The document discusses a microelectronic pill designed for remote biomedical measurements within the gastrointestinal tract, capable of detecting temperature, pH, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen. It includes components like a control chip, biocompatible casing, and various sensors tailored for specific health indicators. While effective for diagnosing certain conditions in hard-to-reach areas, the microelectronic pill has limitations such as high cost, unavailability in some regions, and inability to perform certain medical functions.

1. a revolution in medical science ….
Micro Electronic Capsule
K J Sree Bhargava
1st B.Tech.,ECE
Gudlavalleru Eng College
Gudlavalleru

2. Introduction
 A “Microelectronic Pill” is a basically a multichannel sensor used for
remote biomedical measurements using micro technology.
 This has been developed for the internal study and detection of diseases
and abnormalities in the Gastrointestinal (GI) tract where restricted
access prevents the use of traditional Endoscope.
 The measurement parameters for detection include real – time remote
recording of temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen in the
GI tract.

3. PARTS
CONTROL CHIP
BIOCOMPATIBLE
CAPSULE
ENCASING
MICROSENSOR
SILICON DIODE
ION-SELECTIVE
FIELD EFFECT
TRANSISTOR
(ISFET)
DIRECT
CONTACT GOLD
ELECTRODE
3 ELECTRODE
ELECTROCHEMICAL
CELL
RADIO
TRANSMITTER Power supply

5. BIO-COMPATIBLE CAPSULE ENCASING MICRO SENSOR
 SILICON DIODE
 ISFET(Ion sensitive Field Effect Transistor)
 Direct contact gold electrode
 Three Electrode Electrochemical cell

6. • Identify body temperature
• Temperature sensors are used
• cost is less
• It is attached in the substrate
Silicon Diode

7.  The ISFET measures pH.
 It can reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels
 These abnormalities include :
 Pancreatic disease
 Hypertension
 Inflammatory bowel disease
 The activity of fermenting bacteria
 The level of acid excretion
 Reflux of oesophagus
 Effect of GI specific drugs on target
Ion-selective Field Effect Transistor
(ISFET)

8.  The pair of direct contact Gold
electrodes measures conductivity, by
• measuring the contents of water & salt
absorption,
• bile secretion & the breakdown of organic
components into charged colloids etc. in
the GI tract.
 Since the gold has best conductivity
among all the elements, Therefore it
gives true value of conductivity as
measured.
Direct Contact Gold Electrode

9. • The three electrode electrochemical cell detects the
level of dissolved oxygen in solution.
• It measures the oxygen gradient from the proximal
to the distal GI Tract
• It investigates :
 Growth of aerobic or bacterial infection
 Formation of radicals causing cellular injury &
pathophysiological conditions like
inflammation & Gastric ulceration.
 It develops 1st generation enzymes linked with
amperometric biosensors.
3 Electrode Electrochemical Cell

10. • The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control unit that connects together
other components of the micro system.
• It contains an analogue signal –conditioning module operating the sensors, 10-bit analogue
to digital (ADC) & digital to analogue (DAC) converters, & digital data processing module.
• The temperature circuitry bias the diode at constant current so that change in temperature
reflects a corresponding change in in diode voltage.
• The pH ISFET sensor is biased as a simple source at constant current with the source
voltage changing with threshold voltage & pH.
…......
Control Chip And ASIC

11.  The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It measures the resistance across the electrode pair as an
inverse function of solution conductivity.
 An incorporated potentiostat circuit operates the O2 sensor with a 10 bit DAC controlling the working
electrode potential w.r.t the reference
 Analogue signals are sequenced through a multiplexer before being digitized by ADC.
 ASIC & sensors consume 5.3 mW power corresponding to 1.7 mA of current.

13. working

14. Other applications
 Pollution control boards
 Fermentation rate in solutions
 Inspection of pipelines
 Tissue abnormalities

15.  It is beneficial to detect the diseases and malfunctioning in the remote areas
of gastro intestinal track just like pancreatic disease, inflammatory bowel
disease, activity of fermented bacteria, acidic level and esophagus reflux
which is out of reach for conventional endoscopic device.
 It can be used in corrosive surrounding of GI tract.
 It consumes very less power as it operates in Programmable Standby Mode.
 Its practical application is very simple as it has very small in size.
 The battery lasts for 40 hours which is sufficient to carry out any type of
complete internal diagnosis.
Advantages

16.  The ultrasonic activities& topographies cannot performed by this.
 Cannot detect radiation abnormalities
 Cannot perform radiation treatment associated with cancer & chronic
inflammation.
 Micro Electronic Pills are expensive & are not available in many countries.
 Still its size is not digestible to small babies.
Limitations (The Dark Side)

17. Thank You