1. There are five levels of programming languages from lowest to highest: machine language, assembly language, procedural language, problem-oriented language, and natural language.
2. Machine language uses binary digits (0s and 1s) and is the only language computers can understand directly. Assembly language uses abbreviations to replace machine language instructions.
3. High-level languages like procedural and problem-oriented languages allow programmers to write code using syntax closer to human languages and are translated into machine language before execution.
The document discusses different types of software. It defines system software as operating systems that manage hardware resources and enable application software to function. Application software is designed for specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, web browsing, and presentations. Application software depends on system software and comes in tailor-made, general purpose, and application package categories. Common examples of application software are described, including their main features and purposes.
This document provides summaries of different types of computer software and software development models.
It begins by defining system software and application software. System software includes operating systems, compilers, loaders, linkers, and interpreters. Application software includes programs like word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and presentations that do real work for users.
It then summarizes several software development models: the waterfall model which progresses in linear phases; structured evolutionary prototyping which uses iterative prototyping and user feedback; and the spiral model which incorporates risk analysis into iterative cycles similar to waterfall.
This document provides an overview of software, including definitions and types of software. It discusses system software such as operating systems and their functions. It also covers application software, programming languages, and software development approaches like object-oriented programming. Specific software mentioned includes HTML, XML, Java, and UML.
The document provides information on different types of computer software and programming concepts. It discusses system software and application software, giving examples of each. It also covers programming languages from machine language to assembly language to high-level languages. Other topics summarized include algorithms, flowcharts, pseudocode, decision tables, operating systems, and functions of an operating system.
Bba i-introduction to computer-u-2- application and system softwareRai University
This document provides information on different types of software and software development models. It discusses:
- System software includes operating systems, compilers, loaders, linkers, and interpreters which manage hardware and enable application software. Application software includes programs like word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and presentations that perform tasks for users.
- The waterfall model follows sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, and testing. It works well for stable requirements but lacks flexibility. The V-shaped model adds parallel testing phases. Evolutionary prototyping builds prototypes early for user feedback before final development.
System software includes operating systems, utility programs, and programming tools that manage computer hardware resources and provide platforms for application software. Application software are programs designed to perform tasks that directly help users, such as word processors, games, web browsers, and business software. There are many types of programming languages, each designed for different types of tasks, from low-level machine code to high-level languages that are easier for humans to read and write.
System software includes operating systems and other programs that allow hardware and applications to function. The document discusses trends in computer software and major types of application and system software. It defines operating systems and describes their main functions like resource management, file management, and task management. Popular operating systems include Windows, Unix, Linux, and Mac OS X. Programming languages allow the development of software applications and range from machine languages to modern object-oriented languages.
The document discusses various topics related to information technology including hardware, software, data storage, computer components, and networking. It provides details on CPUs, memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and networking infrastructure. Examples of hardware, software, and components needed for a small business IT system are listed. Benefits of IT and open source software are mentioned. Basic computer architecture and components like the CPU, memory, and storage are defined.
The document discusses different types of software. It defines system software as operating systems that manage hardware resources and enable application software to function. Application software is designed for specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, web browsing, and presentations. Application software depends on system software and comes in tailor-made, general purpose, and application package categories. Common examples of application software are described, including their main features and purposes.
This document provides summaries of different types of computer software and software development models.
It begins by defining system software and application software. System software includes operating systems, compilers, loaders, linkers, and interpreters. Application software includes programs like word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and presentations that do real work for users.
It then summarizes several software development models: the waterfall model which progresses in linear phases; structured evolutionary prototyping which uses iterative prototyping and user feedback; and the spiral model which incorporates risk analysis into iterative cycles similar to waterfall.
This document provides an overview of software, including definitions and types of software. It discusses system software such as operating systems and their functions. It also covers application software, programming languages, and software development approaches like object-oriented programming. Specific software mentioned includes HTML, XML, Java, and UML.
The document provides information on different types of computer software and programming concepts. It discusses system software and application software, giving examples of each. It also covers programming languages from machine language to assembly language to high-level languages. Other topics summarized include algorithms, flowcharts, pseudocode, decision tables, operating systems, and functions of an operating system.
Bba i-introduction to computer-u-2- application and system softwareRai University
This document provides information on different types of software and software development models. It discusses:
- System software includes operating systems, compilers, loaders, linkers, and interpreters which manage hardware and enable application software. Application software includes programs like word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and presentations that perform tasks for users.
- The waterfall model follows sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, and testing. It works well for stable requirements but lacks flexibility. The V-shaped model adds parallel testing phases. Evolutionary prototyping builds prototypes early for user feedback before final development.
