This document discusses phonosurgery techniques including vocal fold injection and laryngeal framework surgery. It provides details on the intrinsic laryngeal musculature and the expansion of phonosurgery over the last 50 years to primarily improve or restore the voice. Type I thyroplasty for vocal fold medialization is described in detail, including indications, surgical technique of making a window in the thyroid cartilage and placing different types of implants, advantages, complications, and pitfalls. The goal of type I thyroplasty is to improve voice and prevent aspiration by medializing the vocal fold to mimic the function of the thyroarytenoid muscle.

1. PHONOSURGERY
Dr Vaibhav

2. THE LARYNGEAL MUSCULATURE
• Intrinsic Muscles
• Abductor – Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA)
• Adductors – Lateral Cricoarytenoid (LCA)
Interarytenoid (IA)
Thyroarytenoid (TA)
• Tensors – Cricothyroid (CT) ---- SLN
Vocalis (internal part of TA)
• Openers – Thyroepiglottic (part of TA)
• Closers - Interarytenoid – oblique part (IA)
Aryepiglottic – (AE)

3. Laryngeal surgery was initially concerned with merely the diagnosis
and removal of malignant disease from the larynx , whereas benign
disease and its effect on voice was considered to be of secondary
importance.
The last 50 years has seen the expansion of phonosurgery which is
defined as ‘ any surgery designed primarily for the improvement or
restoration of the voice’. It was first popularized by Hans von Leden in
the late 1950s.
Phonosurgery includes ;
1. Microlaryngoscopic surgery
2. Vocal fold injection
3. Laryngeal framework surgery
4. Nerve grafting
5. Neuromuscular surgery

4. VOCAL FOLD INJECTION

5. Historical aspects:
• Bruning (1911) - the first to describe injection of vocal folds
He injected paraffin via a direct laryngoscopy
approach under LA.
• Arnold (1962 ) - popularized the use of Teflon.

6. Indications
 Temporary correction in cases of u/l vocal cord palsy, when
prognosis for recovery is uncertain.
 Immediate improvement of voice required.
 Permanent correction of glottic insufficiency
 Vocal fold atrophy
 Adjunctive augmentation after prior surgery
 Trial basis
 Note: Done when there is absence of arytenoid fixation and
there is adequate residual vocal fold structure to allow for
needle placement.

7. IDEAL INJECTION MATERIAL
 Readily available
 Inexpensive
 Inert
 Easy to use
 Completely biocompatible
 Injectable materials are broadly classified into
temporary and permanent types.

8. TEMPORARY INJECTABLE SUBSTANCES
Material Length of
effect
Adv. Disadv.
Gelfoam 4-6 wks Long track record Short duration
Carboxymethylcellulo
se
2-3 months FDA approved Not long lasting
Bovine collagen 3-4 months Long track record Allergy test
2-4 wk delay
Human derived
collagen
3-4 months No allergy test Limited experience
Micronized Alloderm
(Cymetra)
2-3 months No allergy test
Little/no inflammatory
response.
More preparation
time
Hyaluronic acid gel 4-6 months No allergy test Limited experience
8

9. LONG TERM/ PERMANENT INJECTABLE
SUBSTANCES
Material Length of
effect
Adv. Disadv.
Calcium hydroxyapatite 2-5 years FDA approved Associated with foreign body
granulomatous reaction. l/t
dysphonia, pain and VC
erythema.
Teflon Permanent Long lasting Irreversible
Vocal stiffness
Granuloma
Autologous fat
(harvested more
commonly from lower
abdomen and inner
thigh.)
Permanent Own tissue Time, morbidity from fat harvest
Silicon – polydimethyl
sialoxane
Permanent Long lasting Should be placed deep inside
body of vocal fold to prevent
migration
Note: Cymetra and autologus fat are the most commonly used injectables.

