The microprocessor contains an ALU, registers, and a control unit connected by an internal data bus. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations on data from the registers. The registers include general purpose registers, accumulators, flags, and pointers to hold data and addresses. The control unit provides timing and control signals to synchronize data transfers between components.

1. Chapter 3

2. The microprocessor is a programmable device
that takes in numbers, performs on them
arithmetic or logical operations according to the
program stored in memory and then produces
other numbers as a result

5. The block diagram includes 3 major logic devices:
◦ALU
◦Registers
◦Control Unit
The internal data bus is used to transmit data
between these logic devices.

7.  It contains microprocessors data processing logic.
 Has 2 inputs and 1 output.
 ALU performs the following functions on 8-bit variables :
o Add
o Subtract
o AND
o OR
o Exclusive OR
o Complement
o Shift Right
o Shift Left
o Increment
o Decrement

8. Registers are temporary storage locations inside the CPU that hold data
and addresses.
General Purposes Registers :-
 Microprocessor consists 6 general purpose registers of 8-bit each named as
B,C,D,E,H and L.
 Generally theses registers are not used for storing the data permanently. It
carries the 8-bits data. These are used only during the execution of the
instructions.
 These registers can also be used to carry the 16 bits data by making the pair
of 2 registers. The valid register pairs available are BC,DE HL. We can not
use other pairs except BC, DE and HL. These registers are programmed by
user.

9. Accumulator :-
 8-bit register
 It is used to perform arithmetical and logical operation.
 It stores the output of any operation.
 It also works as registers for i/o accesses.
Temporary Register :-
 8-bit register
 The programmer cannot access this temporary data register; it is
internally used for the execution of most of the arithmetic and logical
instructions. (also called as operand register because it provides
operands to ALU)
 Holds the data on which the accumulator is computing operation.

10. Flag Registers :-
 It is an 8-bit register.
 It consists of 5 flip flop which changes its status according to the result
stored in an accumulator.
 It is also known as status registers.
 It is connected to the ALU.
 There are five flip-flops in the flag register are as follows:
◦ Sign (S) : set if result of operation is negative.
◦ Zero (Z) : set if result of operation is zero.
◦ Auxiliary Carry (AC) : set when there is a carry out of lower 4 bits (lower
nibble) of operation.
◦ Parity (P) : set when result contains even no. of 1’s (even parity).
◦ Carry (CY) : set when there is carry generated by an operation.

11. Instruction registers :-
 It is a 8-bit register.
 When an instruction is fetched from memory then it is stored in
this register.
Instruction Decoder :-
 Instruction decoder identifies the instructions.
 It takes the information from instruction register and decodes the
instruction to be performed.

12. Program Counter :-
 It is a 16 bit register used as memory pointer.
 It stores the memory address of the next instruction to be executed.
 Microprocessor increments the program whenever an instruction is
being executed, so that the program counter points to the memory
address of the next instruction that is going to be executed. So we can
say that this register is used to sequencing the program.

13. Stack Pointer :-
 It is also a 16 bit register used as memory pointer.
 Data bus carries the data to be stored. It is bidirectional,
 It is also a 16 bit register used as memory pointer.
 It points to the memory location called stack.
 Generally stack is a reserved portion of memory where information
can be stores or taken back together.
Incrementer/Decrementer Latch
 16 bit register
 It is used to increment or decrement the contents of the program
counter or stack pointer as a part of execution of instructions related to
them.

14.  It provides timing and control signal to the microprocessor to
perform the various operation.
 It controls all external and internal circuits.
 The timing and control signals control external and internal
circuits
 It operates with reference to clock signal.
 It synchronizes all the data transfers.

15. Interrupt Control
 There are 5 interrupt signals in 8085 microprocessor
 It controls the interrupts during a process. When a microprocessor is
executing a main program and whenever an interrupt occurs, the
microprocessor shifts the control from the main program to process
the incoming request. After the request is completed, the control goes
back to the main program.
 Generally an external hardware is connected to these pins.

16. Serial Input Output Control
 There are two pins in this unit.
 This unit is used for serial data communication.
 The two instructions used for this serial data communication are:
◦ SID (Serial input data)
◦ SOD (Serial output data).

17. Status signal:
 There are three status signal used in microprocessor S0, S1 and IO/M.
 It changes its status according the provided input to these pins.

18.  Address buffer : 8-bit unidirectional buffer
 Address-Data bus : 8-bit bi-directional buffer.
 The content stored in the stack pointer and program counter is loaded
into the address buffer and address-data buffer to communicate with the
CPU.
 The memory and I/O chips are connected to these buses; the CPU can
exchange the desired data with the memory and I/O chips.

19.  They are used to transfer the Data & Address I/O devices.
 Address bus carries the location to where it should be stored and it is
unidirectional.
AD0 – AD7 :
• 8-bit data bus (D0 – D7) multiplexed with lower half (A0 – A7) of 16-bit
address bus.
A8 – A15 :
• The upper half of the 16-bit address appears on the address lines A8 – A15
• These lines are exclusively used for the most significant 8 bits of the 16-bit
address lines.

20. Data bus is used for data transfer.
Transmission of data will be in the form of
either electrical energy or light energy.
Advantages of optical data transmission:-
Fiber cable weighs less than copper cable
Digital light signals are not susceptible to
electromagnetic interference

21.  Serial Data Transmission :
◦ Only one binary digit is transmitted at a time. Each bit is transmitted for
only a short time period
◦ One pair of transmitting wires may be used to handle enormous amounts
of serial data.
◦ This type of system is referred to as time-sharing, because each
transmitted signal shares the wires for a short time interval
 Parallel Data Transmission:
◦ Continuous-type transmission requiring two wires for each signal to be
sent
◦ If information signals were transmitted in parallel form, hundreds of
wires might be required to perform a similar task

22.  Multiplexer is the circuit is
used to convert parallel
data into serial data.
 De-multiplexer is the circuit
used to convert parallel
data into a serial format.
 The Central control Unit
(CCU) is used to co-
ordinate the MUX/
DEMUX arrangement in
the transmission and
reception of data.