System software includes operating systems, utility programs, and programming tools that manage computer hardware resources and provide platforms for application software. Application software are programs designed to perform tasks that directly help users, such as word processors, games, web browsers, and business software. There are many types of programming languages, each designed for different types of tasks, from low-level machine code to high-level languages that are easier for humans to read and write.
System software includes operating systems and other programs that allow hardware and applications to function. The document discusses trends in computer software and major types of application and system software. It defines operating systems and describes their main functions like resource management, file management, and task management. Popular operating systems include Windows, Unix, Linux, and Mac OS X. Programming languages allow the development of software applications and range from machine languages to modern object-oriented languages.
The document discusses various topics related to information technology including hardware, software, data storage, computer components, and networking. It provides details on CPUs, memory, storage devices, input/output devices, and networking infrastructure. Examples of hardware, software, and components needed for a small business IT system are listed. Benefits of IT and open source software are mentioned. Basic computer architecture and components like the CPU, memory, and storage are defined.
This document provides an overview of computer software and related concepts. It discusses the different types of software, including application software, system software, and the software hierarchy. It also describes system programming and various system programs like assemblers, linkers, compilers, and operating systems. Additionally, it covers machine structure, interfaces, address spaces, computer languages at different levels, and tools used for software development.
System software includes operating systems, compilers, loaders, linkers, and interpreters. It manages hardware and allows application software to function. Application software includes programs for tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and database management. Word processors allow document creation and editing while spreadsheets perform calculations. Presentation software aids in visual presentations. Database management systems store and organize data for multiple users.
This document discusses different types of computers based on their mode of use. It describes notebook computers, personal computers, workstations, mainframe systems, supercomputers, client and server computers, and handheld computers. For each type, it provides details on their key features such as size, processing power, memory capacity, operating systems, popular usage, and examples of major manufacturers. It compares the characteristics of different computer types to classify them.
The document describes the generations of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, including the key technologies of each generation like transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. It also covers the basic organization of a computer including input, storage, processing, output, and control. Classification of computers is discussed based on speed, storage capacity, and price.
system software is a set of programs that enables a computer to perform routine tasks. types of system software are operating system & utility programs.
System software includes operating systems and utilities that enable computer functions. Application software performs real work for users, like word processors and spreadsheets. There are several software development models including:
- Waterfall model which progresses in linear stages from requirements to implementation.
- V-shaped model emphasizes testing at each stage to validate the product.
- Prototyping model involves building prototypes, getting user feedback, and refining iteratively until the user is satisfied.
This document discusses hardware components of a computer system. It is presented by a group that includes Ben Piseth, Chin Putry, Chan Sopov, Chan Piseth, Chao Yorkchhive, and Duch Mony. The objectives are to define hardware, identify its advantages for organizations, and describe hardware components. It discusses the central processing unit, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers, primary storage, processing and memory devices, multiprocessing, parallel computing, secondary storage, input/output devices, computer systems, and green computing.
Bsc cs 1 fit u-2 application and system softwareRai University
System software includes operating systems and utilities that enable computer functions. Application software includes programs for specific tasks. The document describes various types of system software like compilers, loaders, and interpreters. It also discusses application software for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and databases. Several software development models are covered, including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, spiral, and evolutionary models. Each has strengths and weaknesses for different project needs.
1) Software provides instructions to computers to solve problems and perform tasks. There are two main types: system software and application software.
2) System software controls basic computer operations and hardware, including saving data, printing, and running other programs. Common examples are operating systems, utility programs, and device drivers.
3) Application software allows users to perform specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, databases, and graphics. There are customized applications designed for specific users and packaged software for general use.
Software are programs that enable computers to perform tasks by processing instructions. There are two main types: system software like operating systems, utilities, and drivers; and application software for specific tasks like word processing, games, etc. Software can be proprietary, sold commercially, freeware, or open source. It is installed from physical media or downloaded, and some common file types are associated with applications like .doc files for Word.
The document discusses different types of computer programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It explains that machine language uses binary and assembly language uses mnemonic codes. It also defines high-level languages as being closer to human languages. The document then summarizes the roles of assemblers, linkers, loaders, interpreters, and compilers in translating between low-level and high-level languages.
The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. It performs basic tasks like input/output processing and memory management. It also acts as an interface between the user and hardware. For large systems, the operating system ensures programs and users do not interfere with each other and handles security. Operating systems are classified based on attributes like whether they support single/multiple users, CPUs, tasks and threads. Examples of operating systems discussed are Windows, Linux, and Android. Their advantages and disadvantages are provided.
