Cavity obliteration is a procedure done at the end of Mastoidectomy to get a cavity-less mastoid cavity thus solving the problem of discharging post-operative cavity.
Sinus tymapni shape and depth can influence surgical approach in cholesteatoma surgery. In the case of a shallower ST, an exclusive endoscopic exploration is chosen; while in the case of a deeper ST, a retrofacial approach is usually preferred.
Cavity obliteration is a procedure done at the end of Mastoidectomy to get a cavity-less mastoid cavity thus solving the problem of discharging post-operative cavity.
Sinus tymapni shape and depth can influence surgical approach in cholesteatoma surgery. In the case of a shallower ST, an exclusive endoscopic exploration is chosen; while in the case of a deeper ST, a retrofacial approach is usually preferred.
This is a presentation I used for my seminar on 'Phonosurgery' on 4th November, 2015. I hope they are useful to you. Constructive as well as Destructive criticism welcomed.
Inner ear malformations and ImplantationUtkal Mishra
This slide vividly describes relevant anatomy & embryology of cochlea. It gives the reader insights into various cochlear malformations & implantation.
Spaces of middle ear and their surgical importanceDr Soumya Singh
one of the imp topics in ENT that should be understood very thoroughly if u want to pursue as an otologist.I tried to simplify the topic with simple diagrams and models for better understanding .
Congenital malformation of external ear and it’s managementYousuf Choudhury
Congenital malformations of external ear are the most common malformations presented to otolaryngologists and facial plastic surgeons. Hence in the pursuit of in-depth knowledge, a seminar on the topic was presented by me in the month of May 2017 at ENT-HNS dept, Silchar Medical College.
This is a presentation I used for my seminar on 'Phonosurgery' on 4th November, 2015. I hope they are useful to you. Constructive as well as Destructive criticism welcomed.
Inner ear malformations and ImplantationUtkal Mishra
This slide vividly describes relevant anatomy & embryology of cochlea. It gives the reader insights into various cochlear malformations & implantation.
Spaces of middle ear and their surgical importanceDr Soumya Singh
one of the imp topics in ENT that should be understood very thoroughly if u want to pursue as an otologist.I tried to simplify the topic with simple diagrams and models for better understanding .
Congenital malformation of external ear and it’s managementYousuf Choudhury
Congenital malformations of external ear are the most common malformations presented to otolaryngologists and facial plastic surgeons. Hence in the pursuit of in-depth knowledge, a seminar on the topic was presented by me in the month of May 2017 at ENT-HNS dept, Silchar Medical College.
CONGENITAL MALFORATION OF EAR AND ITS MANAGEMENTabhijeet89singh
CONGENITAL MALFORMATION OF MIDDLE AND EXTERNAL EAR AND SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF MICROTIA AND CONGENITAL AURAL ATRESIA PRESENTED AS A SEMINAR IN DEPARTMENT OF ENT PGIMER CHANDIGARH
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
Microtia and ear abnormalities final
1. SCOTT BROWN LEARNING 2020
MICROTIA AND EXTERNAL EAR ABNORMALITIES
VOLUME-II
CHAPTER- 16
PAGES- 165-172
MODERATOR: Dr. Arul sundaresh kumar MS
PRESENTER: Dr. E.Selvapriya MS PG
2. INTRODUCTION
• Abnormal development of the external ear can affect
hearing, communication, education, cosmesis and
increase the risk of recurrent infections.
• While many children with unilateral hearing loss
develop normally, some may have negative effects upon
development.
• The management of the cosmetic consequences of
microtia should not occur in isolation, but in
combination with the rehabilitation of hearing loss due
to congenital canal atresia (CCA).
3. ANATOMY OF THE EXTERNAL EAR
• PINNA:
• Paired structures with a cartilaginous framework. The
inferior part of the pinna (lobule) does not have a
cartilaginous framework supported
by a fibrofatty matrix.
• The helix is the outermost
cartilaginous curvature of the
pinna.
4. • The curve of the antihelix runs inside and parallel to the
curve of the helix. The antihelix divides superiorly to
forms two crura: the superior crus and the inferior crus.