10. VOCAL CORD INJECTION TECHNIQUES
It may be done under GA or LA through following routes:
 Peroral : performed in selected patients.
topical 4% LA applied on laryngeal and pharyngeal mucosa.
• Curved inj. device in clinical setting; under indirect visualization of larynx by
holding the tongue forward.
Bevelled end directed away from midline to minimize risk of
intramucosal injection.

11. INJECTION TECHNIQUES
 Percutaneous : can be performed under sedation or LA
visualization is with a flexible fibreoptic
nasopharyngoscope with digital imaging system.
For optimum results needle placed just anterior and lateral
to vocal process on a plane level with the lower border of medial edge.
11

12. Routes of administration are:
1. Translaryngeal – through inferior half of thyroid cartilage.
performed through lateral appraoch.
level of vocal fold determined by palapting thyroid notch
and inferior border of thyroid cartilage.
2. CT membrane puncture – becoming popular method.
performed through anterior approach.
vocal folds approached from below.
3. TH membrane puncture: usually not done routinely.
danger of injection into Reinke’s space.

13. Laryngoscopic Injection(telescopic visualization):
 Indications:
1. Patients who do not tolerate flexible fibreoptic examination.
2. During ablative procedures where RLN or Vagal nerve resection is
anticipated.This provides temporary medialization decresing immidiate post
operative symptoms.
 Position: Supine
 Anaesthesia: GA or LA
 Instruments:
1.0/30 degree 5mm laryngeal telescope
2.Digital video system
3.23-gauge butterfly needle for Cymetra
Injection gun(Bruning’s syringe) for Autologus fat
Needle is inserted anterior and lateral to vocal process appr. 2 mm deep or at the
plane level with the lower margin of the true folds. After injection massage is done
over vocal fold to distribute the material.

14. PRECAUTIONS - VOCAL CORD INJECTION
 Avoid unnecessary tension at the anterior commisure.
 Superior laryngeal nerve block should be avoided as it alters vocal fold tension
by paralyzing cricothyroid muscle.
• The appropriate amount of overcorrection used for most injectables (15–30%,
or an additional 0.1–0.2 ml of material).
• Injection into the superficial lamina propria (Reinke’s space) is to be avoided –
l/t granuloma formation in space hampering mobility.
• For vocal fold medialization materila is placed in paraglottic space lateral to
vocalis muscle and For intracordal injection , site is superficial , just deep to
lamina propria avoiding Reinke’s space.

15. COMPLICATIONS OF VOCAL FOLD INJECTION-
1. Under injection requiring repeat procedures
2. Over injection causing airway compromise –
Immediate m/n  incise mucosa and remove excess materialwith suction
Late m/n  CO2 laser or cupped forcep removal or thyrotomy.
3. Improper placement causing subglottal extension and stenosis.
4. If given in Reinke’s space – cause granuloma formation leading to
impaired VC vibrations.

16. Laryngeal Frame Work Surgery

17. INTRODUCTION
 Payr in 1915 first described medialyzing paralyzed
vocal fold by inward displacement of overlying
thyroid cartilage with cartilage wedge.
 Isshiki in 1974 first described the 4 types of
thyroplasty.
 1990’s: Medialization Thyroplasty was a well-
accepted commonly-performed operation

18. CLASSIFICATION
1. Approximation Laryngoplasty-
Medialization thyroplasty (Type I)
Arytenoid Adduction
Roatation (pull) technique (Lateral cricoarytenoid
pull technique)
Fixation technique (Adduction arytenopexy)
2.Expansion laryngoplasty
Laterlization Thyroplasty
Lateral approach (Thyroplasty type II a)
Medial approach (Type II b) or Midline lateralization
thyroplasty.
Vocal fold abduction
Suture technique.
Resection Technique. (Thyroarytenoid myectomy)

