A micro electronic pill is basically a multi channel sensor used for remote bio medical measurements using microtechnology this has been developed for the internal study and detection of diseases and abnormalities in the gastro intestinal GI tract where restricted access prevents the use of traditional endoscopy the measurement parameters for detection include real time remote recording of temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen in the GI tract This paper with the design of the micro electronic pill which mainly consists of an outer biocompatible capsule encasing 4 channel micro sensors a control chip, a discrete component radio transmitter and 2 silver oxide cells.

1. Implementation of multichannel sensors for
remote biomedical applications
K J Sree Bhargava
II B.Tech.,ECE, Gudlavalleru Engineering College,Gudlavalleru.
Mobile No –9494382847,email:jagannadhbhargav@gmail.com.
ABSTRACT
A micro electronic pill is basically a
multi channel sensor used for remote
bio medical measurements using
microtechnology this has been
developed for the internal study and
detection of diseases and
abnormalities in the gastro intestinal
GI tract where restricted access
prevents the use of traditional
endoscopy the measurement
parameters for detection include real
time remote recording of temperature,
pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen
in the GI tract This paper with the
design of the micro electronic pill
which mainly consists of an outer
biocompatible capsule encasing 4
channel micro sensors a control chip, a
discrete component radio transmitter
and 2 silver oxide cells.
I.INTRODUCTION
Our body is a sensitive system. At some
situations, doctors can’t easily detect
diseases and hence it becomes too late to
cure it. Use of electronic pill helps us to
easily detect the diseases and can take
sudden action against it. In
1972, Professor John Cooper and Dr.
Eric Johannessen from Glasgow
University, U.K has led to the
development of electronic pill. It is a
medical monitoring system. Measurement
parameters of electronic pills include
temperature analysis, pH measurements,
conductivity and dissolved oxygen. And
they can also capture images and sent it
into a system. Electronic pills are
swallowable. It has a 16mm diameter, a
length of 55mm and 5gram weight. This
pill is covered by chemically resistant
polyether-terketone (PEEK) coating.
Fig. A wireless electronic pill system with antenna
dimensions.
When it moves through gastro-intestinal
track it starts to detect diseases and
abnormalities. A small electronic pill can
easily reach areas such as small intestine
and large intestine and can deliver real
time information to an external system.
Total information will be displayed in a

2. monitor. The electronic pill travels to the
digestive system, collects data and sends it
into the computer with a distance of 1
meter and more.
II.STRUCTURE OF DEVICE:
Main parts of electronic pills are
four sensors, an ASIC chip, a radio,
transmitter and a power source, LED,
Camera
II(i).RADIO TRANSMITTER:
Radio transmitter transmits all the data
from base station to the receiving end. Size
of the radio transmitter is about 8x4x3
mm. Frequency shift Keying is the
modulation scheme used in this radio
transmitter. Data transfer rate is 1 Kbps.
Frequency is about 40.01 KHz at 20o C. 10
KHz is the bandwidth of the signal that
was generated by the radio transmitter. It
consumes 2.2 mA of current at 6.8 mW
power.
II(ii).CONTROL CHIP:
An array consisting of both temperature
sensor & pH sensor platforms were cut
from the wafer & attached onto 100-µm-
thick glass cover slip cured on a hot plate.
The plate acts as a temporary carrier to
assist handling of the device during level 1
of lithography whenthe electric
connections tracks, electrodes bonding
pads are defined. Bonding pads provide
electrical contact to the external electronic
circuit
II(iii).BIO-COMPATIBLECAPSULE
ENCASING MICRO SENSOR:
This device consists of 4 microelectronic
sensors. They are:
SILICON DIODE which is used to
identify the body temperature. They are
the commonly used temperature sensors in
electronic equipments. This temperature
sensor is attached in the substrate. The
main advantage of this sensor is that, it is a
silicon integrated circuit at very low cost.
Fig. Circuit diagram for pH sensor
Ion selective Field Effect transistor:
ISFET is used for measuring ion
concentration in solution. There are so

3. many diseases which occur due to
abnormal pH level. They are; reflux of
oesophagus, inflammatory bowel disease,
hypertension, activity of fermenting
bacteria, pancreatic disease, level of acid
excretion and effect of GI specific drugs
on target organs.
Direct Contact Gold Electrode:
It helps to measure conductivity. Gold has
the best conductivity compared to other
elements, so it gives accurate value.
Conductivity measures are done by
measuring the contents of water and salt
absorption, breakdown of organic
compounds into charged colloids and the
bile secretion.
Three-Electrode Electrochemical Cell;
It is the main sensor in electronic pill. It is
used to calculate rate of dissolved oxygen
and identify the activity of aerobic bacteria
in small intestine and large intestine
Fig.3-electrode electrochemical cell
II(iv).DIAGNISING DISEASE WITH
CAMERA
The capsule contains a camera, an LED
light, a battery and a built-in antenna. The
antenna transmits the images to a small
recording unit that the patient wears on
their waist during the study. The unit is
slim and lightweight and allows patients to
go about their everyday activities with ease
and comfort.”As the capsule travels
through the esophagus, stomach and small
intestine, it takes photographs rapidly. The
photographs are transmitted to the
recording unit worn by the patient. At the
end of the study, the photographs are
downloaded from the receiver into a
computer and reviewed by the specialists
and Doctors. Using computer software, a
video is made out of the images captured
during the procedure. And this camera able
to take photos in 360 degrees with high
clarity and UWB telemetry can send up to
100 frame per second (fps).
Fig.diagnising internal parts with camera pill
III.WORKING OF DEVICE
All All these sensors are controlled by
application specific integrated circuit.
Also, all the other components of the
electronic pill are connected to
ASIC.ASIC consist of analog signal
conditioning, 10bit analog to digital
convertor/digital to analog convertor,
relaxation oscillator circuit (OSC) and
digital signal processing circuit. All these
circuits are powered by two SR48 Ag2O
batteries. It has 35 hours working capacity
and supply voltage is about 3.1V. Power
consumption is 15.5 mW. SENSORS are