The document discusses different types of computer software. It defines software and explains that there are four main classifications: system software, application software, utilities, and packages. It provides details on different types of system software like operating systems, assemblers, compilers, and interpreters. Operating systems act as an interface between the user and hardware and control the flow of signals in the computer. Assemblers and compilers translate programs to machine language. [/SUMMARY]
This document discusses software concepts, computer language classification, and compilers vs interpreters. It defines system software and application software, and provides examples of each. It also classifies programming languages as high-level vs low-level, and lists some common examples. Finally, it explains what compilers and interpreters are, how they differ, and provides examples of compiled and interpreted languages.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present day. It discusses the evolution of hardware components at each stage from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. It also describes the characteristics of different types of computers including PCs, workstations, mini-computers, mainframes, and supercomputers. The fifth and current generation is moving towards artificial intelligence capabilities.
An operating system acts as an interface between the computer hardware and user, managing tasks like memory allocation, file management, device input/output, and more. There are several types of operating systems including batch, multiprocessing, time-sharing, personal computer, and network operating systems. Each type evolved to support new capabilities, such as allowing interactive use by multiple users simultaneously through time-sharing operating systems.
A computer program is a sequence of coded instructions written to perform a particular task based on an algorithm. Programming languages like machine code, assembly language, and high-level languages are used to write programs. System software includes operating systems and utility programs that directly interface with hardware, while application software provides functions for end users. Common operating systems manage computer resources, peripheral devices, memory, and allow for multi-tasking and multiple users.
Introduction to Computer and Programming - Lecture 01hassaanciit
This document provides an introduction to the Introduction to Computers and Programming (CSC103) course. It outlines the course structure including marks distribution, textbooks, requirements and examinations. It then provides an overview of what a computer is, its basic components, types of software, and different categories of computers including servers, mainframes and supercomputers.
An operating system acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware. It performs basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, input/output control, and device management. An OS manages application programs and allows users to interact with it through a command line or graphical user interface. Important OS functions include process management, memory management, device management, file management, security controls, and job accounting. Common types of OS include mainframe, desktop, real-time, and distributed systems. System calls allow programs to request services from the OS kernel related to processes, files, devices, information, and communication. Caching improves performance by storing frequently accessed data from slower storage in faster temporary storage like registers, cache memory, and
Problem Solving and Program Design in C_1.pdfjlu08167
This document provides an overview of different types of computer software:
- System software includes operating systems, language processors like compilers and interpreters, and device drivers. It acts as an interface between hardware and application software.
- Application software is specialized to perform specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheet calculations, database management, presentations, etc.
- Utility software assists system software and users by performing supportive tasks like antivirus scanning, backup, file management, etc.
The document summarizes different types of software including system software, application software, and specific applications. System software includes the operating system, device drivers, and RAM which allow interaction with hardware. Application software is divided into individual programs, integrated packages, and software suites. Specific applications mentioned include word processors, spreadsheets, databases, desktop publishing, graphics, CAD/CAM, presentations, personal information managers, groupware, project management, multimedia authoring tools, communications, web browsers, and web development software. Programming languages provide underlying instructions to control hardware.
This document provides an overview of computer software and related concepts. It discusses the different types of software, including application software, system software, and the software hierarchy. It also describes system programming and various system programs like assemblers, linkers, compilers, and operating systems. Additionally, it covers machine structure, interfaces, address spaces, computer languages at different levels, and tools used for software development.
System software includes operating systems, compilers, loaders, linkers, and interpreters. It manages hardware and allows application software to function. Application software includes programs for tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and database management. Word processors allow document creation and editing while spreadsheets perform calculations. Presentation software aids in visual presentations. Database management systems store and organize data for multiple users.
This document discusses different types of computers based on their mode of use. It describes notebook computers, personal computers, workstations, mainframe systems, supercomputers, client and server computers, and handheld computers. For each type, it provides details on their key features such as size, processing power, memory capacity, operating systems, popular usage, and examples of major manufacturers. It compares the characteristics of different computer types to classify them.
The document describes the generations of computers from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits, including the key technologies of each generation like transistors, integrated circuits, and microprocessors. It also covers the basic organization of a computer including input, storage, processing, output, and control. Classification of computers is discussed based on speed, storage capacity, and price.
system software is a set of programs that enables a computer to perform routine tasks. types of system software are operating system & utility programs.
System software includes operating systems and utilities that enable computer functions. Application software performs real work for users, like word processors and spreadsheets. There are several software development models including:
- Waterfall model which progresses in linear stages from requirements to implementation.
- V-shaped model emphasizes testing at each stage to validate the product.
- Prototyping model involves building prototypes, getting user feedback, and refining iteratively until the user is satisfied.