19. 3. Relaxation Laryngoplasty-
Shortening Thyroplasty
- Lateral approach (Type III)
- Medial approach ( Anterior commissure
retrusion)
4.Tensioning Laryngoplasty
Cricoid Approximation (Type IV a)
Elongation Thyroplasty
- Lateral approach (Type IV b)
- Medial approach (Springboard
advancement or Anterior commissure
advancement)

20. TYPE I THYROPLASTY
 Indications:
- Symptomatic glottic insufficiency (dysphonia, aspiration).
- U/L vocal fold paralysis.
- Vocal fold atrophy, including age related atrophy.
- Vocal fold bowing d/t ageing and cricothyroid joint fixation.
- Sulcus vocalis
- Soft tissue defect resulting from excision of pathological
masses.
 Contraindications:
-Malignant disease overlying laryngotracheal complex.
-Poor abduction of C/L vocal fold.
-h/o radiation therapy to larynx.

21. TYPE I THYROPLASTY: INDICATIONS
Dysphonia or aspiration due to
Vocal Fold Paralysis/Paresis
Dysphonia due to
Vocal Fold Atrophy

22. MANUAL COMPRESSION TEST
this test results in a preoperative improvement in voice suggest that
surgery will be successful

23. TYPE I THYROPLASTY: THEORY
 In paralyzed or atrophic vocal fold, the medial bulge
from the Thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle contraction
is inadequate.
 The thyroplasty implant medializes the
midmembranous vocal fold to mimic the activity of
the TA muscle.
 Goals: To improve voice quality and prevent
aspiration.

24. SET-UP

25. PRE- OP
 Surgery done under local anaesthesia with
patient AWAKE
-patient need to phonate
-Use 1% lignocaine with Epi 1:100,000
with an amp of bicarbonate as bicarbonate
makes it hurt less.
-Inject broadly EVERYWHERE you are going to dissect!
 Positioning: Shoulder roll with neck extended

26. TECHNIQUE
 A paramedian
horizontal incision over
the middle aspect of
thyroid lamina.
 Superior and inferior
flaps elevated in
subplatysmal plane

27. CONT…
 Sternohyoid muscle is
elevated off the thyroid
Cartilage.

28. CONT…
 The muscle is
retracted posterior to
thyroid lamina.
 A cautery template
marks the fenestra (6 x
10 mm), and the
superior aspect of the
window is at the vocal
fold level.

29. TYPE I THYROPLASTY: WINDOW
 Outline before cutting.
 Goal: Window at the level of the TVF, to medialize
only the TVF.
 If carving the implant, or using Gore-Tex can be
free-hand.
 If using pre-formed implant (i.e. Montgomery or
titanium), use window sizer to mark window.

30. TYPE I THYROPLASTY: WINDOW
 Superior edge of
window most important
(because if too high will
medialize false VF)
 Half way between the
thyroid notch and the
inferior border of the
thyroid cartilage,
parallel to the inferior
border

32. -The size of the window is
dependent on the size of the
larynx, men > women
- Anterior border should be
about 5-7mm posterior to
midline in female and 8-10mm in
male.
- Posterior border should be
just anterior to the oblique line
(width usually about 10-13mm)
- Inferior border should be
about 2-3 mm superior to the
inferior border to prevent
fracturing (height usually 4-
6mm)

33. Cutting the window
- Marks are made
with electrocautery
and gentian violet

34. • If cartilage is soft use #15
blade
 If calcified:
 use oscillating saw.
 or use otologic drill 2mm
burr to outline window
and then a Kerrison bone
punch to remove
remaining cartilage.
• - inner perichondrium
elevated in circumferential
fashion by means of
laryngeal elevator.

35.  Video – Window

36. TYPE I THYROPLASTY: IMPLANT
 Pre-formed
Montgomery,
Titanium
Calcium Hydroxylapatite)
 Hand carved
silicone.
layered Gore-Tex.

37.  Originally, after the window
was cut, the cartilage of the
window was pushed in by a
cartilage shim or later an
implant.
 It was later found that the
cartilage migrated or
degraded over time causing
the voice to worsen as it
gets smaller.
 Now, we remove the
cartilage before placing an
implant.

