Streptomycin is an antibiotic discovered in 1944 that is produced through fermentation of Streptomyces griseus bacteria. It is used to treat infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria as well as tuberculosis. Production occurs over 3 phases, beginning with rapid bacterial growth and ending with cell lysis and harvest. Streptomycin is recovered through adsorption onto activated carbon or ion exchange resins before precipitation and purification. It functions by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis.
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
Industrial Production of Amino Acid (L-Lysine)Mominul Islam
Three amino acids which are produced at large scale includes-
- L-lysine
- L-glutamic acid
- DL- methionine
We are now going to discuss about the production of L-Lysine
Here is brief ppt on industrial production of amino acids - glutamine, lysine, tryptophan.
Please share your feedback and queries. Constructive criticism is appreciated.
Thank you
Vitamin B12 biosynthesis is restricted to microorganisms. Most of the steps in the
biosynthesis of vitamin B12 have been characterized in Pseudomonas denitrificans, Salmonella
typhimurium and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Some authors have reported about the
requirement of more than 30 genes for the entire de novo biosynthesis of cobalamin, which
amounts to about 1 % of a typical bacterial genome. Two different biosynthetic routes for
vitamin B12 exist in nature:
• aerobic, or more precisely an oxygen-dependent pathway that is found in organisms like P.
denitrificans, and
• anaerobic, oxygen-independent pathway investigated in organisms like P. shermanii,
Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus megaterium.
Production of tetracyclin and cephalosporinSamsuDeen12
Tetracyclin and cephalosporins are one of the major used antibiotics commonly all around the world. They are used to treat against microorganisms as a bactericidal, these eliminates those organisms in the host through various mechanism. These antibiotics are produced in a large scale using a bioreactors in many countries.
Industrial Production of Amino Acid (L-Lysine)Mominul Islam
Three amino acids which are produced at large scale includes-
- L-lysine
- L-glutamic acid
- DL- methionine
We are now going to discuss about the production of L-Lysine
Here is brief ppt on industrial production of amino acids - glutamine, lysine, tryptophan.
Please share your feedback and queries. Constructive criticism is appreciated.
Thank you
Vitamin B12 biosynthesis is restricted to microorganisms. Most of the steps in the
biosynthesis of vitamin B12 have been characterized in Pseudomonas denitrificans, Salmonella
typhimurium and Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Some authors have reported about the
requirement of more than 30 genes for the entire de novo biosynthesis of cobalamin, which
amounts to about 1 % of a typical bacterial genome. Two different biosynthetic routes for
vitamin B12 exist in nature:
• aerobic, or more precisely an oxygen-dependent pathway that is found in organisms like P.
denitrificans, and
• anaerobic, oxygen-independent pathway investigated in organisms like P. shermanii,
Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus megaterium.
Production of tetracyclin and cephalosporinSamsuDeen12
Tetracyclin and cephalosporins are one of the major used antibiotics commonly all around the world. They are used to treat against microorganisms as a bactericidal, these eliminates those organisms in the host through various mechanism. These antibiotics are produced in a large scale using a bioreactors in many countries.
Aminoglycosides(medicinal chemistry by p.ravisankar)Dr. Ravi Sankar
Aminoglycosides,Aminocyclitols,Source,Structures of streptomycin,Dihydrostreptomycin,A mention of other aminoglycoside antibiotics,Acid hydrolysis,Mechanism of action,SAR,Dihydrostreptomycin and its importance,therapeutic uses, toxicity.
antibiotics that inhibit synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. includes tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides and ketolides , chloramphenicol among others. this presentation highlights the clinical uses, adverse effects, common contraindications modes of action and susceptibility scores
Lag phase
Adaptation, preparation for division, increase in size and density.
Log phase (logarithmic or exponential).
Max. growth rate, increase linearly with time.
Growth yield and growth rate.
Stationary phase
Depletion of nutrient, accumulation of toxic. materials, cell crowding.
Decline phase
This PPT deals with the problems and solutions for sampling of large variables and relate, compare the observations with the exception of the population sample ie testing the difference between means of two samples, standard error of the difference between two standard deviations.