This document discusses hardware components of a computer system. It is presented by a group that includes Ben Piseth, Chin Putry, Chan Sopov, Chan Piseth, Chao Yorkchhive, and Duch Mony. The objectives are to define hardware, identify its advantages for organizations, and describe hardware components. It discusses the central processing unit, arithmetic logic unit, control unit, registers, primary storage, processing and memory devices, multiprocessing, parallel computing, secondary storage, input/output devices, computer systems, and green computing.
Bsc cs 1 fit u-2 application and system softwareRai University
System software includes operating systems and utilities that enable computer functions. Application software includes programs for specific tasks. The document describes various types of system software like compilers, loaders, and interpreters. It also discusses application software for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and databases. Several software development models are covered, including waterfall, V-shaped, prototyping, spiral, and evolutionary models. Each has strengths and weaknesses for different project needs.
1) Software provides instructions to computers to solve problems and perform tasks. There are two main types: system software and application software.
2) System software controls basic computer operations and hardware, including saving data, printing, and running other programs. Common examples are operating systems, utility programs, and device drivers.
3) Application software allows users to perform specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, databases, and graphics. There are customized applications designed for specific users and packaged software for general use.
Software are programs that enable computers to perform tasks by processing instructions. There are two main types: system software like operating systems, utilities, and drivers; and application software for specific tasks like word processing, games, etc. Software can be proprietary, sold commercially, freeware, or open source. It is installed from physical media or downloaded, and some common file types are associated with applications like .doc files for Word.
The document discusses different types of computer programming languages including machine language, assembly language, and high-level languages. It explains that machine language uses binary and assembly language uses mnemonic codes. It also defines high-level languages as being closer to human languages. The document then summarizes the roles of assemblers, linkers, loaders, interpreters, and compilers in translating between low-level and high-level languages.
The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. It performs basic tasks like input/output processing and memory management. It also acts as an interface between the user and hardware. For large systems, the operating system ensures programs and users do not interfere with each other and handles security. Operating systems are classified based on attributes like whether they support single/multiple users, CPUs, tasks and threads. Examples of operating systems discussed are Windows, Linux, and Android. Their advantages and disadvantages are provided.
The document discusses different types of computer software. It defines software and explains that there are four main classifications: system software, application software, utilities, and packages. It provides details on different types of system software like operating systems, assemblers, compilers, and interpreters. Operating systems act as an interface between the user and hardware and control the flow of signals in the computer. Assemblers and compilers translate programs to machine language. [/SUMMARY]
This document discusses software concepts, computer language classification, and compilers vs interpreters. It defines system software and application software, and provides examples of each. It also classifies programming languages as high-level vs low-level, and lists some common examples. Finally, it explains what compilers and interpreters are, how they differ, and provides examples of compiled and interpreted languages.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present day. It discusses the evolution of hardware components at each stage from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits and microprocessors. It also describes the characteristics of different types of computers including PCs, workstations, mini-computers, mainframes, and supercomputers. The fifth and current generation is moving towards artificial intelligence capabilities.
An operating system acts as an interface between the computer hardware and user, managing tasks like memory allocation, file management, device input/output, and more. There are several types of operating systems including batch, multiprocessing, time-sharing, personal computer, and network operating systems. Each type evolved to support new capabilities, such as allowing interactive use by multiple users simultaneously through time-sharing operating systems.
A computer program is a sequence of coded instructions written to perform a particular task based on an algorithm. Programming languages like machine code, assembly language, and high-level languages are used to write programs. System software includes operating systems and utility programs that directly interface with hardware, while application software provides functions for end users. Common operating systems manage computer resources, peripheral devices, memory, and allow for multi-tasking and multiple users.
Introduction to Computer and Programming - Lecture 01hassaanciit
This document provides an introduction to the Introduction to Computers and Programming (CSC103) course. It outlines the course structure including marks distribution, textbooks, requirements and examinations. It then provides an overview of what a computer is, its basic components, types of software, and different categories of computers including servers, mainframes and supercomputers.
An operating system acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware. It performs basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, input/output control, and device management. An OS manages application programs and allows users to interact with it through a command line or graphical user interface. Important OS functions include process management, memory management, device management, file management, security controls, and job accounting. Common types of OS include mainframe, desktop, real-time, and distributed systems. System calls allow programs to request services from the OS kernel related to processes, files, devices, information, and communication. Caching improves performance by storing frequently accessed data from slower storage in faster temporary storage like registers, cache memory, and
Problem Solving and Program Design in C_1.pdfjlu08167
This document provides an overview of different types of computer software:
- System software includes operating systems, language processors like compilers and interpreters, and device drivers. It acts as an interface between hardware and application software.
- Application software is specialized to perform specific tasks like word processing, spreadsheet calculations, database management, presentations, etc.