38. TYPE I THYROPLASTY: IMPLANT
 Montgomery
 Set window size
for men and
women, 5 implants
sizes for each
window.
 Use an implant
sizer to decide
which implant to
use
 Has inner and
outer phalanges
securing in place.

39.  Features :
 Eliminates need to hand-
fashion Implants.
 Self-retaining implant.
 No suturing is necessary.
 Reduced trauma and
surgery time
 Reversible

40. TYPE I THYROPLASTY: IMPLANT
Titanium VF
medialization
Implant:
 Secured in place
at varying
depths
depending on
voice with
titanium screw
system.

42. TYPE I THYROPLASTY: IMPLANT
 Free-form: Gore-Tex (ePTFE)
- Homopolymer of polytetrafluoroethylene
in
minute beads in a fine fiber mesh.
- Minimal tissue reaction
- Cut into long 3mm wide sheet for use
- Undermining of
perichondrium
4-5mm posterior and inferior
to window prior to insertion

44. TYPE I THYROPLASTY: IMPLANT
 Hand-carved: Silastic:
Firm silicone block
 carved by the surgeon
during operation to
appropriate shape.
 Hand-carved: one
technique with inner
phalanges.

46. Hand-Carved: with
outer phalanges
 Carved based on
window size, and
amount of
medialization
needed.
 Bevel medial surface
to be divergent.

48. IMPLANTS
 Calcium
Hydroxylapatite
(VoCoM implant):
- Osteogenesis occurs
in fenestra
- Firm in nature,
modification by
diamond drill.
- Not used in individuals
in removal is
anticipated

49.  Depending upon shin
used, the implant can be
variably placed along the
anterior/posterior and
superior/inferior axis of
fenestra.

50.  Place implant external to
inner perichondrium.
 Rotate implant into four
orientation to determine the
optimal position.
 Most common position :
inferior posterior quadrant
in vertical orientation.
 Before placement, perform
valsalva maneuver. If air
bubble present, procedure is
terminated.

51. TYPE I THYROPLASTY
 Advantages
- under local anesthesia.
- positioning is more anatomic, better assessment of voice
- Reversible.
- prosthesis is placed lateral to the inner perichondrium of
the thyroid lamina.
- structural integrity of the vocal fold is preserved, allowing
medialization with effective closure of the prephonatory gap .
 Disadvantages
- open procedure.
- technically more difficult.
- closure of the posterior glottis may be limited.

52. Factors affecting output of surgery
• Size and shape of the implant
• Position of the implant
• Maintaining proper position of the implant
• Limiting the duration of surgical procedure
• Deterioration of voice quality after thyroplasty with implant in place –
- resolving oedema in postoperative period
- surgery performed early after paralysis - d/t muscle atrophy

53. TYPE I THYROPLASTY: COMPLICATIONS
 Penetration of endolaryngeal mucosa - assess air
leak before placement of implant in window. If air
leak is present , then terminate the procedure.
 Wound infection
 Chondritis
 Airway obstruction – most danger – overnight
monitoring is required.
 Implant extrusion
 Can become displaced and even extrude into the airway,
more commonly with Gore-Tex and with implants without
outer phalanges

54. TYPE I THYROPLASTY: PITFALLS
 Window is too high.
 Then implant is too high, false VF is medialized and voice is poor.
 Implant is too big or too small.
 Makes voice either pressed or breathy.
 Voice is still poor after Procedure because of posterior
glottal insufficiency.( Arytenoid adduction can correct
this.)

55. Limitations of medialization
• Mechanical nature of the procedure.
• Imparts only static change to laryngeal framework with no effect on
dynamic function.
• No effect on vocal fold muscle mass, innervation and mobility.
• Closure of posterior glottis limited.
• No effect on vocal fold level in vertical plane.

