commonly formed by boiling
or evaporating water.
Cooling Tower – cools down water that gets over heated by
industrial equipment and processes.
Injection Well – a device that places fluids deep under the ground
into porous rocks formation, such as sand stones or limestones.

56. Steps on how electricity is generated in a geothermal
power plant:
1. Wells are drilled deep into the Earth to pump steam or hot water
to the surface.
2. When the water reaches the surface, the drop in pressure causes
the water to turn into steam.
3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a generator that
produces electricity.
4. Cooling tower cools the steam and condenses it back to water.
5. The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to begin the
process again.

57. Types of Geothermal Power Plant:
When a geothermal power plant uses
hydrothermal fluids such as steam in the same
form as its comes from the ground, the plant
is called a dry steam plant. Here, wells are
drilled into a rock until it reaches the
geothermal reservoir. Steam reaching
temperatures of 1500C or more travels
directly to the turbine which drives a
generator that produces electrical energy.
This type of power plants were the first type
of type to be developed in Italy and is still
being used today at “The Geysers” in
California.

58. Flash Steam Power Plant
In this type if power plant, water is pumped
from the reservoir under high pressure. The
pressure keeps the water in its liquid state
despite the boiling point temperature of the
fluid. Fluid at temperature 1820C or beyond
is pumped under high pressure into a tank at
the surface held at a much lower pressure,
causing some of the fluid to rapidly vaporize,
or flash. The vapor then drives a turbine,
which drives a generator. If any fluid remains
in the tank, it can be flashed again in a
second tank to extract even more energy.

59. Binary Cycle Power Plant
A binary cycle power plant operates
differently from dry steam and flash steam
plants as this type does not use water or
steam to turn the turbine blades for power
generation. Here, Geothermal fluids at low
to moderate temperature (Approximately
107.2 C to 205 C) is used to heat a separate
fluid that has boiling point lower than that
of water. When this fluid vaporized, the
vapor or flash is used to turn the turbine
blades and subsequently the generators.

60. Geothermal energy is generated in two ways: geothermal
power plants and geothermal heat pumps. They differ in the
depth of heat source to produce energy.

61. Geothermal heat pumps use the heat coming from close to
the Earth’s surface to heat water or provide heat for
buildings. Geothermal heat pumps use the earths constant
temperatures for heating and cooling. Geothermal heat
pumps use the earth’s constant temperature to heat and cool
buildings. Geothermal heat pumps transfer heat from the
ground (or water) into buildings during the winter and
reverse the process in the summer.

63. SCI FACTS!
• Lava from a volcano can reach 1,250°C! Lava is so hot it can burn
everything in its path. If you used a glass thermometer to take the
temperature it would melt!
• The world’s largest active volcano is Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Standing
a whopping 4,169m tall, this geological giant last erupted in 1984.
• Volcanoes exist throughout the solar system! Other planets and
moons have volcanoes too! The largest volcano in our solar system is
Olympus Mons, found on Mars.

64. Evaluating learning
I. Compare and contrast Active from Inactive volcanoes using a Venn Diagram.
Choose from the following statement below( 10 POINTS; PT).
a. emits hot gases
b. no sign of volcanic activity
c. has no record of eruptions
d. have a record of eruption
e. has magma chamber
f. have not erupted for the last 10,000 years
g. examples are Cocoro and Urut
h. examples are Smith and Kanlaon
i. has summit, slope and base
j. have a record of eruption within the last 600 years

65. II. Identification. Chose the word/s in the box that fit/s the given description below
(12 ITEMS, 24 POINTS; WW).
Crater Composite Volcano Caldera
Active Volcano Summit Vent
Magma Lava Shield Volcanoes
Cinder Cone Mayon Volcano Volcano
__________1. An opening on the surface of a volcano that emits lava, gases, ash or other
volcanic materials
__________2. Molten rocks still under the ground.
__________3. Built from ejected lava fragments, characterized by narrow base and steep
slope
__________4. Volcano that has record of eruption.
__________5. Opening on the top of a volcano.
__________6. Formed from alternate solidification of lava and cinder, characterized by large
and symmetrical slope.
__________7. Formed when a part of the wall collapses following an explosive eruption.
__________8. Molten rocks after it reaches the surface.
__________9. Most active volcano in the Philippines.
__________10. The peak of the volcano where crater/caldera is found.
__________11. Because the lava is runnier, it travels farther from the crater before it cools,
causing the shield-like shape of the volcano as many eruptions build up over
time.
__________12. A natural opening on the surface of the earth where molten rocks, hot gases,
smoke, and ash are ejected.

66. III. Picture Analysis
a. Name the type of volcano according to its shape as illustrated below.
(8 ITEMS, 16 POINTS; WW)
1. ______________ 2. __________________
3. ________________

67. Additional activities for application or remediation
Create a word cloud using the words or concept you learned in the previous lesson or
any words you may associate on it in a separate sheet of short bond paper. You may use
various coloring materials and creative figures associated with the topic. Attach your work to
your answer sheets. You may use the following samples below for your reference (20 POINTS;
PT):
Source: https://wordart.com/0vbg7v6lw8wa/volcano Source: https://wordart.com/mrgij09q91a7/volcano

68. SCIENCE – GRADE 9 Self-Instructional Packets (SIPacks)
Rubrics:
CRITERIA 5 4 3 2 SCORE
Word Choice
All word/words
are related to
the topic.
Most
word/words
are related to
the topic
Some
word/words
are related to
the topic
No word/words
are related to
the topic
Number of
Word
15- 20 words
are used.
10 -14 words
are used.
5 - 9 words are
used
Less than 5
words are
used
Spelling of
word
There are no
spelling
mistakes
There are 1-2
spelling
mistakes
There are 3-5
spelling
mistakes
There are
more than 5
spelling
mistakes
Creativity/
Effort
The word
cloud is eye-
catching and
interesting to
look at. The
word cloud is
exceptionally
creative
Student's effort
and
imagination is
clearly visible.
Student's effort
and
imagination is
visible. The
word cloud is
somewhat
creative.
No creative
effort is
presented in
the word
cloud.
TOTAL
/20

69. THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!!