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PROPERTIES OF CORONAVIRUSES,Coronavirus Replication,CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN HUMANS PATHOGENESIS,Clinical Findings,Laboratory Diagnosis,Treatment, Prevention, and Control
Content & references in part including multimedia content (illustrations, videos) might be taken from the public domain, by no means, aiming at copyrights infringement. All intellectual property rights reserved with the owners.
PROPERTIES OF CORONAVIRUSES,Coronavirus Replication,CORONAVIRUS INFECTIONS IN HUMANS PATHOGENESIS,Clinical Findings,Laboratory Diagnosis,Treatment, Prevention, and Control
Dengue (pronounced DENG-gay) can affect anyone but tends to be more severe in people with compromised immune systems. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get dengue fever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed.
A mosquito-borne viral disease occurring in tropical and subtropical areas.
Spreads by animals or insects
Requires a medical diagnosis
Lab tests or imaging often required
Short-term: resolves within days to weeks
Those who become infected with the virus a second time are at a significantly greater risk of developing severe disease.
Symptoms include high fever, headache, rash and muscle and joint pain. In severe cases there is serious bleeding and shock, which can be life threatening.
Treatment includes fluids and pain relievers. Severe cases require hospital care.
Dengue fever is the fastest emerging arboviral infection spread
by Aedes mosquitoes with major public health consequences in
over 100 tropical and sub-tropical countries in South-East Asia,
the Western Pacific, and South and Central America. Up to 2.5
billion people globally live under the threat of dengue fever and its
severe forms—dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock
syndrome (DSS). More than 75% of these people, or approximately
1.8 billion, live in the Asia-Pacific Region. As the disease spreads to
new geographical areas, the frequency of the outbreaks is increasing
along with changing disease epidemiology. It is estimated that 50
a million cases of dengue fever occur worldwide annually and half a
million people suffering from DHF require hospitalization each year,
a very large proportion of whom (approximately 90%) are children
less than five years old. About 2.5% of those affected with dengue
die of the disease.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. Arboviruses
The Arboviruses are also called as Arthropod
borne viruses, represent an ecological grounding
of viruses with complex transmission cycles
involving Arthropods
These viruses have diverse physical and chemical
properties and are classified in several virus
families.
Dengue infection is caused by Arboviruses
3. History Dengue
This disease was first described 1780, and the
virus was isolated by Sabin 1944. Dengue virus
infection is the most common arthropod-borne
disease worldwide with an increasing incidence
in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, and
Central and South America. There are four
serotypes of the virus. All are transmitted by
mosquitoes, which are not affected by the
disease, although an infected mosquito may
infect others (not via man).
4. Current Trends
In the 1980s, DHF began a second expansion
into Asia when Sri Lanka, India, and the
Maldives Islands had their first major DHF
epidemics; Pakistan first reported an epidemic
of dengue fever in 1994. The epidemics in Sri
Lanka and India were associated with multiple
dengue virus serotypes, but DEN-3 was
predominant and was genetically distinct from
DEN-3 viruses previously isolated from infected
persons in those countries.
6. Dengue Infection and
Implications
Dengue virus (DENV) infects 50 million
(WHO) to 100 million (NIH) people annually.
Forty percent of the world’s population,
predominately in the tropics and sub-tropics, is
at risk for contracting dengue virus. DENV
infection can cause dengue fever, dengue
hemorrhagic fever, dengue shock syndrome, and
death.
8. What causes Dengue
Dengue (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever
(DHF) are caused by one of four closely related,
but antigenically distinct, virus serotypes (DEN-
1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4), of the genus
Flavivirus. Infection with one of these serotypes
provides immunity to only that serotype for life,
9. Aedes aegypti – Vector
Aedes aegypti, a domestic, day-biting mosquito
that prefers to feed on humans, is the most
common Aedes species. Infections produce a
spectrum of clinical illness ranging from a
nonspecific viral syndrome to severe and fatal
hemorrhagic disease. Other species of Aedes
can also transmit.
10. Dengue Virus – A Flavivirius
Flavivirius are spherical and
40- 60 mm in diameter.
Genome – Positive sense,
single sense RNA,11kb in
size
Genome – RNA infectious
Enveloped virus
Three structural polypeptides
two are glycosylated
Replication in cytoplasam
11. How Mosquitos spread the infection
The disease starts during the rainy season, when vector
Mosquito Aedes aegypti is abundant
The Aedes breeds in the tropical or semitropical
climates in water holding receptacles or in plants close
to human dwellings
A female Aedes acquires the infection feeding upon a
viremic human.
After a period of 8 – 14 days mosquitoes are infective
and remain infective for life. ( 1- 3 ) months.