- Utility software assists system software and users by performing supportive tasks like antivirus scanning, backup, file management, etc.
The document summarizes different types of software including system software, application software, and specific applications. System software includes the operating system, device drivers, and RAM which allow interaction with hardware. Application software is divided into individual programs, integrated packages, and software suites. Specific applications mentioned include word processors, spreadsheets, databases, desktop publishing, graphics, CAD/CAM, presentations, personal information managers, groupware, project management, multimedia authoring tools, communications, web browsers, and web development software. Programming languages provide underlying instructions to control hardware.
The document defines and explains several key technology terms related to hardware, software, browsers, HTML, HTTP, databases, SQL, APIs, programming languages, and other computing concepts. It provides brief, 1-2 sentence definitions for each term, covering topics such as computer hardware and software, web browsers, markup languages, protocols, databases, programming paradigms, and more. Examples or brief explanations are sometimes included to further illustrate the term. Overall, the document serves as a useful reference guide for fundamental technology terminology.
Mca i-fundamental of computer-u-2- application and system softwareRai University
This document provides information on different types of software and software development models. It begins by defining system software and application software. System software includes operating systems, compilers, loaders, linkers, and interpreters and helps manage computer hardware. Application software includes programs like word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and presentations that perform tasks for users. The document then discusses software development models including the waterfall model, V-shaped model, and evolutionary prototyping model. It provides details on the phases and characteristics of each model.
Bca i-fundamental of computer-u-2- application and system softwareRai University
This document provides information on different types of software and software development models. It discusses:
1) The differences between system software (e.g. operating systems, compilers) which manage hardware, and application software (e.g. word processors, spreadsheets) which perform tasks for users.
2) Common software development models including the waterfall model, V-shaped model, and evolutionary prototyping model. The waterfall model follows sequential phases of requirements, design, implementation, and testing. The V-shaped model adds parallel testing phases. Prototyping allows iterative user feedback.
3) Descriptions of various system software including operating systems, compilers, linkers, loaders, and interpreters and
An operating system controls application programs and acts as an interface between applications and hardware. It provides services like program development, execution and resource management. An OS allows for convenient, efficient and evolvable use of computer systems. It masks hardware details from users and programs. An OS manages resources like processors, memory, storage and I/O devices.
The document provides an overview of operating systems including:
- An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware to provide an environment for programs to execute, make the computer convenient to use, and allow efficient use of hardware.
- Operating systems control and coordinate the use of hardware resources among programs and users. They allocate resources like CPU time, memory, and I/O devices.
- Operating systems exist to make computing easier and more efficient by managing resources and controlling programs. They provide an interface between users, programs, and hardware.
This document discusses computer software and operating systems. It defines application and system software, and describes different types of operating systems like single-user/single-tasking OS, single-user/multi-tasking OS, multi-user/multi-tasking OS, time sharing OS, and real-time OS. It also covers system software components like compilers, interpreters, assemblers, and device drivers. The document outlines the system development life cycle including requirement analysis, design, coding, testing, and implementation/maintenance steps.
The document discusses system software and provides definitions and views of system software. It defines system software as software that enables users to use computer resources and provides functionality. It discusses the goals of system software as providing user convenience, efficient use of resources, and preventing interference between users. The document outlines abstract views of a computer system including the user interface, application programs, operating system, and hardware. It also discusses user-centric and system-centric views of system software.
Computer software includes programs and data that are processed by computer systems. There are two main types: application software which performs special functions, and system software which operates the computer hardware and provides basic functionality. Key parts of system software include operating systems, device drivers, and utilities. Operating systems manage computer resources and provide common services for other programs. [END SUMMARY]
The document defines an operating system and describes the key services it provides, including managing hardware resources, executing programs, handling input/output, manipulating the file system, enabling communication, detecting and handling errors, and allocating resources. It then discusses different types of operating systems like batch, multiprogramming, multiprocessing, multithreading, and distributed systems. Real-time operating systems designed to control machinery and instruments are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of information technology (IT) including its key components and functions. IT deals with using computers and software to store, process, and retrieve information. The backbone of IT is computers, which have hardware and software. Computer hardware includes input, processing, and output units. Computer software includes application software, system software, and utility software. Databases help manage data through database management systems. Operating systems act as an interface between users and hardware. Networks allow computers to connect and share resources through local, metropolitan, and wide area networks. Enterprise resource planning systems integrate organizational data and processes into a single system.
The document provides information on computer software, types of software including system software and application software, programming languages including object-oriented, structured, and procedural languages, and assemblers, compilers, and interpreters. It also discusses operating systems, types of operating systems including batch processing, multi-tasking, real-time, single user, multi-user, and distributed operating systems. Finally, it covers database management systems including components, data definition language, data manipulation language, and data control language.