The depression between the two crura is called the
triangular fossa.
• Anterior to the antihelix is the concave depression
called the concha. The conchal bowl is subdivided into
the cymba concha superiorly and the concha cavum
inferiorly.
• The elevation of cartilage anterior to the entrance of the
external ear canal is called the tragus.
5. • The antitragus is the inferiormost prominence of the
antihelix curvature opposite the tragus, and the gap
between the tragus and the antitragus is called the
inter- tragal notch.
• The cartilage of the pinna is continuous with the
cartilaginous ear canal, thereby fixing it to the temporal
bone along with muscles and ligaments (anterior,
posterior and superior ligaments).
• The intrinsic muscles of the pinna are poorly
developed; the extrinsic muscles (anterior, posterior
and superior) may be well developed in some
individuals.
6. • EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
• Extends from the concha cavum to the tympanic
membrane. Cartilaginous framework in its outer one-
third and a bony canal in the medial two-thirds.
• The external ear canal is 3–4cm in length, with the
anterior part of the canal
being longer and more
curved than the posterior
canal.
7. SIZE AND POSITION OF THE EXTERNAL EAR
• At birth the anatomical landmarks of the pinna are fully
formed. It grows to reach adult size by 8–10 years of age,
measuring approximately 60mm in length.
• Generally, the superior margin of the pinna lies in line
with the eyebrow, and the lower limit of the lobule is in
line with the base of the nasal
septal columella.
• It is inclined approximately
15–20° posteriorly and
protrudes 15–20mm from the scalp.
8. DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES
• PREAURICULAR SINUS
• The opening of a preauricular sinus is found in front of
the helix, leading into a sinus tract lined with squamous
epithelium .
• The tract lies in the subcutaneous tissues lateral to the
temporalis fascia superiorly and
parotid fascia inferiorly, and with a
tortuous and branching course.
• The terminal portion of the tract is
adherent to the cartilage of the helix.
9. • Preauricular sinuses are postulated to develop from
defective or incomplete fusion of the hillocks of His
during auricular embryogenesis.
• An alternative theory suggests that isolated or localized
folding of ectoderm during auricular embryogenesis is
the cause of preauricular sinus formation.
• Preauricular sinuses may be associated with several
syndromes, most notably branchio-oto-renal syndrome.
• These patients often investigated using renal ultrasound
to detect concurrent renal abnormalities.
11. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
• Frequency and severity of infective episodes,
• Chronicity of sinus discharge
• Development of unsightly overlying skin inflammation
• Incision and drainage should be avoided in acute
infections due to the risk of sinus disruption and
seeding, and less likely facial nerve injury.
• Acute infections are best treated with intravenous
antibiotics and in severe cases needle aspiration with
microbiology of the aspirate.
12. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
• Several techniques have been suggested like curettage,
microdissection and wide local excision.
• When selecting a surgical technique, the fact that the
sinus may branch extensively and be adherent to the
pinna cartilage must be taken into consideration.
• Curettage is no longer routinely performed due to high
recurrence rates and unsightly scarring.
• Microdissection techniques rely upon identification of
the extent of the sinus and its branches, with lacrimal
probes and methylene blue being used.
13. • The ‘supra-auricular’ approach involves identification of
the plane of the temporalis fascia and dissection of the
soft tissue between this plane and the helix of the pinna,
remaining posterior to the parotid fascia, and without a
formal attempt to identify the extent of the sinus and its
branches.
• The resultant wide local excision is considered to give
the lowest recurrence rate.
• Care must be taken to avoid facial nerve injury in
revision cases and when skin and soft-tissue
inflammation is extensive.
14. • PREAURICULAR APPENDAGES
• Preauricular appendages result from abnormalities of
embryogenesis of the external ear and may be unilateral
or bilateral, solitary or multiple.
• Fibrofatty core and often contain a cartilaginous
component. They are usually found along a line drawn
from the tragus to the angle of the mandible, reflecting
origin from the first branchial arch.
• An increased risk of associated permanent hearing loss
has been suggested in infants with preauricular
appendages.