56. Incomplete glottal closure after type I thyroplasty –
Occurs in patients undergoing acute implanation after paralysis of vocal cords
due to atrophy of muscles with time.
Management include ;
• Revision thyroplasty
• Vocal fold injection with cymetra and autologous fat
• Re innervation procedure
• Arytenoid adduction
Revision thyroplasty is surgically feasible and result in high rate of improvement
over the pre existing condition.

57. Modification of medialization thyroplasty –
Modified techinque done by Nishiyama and colleagues in 1999.
Implant used: autologus temporalis fascia .
Procedure: implant harvested, dehydrated, rolled and inserted into vocal fold
under microlaryngoscopy guidence.
Indications: 1.Large glottic gaps.
2.U/l vocal fold palsy.
3.Atrophic vocal fold.
4.Post RT scar tissue.
Result: Significant improvement in phonation time.

58. ARYTENOID ADDUCTION
 First described by Ishiki
with modifications by
Zeitels and others.
 Addresses posterior
glottic gap by pulling
arytenoid into adducted
position.
 Most advocate use in
combination with anterior
medialization.
 Traction on muscular
process of the
arytenoid antero-
medio-inferiorly.

59. ARYTENOID ADDUCTION – MODIFICATIONS
 Suture Placed to Cricoid Cartilage
Simulates action of lateral cricoarytenoid.
 Zeitels Modification – Arytenopexy
More physiologic positioning of the arytenoid.
Involves suturing the arytenoid in a more
posterior and medial position to allow more tension
on flaccid cord.

60.  Video – Arytenoid Adduction

61. TYPE 2 THYROPLASTY
 Vocal folds are displaced laterally away from the midline
under local anaesthesia.
 Management of adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD) -
Type II a :
Lateralization thyroplasty by lateral approach -
Two paramedian vertical incisions and
interpose the anterior segment beneath the
lateral segments.

63.  Type II b - Lateralization
Thyroplasty By medial
approach-
a/k/a ( Midline
lateralization
Thyroplasty )
A vertical incision in
the thyroid cartilage and
lateralizing the posterior
segment over the anterior
one.

64.  Video- Midline lateralization Thyroplasty

65.  Advantages:
 Optimal glottal closure can
be adjusted and readjusted
 No damage of physiologic
function
 Reversible
 Disadvantages:
 Technically difficult
 Shim displacement
 Does not relieve cause of
Spasmodic Dysphonia
(neuromuscular ,
parkinson’s , MND , MS)

66.  Vocal Cord
Abduction by
1. Suture Method-
Arytenoidopexy:
Displacing the vocal fold
and arytenoid without
surgical removal of any
tissue.
Suture passed around the
vocal process of the
arytenoid and secured
laterally.
Relatively high
failure rate.

67.  2.Resection Method-
(Arytenoidectomy).
Removal of some or all of the arytenoid cartilage.
- Endoscopically by Microsurgical technique-
Thornell procedure
- with Laser surgery- Jako’s procedure
- With Thyrotomy approach- Scheer’s approach)
- By lateral neck approach (Woodman’s) – Most
popular approach.

68. Woodman procedure –
- Lateral neck incision.
- Exposure of the arytenoid
cartilage posteriorly with
removal of the majority of
the cartilage, sparing the
vocal process.
- Suture is then placed into
the remnant of vocal
process and fixed to the
lateral thyroid ala.
- Cause less voice deficit.

69.  Cordectomy:
Dennis and Kashima (1989)
Posterior partial cordectomy by carbon dioxide laser.
Excising a C-shaped wedge from the posterior
edge of one vocal cord.
If this posterior opening is not adequate, after 6-8
weeks, procedure can be repeated or a small
cordectomy can be performed on the other vocal cord.
Relief of airway obstruction with preservation of
voice quality.