This document provides information about a 3rd semester course titled "Fundamentals of IT". The course objectives are to teach basic computer concepts, how to use common software programs like Word, PowerPoint and Excel, and basic networking and internet concepts. The course outcomes are skills related to using computer hardware and software programs. The document then outlines the course content which will cover topics like operating systems, data transmission, computer networks and provides references. It includes a lecture plan that lists the topics to be covered in each class.
This document discusses computer software and its types. It defines software as a collection of instructions that tell a computer how to work, in contrast to hardware which physically performs the work. There are two main types of software: system software and application software. System software includes operating systems, utility programs, and device drivers which interface between hardware and users and enable application programs. Application software solves specific problems and can be proprietary, off-the-shelf, or custom-built for a specific purpose. Examples are provided for each software type.
The document outlines the course objectives, outline, textbooks, and lecture topics for an Introduction to Programming course. The course will cover computer systems and how they work, programming concepts like flowcharts and algorithms, and implementing concepts in C++. Lectures will include introductions to computers and organization, programming languages, and personal, distributed, and client/server computing models.
The document provides an overview of operating systems, including definitions of key terms like kernel, processes, memory management, file systems, etc. It discusses different types of operating systems like batch, time-sharing, distributed, and real-time operating systems. It also covers operating system components like process management, memory management, I/O management, and system calls. Finally, it discusses user interfaces, system programs, and services provided by operating systems.
This document provides an overview of computer hardware, software, data storage, and the programming process. It discusses how computers work by accepting data as input, processing it, and producing output based on instructions from programs. The major hardware components are the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output mechanisms. Software includes operating systems and applications. Data is stored in computers as binary digits or bits that represent numbers and other information. The programming process involves understanding problems, planning logic, coding, testing, and implementation.
Secondary storage is used for noncritical data that does not need to be accessed as frequently as data in primary storage. It uses economical, lower performing storage devices that are better suited for long-term storage. Data can be migrated from primary to secondary storage to free up space and improve performance on primary devices, while lowering overall storage costs. Organizations typically use secondary storage for backup, disaster recovery, archival data, or noncritical active data.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
2. PROGRAMMING
LANGUAGES
Programming languages are said to be lower or higher,
depending on whether they are closer to the language the
computer itself uses(lower, which means 0s and 1s)or to the
language that people use(higher, which means more like
english).
FIVE LEVELS OF LANGUAGE :
1. machine language
2. assembly language
3. procedural language
4. problem-oriented language
5. natural language
3. MACHINE
LANGUAGE• machine language is the lowest and most elementary level of
programming language and was the first type of programming
language to be developed.
• machine language is basically the only language that a
computer can understand and it is usually written in hex.
• its execution is very fast and efficient because the computer
can accept the machine code as it is.
• its machine code which is represented inside the computer by
a string of binary digits 0 and 1.
• the symbol 0 stands for the absence of an electric pulse
4. ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE
• to reduce programming complexity and provide some
standardization,assembly language were developed.assembly
language also known as symbolic language use abbriviation or
mnemonic code to replace the 0s and 1s of machine language.
• Expressed in statement : PACK 210(8,13)
Advantages:
• they are more standardized and easier to use than machine
language.
• They are easier to debug.
Disadvantages:
5. HIGH LEVEL
LANGUAGE• High level language assisted programmers by further reducing
the number of computer operation details they had to specify
so they could concentrate more on the logic needed to solve
the problem.
TYPES OF HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES:
• procedure oriented
• problem oriented
• natural.
COMPILERS AND INTERPETERS
• For a high level language to work on the computer it must
be translated into machine language .there are two kinds of
6. OPERATING
SYSTEM• An operating system manages and coordinates the functions performed by the
computer hardware, including the CPU, input/output devices, secondary storage
devices, and communication and network equipment.
• The operating software must keep track of each hardware resources, determine
who gets what, when the user will have access to the resource, allocate how
much of the resource the user will be given, and terminate access at the end
of the use period.
FUNCTIONS OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM:
• JOB MANAGEMENT:
job management software manages the jobs waiting to be processed.
• BATCH PROCESSING :
system software is available to support the different methods of processing a
job. With batch processing the most basic method data are accumulated and
processed in group.
• ON-LINE PROCESSING:
7. Classification of operating system:
• Desktop operating systems:
• Os that run on desktop computer are the most common. generally
the os in this category include windows, mac os, dos.
• Sever operating systems:
• computers in a modern organization’s networks are connected to
one another not directly but through powerful computers called
servers that provides security to the networks and route traffic
from one network to another, complicated tasks requiring special
os.