15.
16. INDICATIONS FOR SURGERY
• To improve cosmesis and facial symmetry.
• Usually undertaken after 1 year of age.
• Preauricular appendages associated with microtia may
be operated upon to improve facial symmetry while
waiting for the child to reach an age when ear
reconstruction is considered.
17. SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
• Appendages may contain a deeply extending
cartilaginous core that may be more extensive than
apparent from examination of the external component.
• Care must therefore be taken when resecting the deep
components of the appendage, due to the potential for
inadvertent facial nerve injury.
• Often complete excision of the skin and soft- tissue
components is undertaken with partial resection of the
superficial part of the cartilaginous core.
18. MICROTIA
• Microtia is a congenital abnormality in which the pinna
(auricle) is malformed.
• This malformation, or underdevelopment, may be associated
with congenital canal atresia or canal stenosis.
• The incidence of microtia has been reported to be 1 in 10000
• Environmental and genetic factors are aetiological factors.
19. • CCA often accompanies significant microtia. Children
with canal stenosis, and those who have undergone
canaloplasty, are at risk of developing a canal
cholesteatoma and require regular monitoring and
interval radiological surveillance.
• GRADING OF MICROTIA
20.
21. CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
• Unilateral or bilateral microtia
• Size of the microtic ear and its location
• Development of the contralateral pinna in unilateral microtia
• Hairline
• Site and size of a remnant lobule
• Presence or absence of normal skin separating the remnants
of the microtic ear – this may suggest a superficial course of
the facial nerve and caution is exercised during
reconstruction to avoid damage to the superficially placed
facial nerve
22. • Presence of a stenotic ear canal
• Growth and development of the mastoid bone
• Space between the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and
the mastoid tip
• Presence or absence of facial asymmetry (e.g,
Hemifacial microsomia in goldenhar syndrome)
• Facial nerve function.
23. AUDIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
• Children with microtia and canal stenosis/atresia will
usually have a conductive hearing loss (CHL).
• A small proportion of these children may also have an
underlying sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).
• Management of bilateral CHL in children with bilateral
CCA is of fundamental importance to normal speech
and language development.
24. MANAGEMENT OF SIGNIFICANT MICROTIA
• The multidisciplinary team delivering care should be able to
offer both hearing rehabilitation and all types of pinna
reconstruction.
• Most commonly, children with microtia have three options
regarding cosmesis:
No intervention,
Autologous ear reconstruction using cartilage,
Bone-anchored auricular prosthesis (BAAP).
• A proportion of children and young people with significant
dysplasia will prefer to keep their ‘special ear’.
25. AUTOLOGOUS EAR RECONSTRUCTION
• Construction of a cartilaginous framework,
• Soft-tissue cover and projection of the reconstructed pinna.
• Autologous rib cartilage is harvested and used to carve the
new cartilage framework.
• Timing of surgery will depend on availability of requisite
amount of cartilage (8–10 years), and the child’s ability to
cooperate with the demands of surgery.
• The risk of resorption and extrusion is lower in autologous
cartilaginous frameworks as compared to frameworks made
from artificial materials.
26.
27. BONE-ANCHORED AURICULAR PROSTHESIS (BAAP)
• A BAAP necessitates removal of the vestigial ear (including
the lobule), therefore precluding subsequent autologous ear
reconstruction if the recipient was dissatisfied with the
BAAP. The surgeon and prosthetist must agree the position of
the two osseointegrating fixtures.
• Reasons for opting for a BAAP include
• Patient preference,
• Failed autologous ear reconstruction and
• Significant comorbidities precluding autologous ear
reconstruction.
28. • The cosmetic outcome of an auricular prosthesis is
closely linked to the experience of the prosthetist, with
an experienced prosthetist able to add fine contouring
and closely match skin colour.
• However, despite this, some patients prefer a
reconstructed pinna that is made from their own
tissues.
• Recurrent soft-tissue inflammation ,
traumatic fixture loss may complicate
the use of percutaneous abutments,
as encountered in percutaneous BAHA.