70. TYPES
 Type I: Subepithelial cordectomy,
 Type II: Subligamental cordectomy, which is resection of
epithelium, or Reinke’s space and vocal ligament.
 Type III: Transmuscular cordectomy, which proceeds
through vocalis muscle.
 Type IV: Total cordectomy, which extends from vocal
process to the anterior commissure.
 Type Va: Extended cordectomy encompassing the
contralateral vocal fold.
 Type Vb: Extended cordectomy encompassing the
arytenoids.
 Type Vc: Extended cordectomy encompassing the
ventricular fold.
 Type Vd: Extended cordectomy encompassing the
subglottis.

71.  Right posterior
cordectomy in cases of
bilateral abductor
paralysis.

72. TYPE III THYROPLASTY
 Lowers the vocal pitch.
 The VF is relaxed by A-P shortening of the thyroid
ala.
 Indications:
1. Males with high pitch voice, resistant to voice
therapy.( Puberphonia/ Mutational falsetto)
2. Stiff VF with high pitched breathy voice.
3. Spastic dysphonia

73. TYPE III THYROPLASTY
 Lateral approach :
( Type III)
Thyroid ala is incised
at about junction of
anterior and middle
one third, and 2-5 mm
cartilage strip is
excised.

74.  Medial approach:
( Anterior commissure
retrusion)
- Retrusion of the middle
portion of the thyroid
cartilage and leads to
reduction in the length of
vocal folds results in normal
adult voice
- Vertical incision was
made either side of the
midline of the thyroid
cartilage.

75.  Middle portion of the cartilage
pushed posteriorly
 Free edges of the thyroid cartilage
reapproximated with 2-0 vicryl

76.  Video – Retrusion Thyroplasty.

77. TYPE IV THYROPLASTY
 Increases the vocal pitch.
 It increases the distance between the vocal fold
attachments and thus raise the tension of vocal
fold.
 Indications:
Androphonia (Abnormally low pitched voice in
female.
Male to female transsexualism
Abnormallly lax or bowed vocal folds (as in
presbyphonia)

78.  Cricothyroid
Approximation :
- increases vocal pitch by
simulating the contraction of
cricothyroid muscle with
sutures.
- The cricoid and thyroid
cartilage is approximated as
closely as possible because
postoperative reversion
towards a lower pitch to
some extent is inevitable.

79. - 4 nonabsorbable
monophilic sutures are
placed to draw the cricoid
and thyroid cartilages
together.
- In thyroid cartilage,
bolsters should be used to
prevent cutting through
sutures.

80.  Video- Cricoid approximation

81.  Advantages:
No surgery on the vocal cords themselves.
Theoretically reversible if the patient is
dissatisfied.
 Disadvantages:
Requires neck incision.
prolonged healing process.
long-term results are inconsistent.

82.  Cricothyroid Subluxation : By Steve Zeitels
 Indications :
U/L vocal fold paralysis with vocal fold shortening with
resultant reduced pitch range.
Poor pitch range after adequate implant positioning in
medialization laryngoplasty.
 Contraindications :
Present or impending laryngeal fracture of thyroid ala
from associated medialization laryngoplasty.

83.  To lengthen the vocal fold by increasing the distance
from the cricoarytenoid joint (cricoid ) to the anterior
commissure (thyroid cartilage) by subluxating the
cricothyroid joint.
- Results in rotation of anterior commissure away from
midline in a direction C/L to unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

84.  Separation of cricothyroid jt
with scissors
 Placement of cricothyroid
subluxation suture
submucosally at the midline of
anterior cricoid cartilage.

85.  Elongation Thyroplasty:
- Lateral Approach (Type IV
b)
Vertical incision is taken at
the junction of anterior and
middle one-third of ala and
silastic implant is fixed
between cartilage edges by
two mattress sutures.
- If pitch elevation is
insufficient, the same
procedure may also be
performed on the
contralateral side.