8. Mainframe operating
system:When mainframes and minicomputers dominated the computing world, each
computer company developed its own operating system.
Multi-user operating system:
multi user operating system allow two or more users to run programs at
the same time. Os permit hundreds or even thousands of concurrent users.
Its also called time sharing.
Multitasking operating system:
it allows more than one program to run concurrently. It ability to
execute more than one task at the same time, a task being a program.
Multithreading operating system:
It allows different parts of a single program to run concurrently. It is the
9. COMPUTER
SOFTWARE• Software is a set of instruction or statements that is carried out by the
computer’s CPU.
• Computer software is also called program. Program is an organized list
of instruction that, when executed, causes the computer to behave in a
predetermined manner.
HARDWARE/SOFTWARE INTERACTION:
The program tells the CPU to retrieve a specific piece of information
from memory and to execute a specific interrupt. an interrupt is a signal
informing a program that an event has occurred.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOFTWARE:
• SYSTEM SOFTWARE – include the operating system and all the
10. GENERAL SOFTWARE
FEATURES AND TRENDSGRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE :
a GUI that allows users to interact with electronic devices like
computers, hand-held devices. A GUI offers icons and visual
indicators unlike text based interfaces which use typed
command labels and text to completely represent the
information and actions available to the user.
SOFTWARE SECURITY:
software security is becoming one of the most important and critical
issue for software development.
CLOUD COMPUTING:
• Cloud computing is a computing paradigm in which tasks are
assigned to a combination of connections, software and services
accessed over a network.
11. NETWORK COMPUTING:
• Network computers are becoming popular. Network computers are computers
with minimal memory, disk storage and processor power designed to connect
to a network, especially the internet.
• The idea behind network computer is that many users who are connected to
a network do not need all the computer power they get from a typical
personal computer .
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE(SAAS):
• In the case of saas the software that is rented rather than purchased.
• Instead of buying software and paying for periodic upgrades, SaaS is
subscription based, and all upgrades are provides during the term of the
subscription.
12. Software development process:
• A structured framework of organized activities needed to create a s/w
development process for the lifecycle of a product.
• A detailed description of the activities required to manage the
development of a software product, from requirements analysis definition
through implementation and maintenance.
• Supporting documents including requirements definition, system analysis,
design documents, user manuals, training documents, error guides etc.
13. Overview of SDLC phases:
• Project start up
• Requirements analysis and specification
• System analysis
• high level design
• Low level design
• Coding and unit testing
• System/integration testing
• Accepting testing
• Implementation
• Project windup
• Project maintenance
14. MOBILE
COMPUTING:• Mobile computing is a generic term describing one’s ability to use
technology while moving, as opposed to portable computers, which are only
practical for use while deployed in a stationary configuration.
• Many types of mobile computers have been introduced in 1990s, including
the PDAs and smart phones.
UTILITIES: utilities is a program that performs a very specific task usually
related to managing system resources.
WORD PROCESSORS : it is a program that enables you to perform word
processing functions. It is used to create, edit ,print the documents .
Basic capabilities of word processors:
Insert , delete text
Cut, copy and paste
15. Spreadsheets :
• It is a table of values arranged in a rows and columns.
• Each value can have a predefined relationship to the other values.
Characteristics of a spreadsheet:
• Table format
• Recalculation
• Data forms
• Presentation
• Storage and retrieval
• Standard format
• Image processors:
• Image processors or graphics program enable you to create,
edit, manipulate, add special efforts, view, print, and save
16. DATABASE
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
INFORMATION
Information is refined data. Accuracy, timeliness, and
relevancy are the three key attributes of information. Accuracy
means that the information is free from mistakes and errors.
Timeliness means getting the information to the recipients
within the needed time frame. Relevancy means the use of a
piece of information for a particular person.
Data management is a discipline that focuses on the proper
17. ADVANTAGES
• Redundancy can be reduced
• Inconsistency can be avoided
• Data can be shared
• Standards can be enforced
• Security restrictions can be applied
• Integrity can be maintained
• Conflicting requirements can be balanced
ORGANIZATION OF A DATABASE:
A database consists of four elements – data, relationships, constraints and schema.
18. BENEFITS OF
USING A DBMS:
• The DBMS helps make data management much
more efficient and effective than it was before
the DBMS became a reality.
• The DBMS contains a query language that
makes it possible to produce quick answer to ad
hoc queries.
• Wider access to well-managed data promotes an
integrated view of the organization’s operations.
FUNCTIONS OF DBMS:
• Transaction management
• Concurrency control
• Recovery management
19. Database architecture:
database architecture defines the manner in which the components of
a database are organized and integrated.
ANSI/SPARC architecture:
A commonly used view of data approach is the three level architecture
suggested by american national standards institute/standards planning and
requirements committee(ANSI/SPARC).