12. Dengue - Endemics
Persons living in a dengue-endemic area can
have more than one dengue infection during
their lifetime. DF and DHF are primarily
diseases of tropical and sub tropical areas, and
the four different dengue serotypes are
maintained in a cycle that involves humans and
the Aedes mosquito.
13. Clinical Manifestations
Any or few of the following events can occur.
Fever,
Severe head ache
Muscle and joint pains
Nausea, vomiting,
Eye pain
14. How Dengue Infection starts and
manifests
Incubation period 4 – 7 days ( 3 – 14 days)
Fever may start with, Malise,chills,head ache
Soon leads to severe back ache, joint pains, muscular pain, pain
in the eye ball.
Temperature may persist for 3 -5 days.
On some occasions once again raises in about 5 – 8 days ( Saddle
back fever )
Myalgia may be severe with deep bone pain
( Break bone fever ) characteristic of the Disease
On majority of the occasions a self limited condition,
Subside on its own
Death is a rare event.
16. Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Common in children.
In children passively acquired contributed by the
maternal antibodies transferred to the fetus.
In other ( Adults ) the presence of antibodies
due to previous infection with different serotype
Initially presents like classical Dengue infection
But patients condition abruptly worsens, an
important cause of morbidity and mortality in
Dengue
17. Risk factor for DHF
Important risk factors for DHF include the
strain of the infecting virus, as well as the age,
and especially the prior dengue infection history
of the patient
18. Dengue Hemorrhagic Syndrome
Chateresied by shock and hemoconcentration
Contributed by circustantial evidence suggests
secondary infection with Dengue type 2
following type 1 infection in the past.
19. Pathogenesis
Presence of existing Dengue antibody,
associated with fresh viral infection with new
serotype complexes and forms within few days
of the second dengue infection.
Non neutralizing enhancing antibodies promote
infection of higher number of Mononuclear
cells.
20. Dengue hemorraghigic
Syndrome
DHS is caused due to release of,
1 Release of cytokines
2 Vasoactive mediators.
3 Procoagulants
Manifest with disseminated
intravascular coagulation
21. Risk of Hemorrhagic Fever
The risk of hemorrhagic fever syndrome is about 0.2%
during the first attack
The second attack with different serotype increases the
risk to ten fold
The fatality rate with dengue hemorrhagic fever can
reach 15% but proper medical care and symptomatic
mangement can reduce mortality to less than 1%
On few occasions patients condition abruptly worsens
into Dengue shock syndrome, a more severe form of
disease characterized by shock and hemoconcentration.
22. Diagnosis
In resource rich establishments
1 Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction methods help rapid identification
2 Isolation of virus is difficult
3 The current favored approach is inoculation of
mosquito cell line with patient serum coupled
with nucleic acid assay to identify a recovered
virus.
23. Dengue Serology
The serology is limited with cross reactivity of IgG
antibodies to heterologus Flavivirius antigens
Most commonly used methods are
Viral protein specific capture IgM or IgG by ELISA
IgM antibodies develop within few days of illness
Neutralizing anti Hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies
appear within a week after onset of Dengue fever
24. Importance of paired sample testing
in Serology
Testing one sample for serum and reporting a
negative test is fallacious
Analysis of paired acute and
convalescent sera to show significant
rise in antibody titer is the most
reliable evidence of an active dengue
infection.
25. Newer Diagnostic Methods
RT - PCR
RT PCR is a highly
sensitive tool in
Diagnosis, with
established high
sensitivity in Diagnosis in
Puzzles
Developing world lacks
resources to implement
and utilize the Scientific
advances
26. Immunology Dengue
Four serotypes exist distinguished by Molecular
basis and Nt tests
Infection confers life long immunity
But cross protection between serotypes is of
short duration.
Reinfection with different serotype after primary
attack is more dangerous causes Dengue
hemorrhagic fever.
27. Treatment
No Anti viral therapy available
Symptomatic management in Majority of cases
Dengue Hemorrhagic fever to be treated with
suitable fluid replacement
No Vaccine available, difficult in view of four
serotypes.
28. Control of Dengue
Control of Mosquito breeding places.
Anti mosquito measures
Use of Insecticides.
Screened windows and doors can reduce
exposure to vectors.
29. Epidemiology - Dengue
Dengue virus are distributed world wide in
tropical regions.
Where the Aedes vectors exist, are endemic
areas
Changing and increasing incidences are
associated with rapid urban population growth,
over crowding and lax mosquito control
measures
30. Dengue a Reemerging Infection
Dengue in 2005 identified as the most important
mosquito borne viral disease
An estimated 50 million or more cases occur
annually worldwide
400,000 cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever.
Asian counties report major cases of childhood
deaths