86.  Medial Approach:
- By Le Jeune as “springboard
advancement”
- Indication : Breathy voice due to
bowed vocal folds.
- After exposure of anterior portion
of thyroid cartilage, an inferiorly
based carilage flap is formed so
as to include the anterior
commissure. The upper end of
flap is held in position by a
tantalum shim.
- Tucker modified this technique
by reversing the pedicle and
called it “anterior commissure
advancement”.

87. Laryngeal Reinnervation Surgeries

88. Laryngeal Reinnervation Surgeries
In 1909 , Horsely reported first successful vocal cord reinnervation.
He performed neurorraphy of RLN and obtained nearly complete
recovery of
laryngeal function.
Two most common reinnervation techniques are:
1. Neuromuscular pedicle
2. Ansa Cervicalis-RLN anastomosis

89. Neuromuscular pedicle
 The techique attempts to transfer a nerve with a portion of its motor units
intact to denervated muscle.
 Small blocks of muscle at distal end of donor nerve are included.
 Successful results depend on : ability of transplanted axons to reach
receptive
sites on recipient muscle
:ability of muscle fibres to accept foreign
nerves.
 Principle:Muscle reinnervation occurs from sprouts generated from
intact motor neurons of partially denervated transferred nerve to the
end plate sites of denervated muscle fibre.

90. Bilateral Vocal cord plasy
Done when palsy persists for 6 months to one year.
C/I when: cricoarytenoid joint fixation present.
vocal cord palsy d/t CNS disease.
Technique:
 Laryngoscopy with palpation of arytenoids
 Horizontal skin incision at level of lower border of thyroid cartilage
 Branch of ansa cervicalis identified by:
a) finding the main trunk as it crosses IJV and tracing proximally and distally till
appropriate branch recognized.
b)mobilizing the medial border of omohyoid near its attachment to the hyoid
bone carrying dissection in medial to lateral direction.
If nerve injured branch to sternothyroid is also acceptable.
NMP is sutured to PCA.

91. Unilateral Vocal Cord Palsy
Laryngoscopy and harvesting of NMP is same as b/l palsy.
Recipient muscle is LCA.

92. Complications
1.Failure to obtain satisfactory result.
2.Wound infections.

93. Ansa Cervicalis-RLN anastomosis
• Indicated for U/L VC palsy and offers an excellent oppurtunity for
outstanding rehabilitation.
• Waiting period before reiinervation surgery is 12 months.
• No motion of the reinnervated vocal fold with respiration is expected.
 Advantages:
 Relatively easy to perform.
 Provides tone,position and bulk to vocal fold thus reducing the asymmetry
b/w two cords.
 Sternothyroid muscle sacrifice is clinically insignificant which improves
vocal function.
 Procedure is reversible as is primarily extralaryngeal.
 No limitation for use of vocal fold injection and thyroplasty as no violation
of thyroid ala and laryngeal muscles.
 No permanent implant used.

94.  Disadvantages:
 Requires deeper neck dissection.
 Lengthy procedure.
 Eliminates possibility of spontaneous recovery of VC.
 Delay of 5- 9 months before substantial improvement in voice occurs.
 Requires one intact ansa cervicalis and intact distal stump of the RLN.
 Pre-requisite:
1.Availblity of distal stump of RLN.
2.Availblity of donor nerve.
3.Patient must be able to tolerate GA
4.Pateint must be ready to wait for substantial improvement from
reinnervation.

95.  C/I:
1.Absolute: glottic airway compromise
B/l VC palsy
absence of distal RLN
b/l absence of ansa cervicalis
poor general health.
2.Life expectancy
3.Presence of scar,web or poylp over vocal folds.
4.VC plasy d/t CNS disease.

96.  Procedure:
Incision below the
level of cricoid
cartilage.
In postoperative period
after 2- 3 months voice
may deteriorate.
At 4- 6 moths after
surgery gradullay
improvement in voice
quality occurs.

97. Thank You
…)