Structural description: the structural description is somewhat
analogous to a record definition. It include name,type,null concept and key
fields.
Linkage description: the linkage description indicates the connections
between the files comprising the database.
20. External or logical schema:
The external schema is the view that the individual user of the
database has. This view is often a restricted view of the database
and the same database may provide a number of different views for
different classes of users. At the highest level we have multiple
external schemas that correspond to different views of data.
Conceptual schema:
The conceptual schema is the information model of the enterprise and
contains the views of the whole enterprise without any concern for the
physical implementation. The conceptual level provides both the mapping
and the desired independence between the external and internal levels. It
supports each external view, in that any data available to a user must be
21. Internal or physical schema:
At the lowest level certain physical components
organize and store the raw data. The physical
schema typically has parameters that can be tuned
for optimal performance under the access patterns
of a particular application.the database designer
may want to specify these parameters.
Database users and ANSI/SPARC
architecture:
1. Application programmers: application programmers
are individuals who use the database to create reports
based on queries.
2. Database designers: the database designer must
22. Database languages:
Data definition language: the ddl is a machine and DBMS
independent language used to create the conceptual and external schemas.
Storage definition language: the SDL is used to specify the
internal schema.SDL is used where a clear separation is maintained b/w the
conceptual and physical levels.
View definition language: where a clear separation b/w the
conceptual and physical schemas are maintained,the DDL is used to define
the conceptual and the SDL to specify the internal schema.
Data manipulation language: the DML is used to query the
database. Application programmers use a DML to retrieve or modify data
23. Information modeling:
The objective of information modeling is to identify the major entities
that are fundamental in an application and model them in a target
database schema model.
Design constraints:
Limits are called constraints in the database.there are many kinds of
database constraints.
Structural constraints: the structure of the information within the database
gives an ideas about entities in the database.
Type constraints: a type constraints limits the application to only one
representation of information for an entity’s attribute.
Range constraints: it limit the values an attributes can take. It refers to the
24. Relationship constraints: these constraints represent
relationships on values between entities.
Temporal constraints: these constraints indicate the time
period for which some information is valid.
Relational database management system
and structured query language:-
A relational database is a database that maintains a set of separate,
related files, but combines data elements from the files for queries and
reports when required.
Structured query language(SQL):
SQL is the standard command set used to communicate with the
relational database management system. Sql is the only language that
the RDBMS understands.
25. • Sql enables the end users and system personnel
to deal with a number of database management
system where it is available.
• Applications written in sql can be easily ported
across system.
• Sql as a language is independent of the way it is
implemented internally.
• The results to be excepted are well defined.
• Sql is not merely a query language.
Types of sql commands:
Querying data
Updating, inserting, deleting data
Creating, modifying, deleting database objects
26. Distributed database:
A distributed database is a database physically stored in two or
more computer system. It manage and controls the entire database
as a single collection of data.
Active databases:
• Active database system support mechanisms that enables them to
respond automatically to events that are taking place either inside or
outside the database system itself.
• It support the preceding application by moving the reactive behavior
from the application into the DBMS.
• Active databases are thus able to monitor and react to specific
circumstances of relevance to an application.
Deductive databases:
27. • Database technologies has evolved in order to effectively and efficiently
organize, manage and maintain large volumes of increasingly complex data
reliably in various memory devices.
Parallel databases:
• Parallel processing divides a large task into many smaller tasks and
executes the smaller tasks concurrently on several nodes.
• The larger task completes more quickly .
• A node is a separate processor, often on a separate machine.
• Multiple processor however can reside on a single machine.
• Some tasks can be effectively divided and thus are good candidates for
parallel processing.
28. Multidimensional databases:
• A multidimensional databases is a type of database that is
optimized for data warehouses and online analytical processing
applications.
• Multidimensional database are frequently created using input
from existing relational databases.
• A multidimensional database or a multidimensional relational
database management system implies the ability to rapidly
process the data in the database so that answers can be
generated quickly.
Temporal databases:
• Economical data is frequency time dependent
• More sophisticated analysis might want to correlate interest rate
29. • Our everyday life is vary often influenced by timetables for buses, trains,
flights, university lectures and even cinema, theatre or tv programs.
• Medical diagnosis often draws conclusion from patients history from the
evolution illness.
Spatial databases:
A spatial database is a database that is optimized to store and query
data related to object in space, including points, lines and polygons.
Multimedia databases:
Multimedia database provide features that allows users to store and
query different types of multimedia information like images, video clips,
audio clips and documents.
Web databases:
It designed to handle the storage and retrieval of constantly updated
information, they let you incorporate data that changes a lot, such as e-