This PPT explains about computer network in easily understandable way. It deals about terminals, computer, communication processor, communication media, telecommunication software, functions of telecommunication software such as security control, error control, access control etc.,
THIS POWERPOINT EXPLAINS ABOUT HYPOTHESIS AND ITS TYPES, ROLE OF HYPOTHESIS,TEST OF SIGNIFICANCE AND PROCEDURE FOR TESTING A HYPOTHESIS, TYPE I AND TYPE ii ERROR
Standard error is used in the place of deviation. it shows the variations among sample is correlate to sampling error. list of formula used for standard error for different statistics and applications of tests of significance in biological sciences
This PPt deals about bacterial photosynthesis, different types of photosynthetic bacteria, types of photosynthesis-OXygenic and anoxygenic , photosynthetic structures, photosynthetic pigments and also explain the light reactions and dark reactions.in dark reactions, in addition to Calvin cycle, bacteria has one more carbon dioxide fixation (Pyruvate reductase pathway)
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. Introduction
• Streptomycin is an antibiotic
• It was discovered by Schatz,Bugie and Waksman (1944) in
one of the soil isolates Streptomyces griseus
• Most of the industry used this parent strain for streptomycin
production today also.
• Mutation and selection employed to increase yields to the
present day levels.
• But,nowadays also Streptomycin is produced by streptomyces
griseus and only a few strains of this organism have the
ability to produce reasonable yields of the antibiotic
• It is active against gram Positive and Negative bacteria and
against the tuberculosis organism Mycobacterium tuberculi
3. Uses
It has been used therapeutically in the treatment of
infections caused by organisms resistant to Penicillin
It is also used in the treatment of plant diseases
caused by bacteria
It is used in the treatment of tuberculosis caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculi.
4. Disadvantage
In man, prolonged streptomycin treatment
at high dosage can produce neuro toxic
reactions
particularly problems in balance
maintenance and partial hearing loss
Chemical reduction of streptomycin to
dihydrostreptomycin decreases this
neurotoxicity.
5. Some microorganisms gain resistance
relatively easily to streptomycin and
streptomycin therapy.
So, it is carried out in conjuction with para
aminosalicyclic acid or isoniazid
(isonicotinic acid hydrazide) to decrease
this resistance build up in sensitive
microorganisms
6. Chemical structure
• Streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin are basic
compounds
• They are usually prepared as salts
• Streptomycin is available as the hydrochloride
C21H39N2O12.3HCL as a crystalline hydrochlroide
double salt with calcium chloride or as the
phosphate or sulfate
• Dihydrostreptomycin as the hydrochloride or
sulfate
7. Depending on the strain of this organism
being used or on the production of medium,
small amounts of mannosidostreptomycin
or hydroxy streptomycin are accumulated in
addition to streptomycin
Some mannosido streptomycin is produced
early in the fermentation, but this antibiotic
is largely enzymatically degraded by
Streptomyces griseus to sterptyomycin at the
time of harvest
The mannosidostreptomycin is not desired
because of its low antibiotic activity
8. The use of precursors does not increase yields of
streptomycin
Most of the carbon of the streptomycin molecule
has shown to originate from glucose and not from
the more complex carbon compounds of the
medium , although some of the carbon molecule
originate from carbon di oxide
The carbonyl function on the streptose moiety is
involved in the antibiotic activity of streptomycin.
Most chemical additions to the carbonyl group
destroy the antibiotic activity.
9. Chemical Structure of Streptomycin
Streptomycin is characterised chemically as an
aminoglycoside antibiotic.
It consists of three components linked glycosidically
(by ether bonds):
(i) Streptidine (inositol with two guanido groups),
(ii) Streptose (methyl pentose), and
(iii)Streptoscamine (N-methyl-L-glycosamine) as shown
in Fig. 1
Both guanido groups of streptidine are essential for the
antibiotic activity and removal of one group reduces
antibiotic activity upto 90%.
Dihydrostreptomycin is produced by reduction of
carbonyl group on the streptose moiety
11. Mechanism of Action of Streptomycin:
Streptomycin, like other aminoglycosidic antibiotics (e.g.,
gentamycin, neomycin, kanamycin, tobramycin), inhibits protein
synthesis in bacterial cells by binding to the 30S subunit of
ribosomes.
Streptomycin is a protein synthesis inhibitor. It binds to the small
16S rRNA of the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, interfering
with the binding of formyl -methionyl tRNA to the 30S subunit.
