Thank you for sharing the document. I enjoyed learning about microassemblers.

1. MICROASSEMBER
BY:
SANJAY KUMAR CHAKRAVARTI
11006964

2. DOCKETS
• Introduction
• Assembly Language
• Assembler
• MAL
• Applications
• Benefits
• References

3. Introduction
• A micro assembler is a computer program that
helps prepare a micro program to control the
low level operation of a computer in much the
same way an assembler helps prepare higher
level code for a processor.
• If a given computer implementation supports
a writeable control store, the micro assembler
is usually provided to customers as a means of
writing customized microcode.

4. Introduction
• A computer requires programs to function,
typically executing the program's instructions
in a central processor. The program has that
the computer can use directly to execute the
instructions.
• The same program in its human-readable
source form, from which executable programs
are derived , enables a programmer to study
and develop its algorithms.

5. Assembly Language
• A program written in assembly language it
basically contain of a series of instructions-
mnemonics that correspond to a stream of
executable instructions, when translated by an
assembler that can be loaded into memory and
executed.
• For example, anx86/IA-32processor execute the
below instruction as given in machine language.
• Binary: 10110000 01100001 (Hexadecimal: B0
61)

6. Assembler
• It translate mnemonic code to opcode.
• The use of symbolic references is only the key
feature of assemblers, saving tuff calculations
and manual address. Most assemblers also
include macro facilities for performing textual
substitution.

7. Assembler
• More sophisticated high-level assemblers provide
language abstractions such as:
A. Advanced control structures.
B. High-level procedure declarations and
invocations.
C. High-level abstract data types, including
structures, unions, classes, and sets.
D. Sophisticated macro processing.
E. Object-Oriented features such as encapsulation,
polymorphism, inheritance, interfaces

8. MAL
• MAL(Micro Assembly Language)
• It is a kind of program which helps prepare a
micro program to control the low level
operation of a computer in much the same
way an assembler helps prepare higher level
code for a processor.
• MASM(Microsoft Assembler)

9. MASM
• MASM is a one of the Microsoft development tools that
are targeted 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit platforms.
Versions 6.1 and 6.11 included Phar Lap's TNT DOS
extender so that MASM could run in MS-DOS.
• MASM will write in Intel Syntax.
• MASM is used by Microsoft to implement some low-
level portions of its Windows Operating systems.
• MASM, contrary to popular belief, has been in constant
development since 1980, and is upgraded on a needs-
basis.
• MASM has always been made compatible by Microsoft
to the current platform, and executable file types.
• MASM currently supports all Intel instruction sets.

10. MAL
• It describes about the lexical, syntactic, and
semantic elements of the language, and gives
a focus on microprogramming with the mic1
micro-assembler.
• Reserved Word:
MAR, MDR, PC, Fetch, If, Else, goto
, nop, AND, OR, NOT

11. Application
• After power supply it works, instead of
asembler. Most boot loader works on this.
• Assembly language is also valuable in reverse
engineering.
• optimized assembler code is written "by hand"
and instructions are sequenced manually by
the coders in an attempt to minimize the
number of CPU cycles used

12. Benefits
• The micro programmed Data General Eclipse
S/200 computer is available with a writable
control store. The WCS feature of the Eclipse is
having extension of the micro programmed
control logic of the computer's central
processing unit. It allows a user to implement
specialized instructions at a very low level. Its
use is however, discouraged since Data
General does not provide software support for
the WCS feature

13. References
• http://www.ontko.com/mic1/mal.html#1
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microassembler
• http://findebookee.com/adv.php?q=microass
embler%20ppt

14. Query(?) + Thank You=END OF SESSION.