4. fabricated on two silicon chips that are
located at the front end of the capsule.
Both pH and oxygen sensors are enclosed
by two separate 8 nL electrolyte chambers
containing a 0.1 KOH solution retained in
a 0.2% calcium alginate gel. Oxygen
sensor is covered by 12 µm thick film of
Teflon and the pH sensor is covered by 12
µm thick film of nafion. Both sensors are
protected by a 15 µm thick dialysis
membrane of polycarbonate. All the data is
collected by ASIC and sent to the base
station. From this base station doctors
identify the problem
Visual based electronic pill consists of a
camera. By using this camera entire
picture can be captured and it is send
through a wireless connection. Earlier, the
electronic pills have narrow band
transmission and have limited number of
camera pixels. The allowable bandwidth in
Medical Implant Communication Services
(MICS) is only 300 KHz. It is very
difficult to transmit high quality videos
during real time transmission. In UWB
communication (wideband technology),
data rate transmission is equal to or higher
Fig. Working of the device
than 100 Mbps.After diagnosis, the
electronic pill can come out through bowel
movement. In medical field other name for
electronic pill is “Magical pill for health
care”, because it is very easy to detect
disease infected areas or any other
abnormalities. Mainly electronic pills
areclassified into two types; first one
includes Camera, which collect disease
detected areas and send it to the system,
and the second one contains only Sensors.
These sensors measure pH level,
temperature, oxygen level etc

5. IV.Merits,Demerits and other
applications of device
MERITS
 Capsule endoscopy may show tumours
in the small intestine or other parts of
the digestive tract.
 It is beneficial to detect the diseases and
malfunctioning in the remote areas of
gastro intestinal track just like
pancreatic disease, inflammatory bowel
disease, activity of fermented bacteria,
acidic level and esophagus reflux which
is out of reach for conventional
endoscopic device.
 It can be used in corrosive surrounding
of GI tract.
 It consumes very less power as it
operates in Programmable Standby
Mode.
 Its practical application is very simple
as it has very small in size.
 The battery lasts for 40 hours which is
sufficient to carry out any type of
complete internal diagnosis.
DISADVANTAGES
 It is unable to detect radiation
abnormalities.
 The treatment through Micro Pill is
very expensive and is not available in
many regions.
 The size of pill is small but it is not as
small that can be digested by small
babies
.OTHER APPLICATIONS
The generic nature of microelectronic pill
makes it adaptable for use to
environmental and industrial applications
,pollutiondetection, control of fermentation
process and inspection of pipelines. The
integration of radiation sensors and the
application of indirect imaging
technologies such as ultra sound and
impedance tomography, will improve the
detection of tissue abnormalities and
radiation treatment associated with cancer
and chronic inflammation.

6. V.FUTURE SCOPE:
Temperature sensors will not only be used
to measure changes in the body core
temperature, but may also identify local
changes associated with tissue
inflammation and ulcers. Likewise, the pH
sensor may be used for the determination
of the presence of pathological conditions
associated with abnormal pH levels,
particularly those associated with
pancreatic disease and hypertension,
inflammatory bowel disease, the activity of
fermenting bacteria, the level of acid
excretion, reflux to the oesophagus, and
the effect of GI specific drugs on target
organs.
The conductivity sensor will be
used to monitor the contents of the GI tract
by measuring water and salt absorption,
bile secretion and the breakdown of
organic components into charged colloids.
Finally, the oxygen sensor will measure
the oxygen gradient from the proximal to
the distal GI tract.
This will, in future enable a variety
of syndromes to be investigated including
the growth of aerobic bacteria or bacterial
infection concomitant with low oxygen
tension, as well as the role of oxygen in the
formation of radicals causing cellular
injury and pathophysiological conditions
(inflammation and gastric ulceration). The
implementation of a generic oxygen sensor
will also enable the development of first
generation enzyme linked amperometric
biosensors, thus greatly extending the
range of future applications to include,
e.g., glucose and lactate sensing, as well as
immunosensing protocols.
VI.CONCLUSION:
A high capacity radio system is currently
necessary for electronic pill technology in
order to visually examine the digestive
track wireless with better and detailed
images Techniques and methodologies
have been presented in this document for
the use of wideband technology in a
miniaturized electronic pill to provide a
high capacity wireless channel. A
prototyping system including UWB
transmitter/receiver and antennas has been
developed to investigate the feasibility of a
high data rata transmission for the
electronic pill technology. Integration of
antenna with the UWB transmitter
electronics has been considered in a
capsule shaped structure. Although it is
known that tissue imposes strong
attenuation at higher frequencies, we have
shown there are some advantages to use
wideband technology. Due to the high data
rate capacity (e.g. 100 Mbps), a wideband
electronic pill can transmit raw video data
without any compressing, resulting low-
power, less delay in real-time and
increased picture resolution. With a high
definition camera such as 32.0megapixels,
UWB telemetry can send up to 100 frame
per second (fps). We believe that the
wideband pill helpful for the development
of internal study of body parts and fast
diagnosing of disease.

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