This leads to codon misreading, eventual inhibition of protein
synthesis and ultimately death of microbial cells through
mechanisms that are still not understood. Speculation on this
mechanism indicates that the binding of the molecule to the 30S
subunit interferes with 50S subunit association with
the mRNA strand. This results in an unstable ribosomal-mRNA
complex, leading to a frame shift mutation and defective protein
synthesis; leading to cell death. The mechanism of inhibition of
protein synthesis by streptomycin is schematically shown in Fig. 2
12. Fig 2: Schematic representation of protein
synthesis inhibition streptomycin
13. Production –medium
Two types of medium were used
1.Woodruff and Mc. Daniel (1954)
1% soyabean meal
1% glucose
0.5% sodium chloride
2.Hockenhull (1963)
2.5% glucose
4% soyabean meal
0.5% distillers dried soluble
0.25% sodium chloride
pH -7.3 to 7.5 before sterilization
14. Inoculum preparation
High yielding mutated strains of streptomyces
griseus are genetically unstable , a fact to be
considered in maintenance of stock cultures.
Because of this consideration, spores of the
organism usually are maintain soil stocks or are
lyophilized in a carrier such as sterile skim milk .
Spores from these stock cultures are then
transferred to a sporulation medium to sporulated
growth to initiate liquid culture buildup of
mycelial inoculum in flasks or inoculum tanks
15. Factors to be consider during production
Streptomycin yields in production fermentors
respond strongly to agitation and aeration. The
optimum temperature in the range of 25oC to 30 o
C ,probably closer to 28o C
The optimum pH for streptomycin production
occurs between pH 7 & 8, high production occur in
the range of pH7.6 to 8
The fermentation production approximately 5-6
days and provides streptomycin yields probably
exceeds of 1200 micrograms per mililiter
17. Biosynthesis of Streptomycin
Streptomycin is directly derived from glucose. Though the
enzymes involved in the synthesis of N-methyl
glucosamine are not yet known, it is expected that about 28
enzymes take part in the conversion of glucose into
streptomycin as précised in Fig. 3
Fig 3. Biosynthetic pathway from D-glucose to Streptomycin
18. Commercial streptomycin fermentation passes through
three phases:
I phase:
lasts approximately 24hours
With rapid growth of the mycelium
Proteolytic activity of streptomyces griseus releases
ammonia to the medium from the soyabean meal
Carbon nutrients of the medium utilized for the growth
Glucose of the medium is utilized slowly during this
period
Only slight streptomycin production occurs
During this period, the pH of the medium rises from
approximately 6.7 or 6.8 to 7.5 or slightly higher
STREPTOMYCIN PRODUCTION
19. II phase
Streptomycin is produced at high rate
Lasts approximately 24 hours to 6 or7 days of
incubation
Almost, no mycelium growth, weight of the mycelium
remains constant
The ammonia is utilized and the pH remains fairly
constant in a range of approximately about 7.6-8
Glucose and oxygen are required in a large quantity.
20. III phase
Sugar has been depleted from the medium
Streptomycin production ceases
Mycelium undergoes autolysis, releasing
ammonia and the pH value rises
The fermentation , however usually is harvested
before cell lysis.
21. Harvest and Recovery of streptomycin
After completion of fermentation the mycelium is
separated from the broth by filtration. Streptomycin is
recovered by several methods. The choice of procedure
depending on the industrial concern.
In one procedure,
The streptomycin is adsorbed from the broth onto the
activated carbon and then eluted from the carbon with
dilute acid. The eluted streptomycin is precipitated by
acetone, filtered and dried before further purification.
22. In an alternative procedure,
The fermentation broth is acidified, filtered
and neutralized. It is then passed through a
column containing a cation exchange resin to
adsorb the streptomycin from the broth.
The column is then washed with water and the
antibiotic is eluted with hydrochloric acid or
cyclohexanol or phosphoric acid. It is then
concentrated at about 60°C under vacuum
almost to dryness.
23. The streptomycin is then dissolved in methanol
and filtered and acetone is added to the filtrate to
precipitate the antibiotic. The precipitate is again
washed with acetone and vacuum dried. It is purified
further by dissolving in methanol. The streptomycin in
pure form is extracted as calcium chloride complex.
Byproduct Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 is produced as a byproduct which will not
affect adversely the yield of streptomycin.
24. Fig 4.Flow chart of Streptomycin production by
submerged fermentation