This document discusses a micro electronic pill that can detect diseases and abnormalities in the gastrointestinal tract. The pill contains various sensors - a silicon diode to measure temperature, an ISFET sensor to measure pH, a gold electrode to measure conductivity, and an electrochemical cell to measure dissolved oxygen. It also contains a control chip that processes sensor readings and a radio transmitter that sends data to a receiver computer. The pill is powered by two silver oxide batteries and can operate for over 40 hours. It provides non-invasive monitoring and has applications in healthcare and industrial process monitoring.

1. Bangalore Institute of Technology
Department of Instrumentation Technology
Technical seminar
On
“MICRO ELECTRONIC PILL”
Presented By:
Punitkumar Kulli
Instrumentation Tech.
1BI14IT406
Guide:
D.Bharathi , Asst Prof
IT Department
Bangalore Institute of Technology,
Bangalore-04

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Parts of micro electronic pill
• Schematic diagram
• Silicon diode (sensor A)
• ISFET (Sensor B)
• Direct contact gold electrode (sensor C)
• 3 electrode electrochemical cell ( sensor D)
• Control Chip (ASIC)
• Applications
• Advantages
• Limitations
• Conclusion
• References

3. INTRODUCTION
 Our Body is a sensitive system. At some situations, doctors can’t easily
detect diseases and hence it becomes too late to cure it. Use of electronic pill
helps us to easily detect the diseases and can take sudden action against it.
 In 1972, Professor John Cooper and Dr. Eric Johannessen from
Glasgow University, U.K has led to the development of electronic pill.
 Measurement parameters of electronic pills include temperature analysis,
pH measurements, conductivity and dissolved oxygen.
 When it moves through gastro-intestinal track it starts to detect diseases and
abnormalities.
 The electronic pill travels to the digestive system, collects data and sends it
into the computer with a distance of 1 meter and more.
 It has a 16mm diameter, a length of 55 mm and 5 gram weight.
 This pill is covered by chemically resistant Polyether Ether Ketone (PEEK) coating.

4. PARTS OF MICROELECTRONIC PILL
PARTS
CONTROL CHIP
RADIO
TRANSMITTER
2 SILVER OXIDE
CELLS
BIOCOMPATIBLE
CAPSULE
ENCASING
MICROSENSOR
SILICON DIODE
3 ELECTRODE
ELECTROCHEMICAL
CELL
DIRECT
CONTACT GOLD
ELECTRODE
ION-SELECTIVE
FIELD EFFECT
TRANSISTOR
(ISFET)

5. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

6.  It measures the body core temperature.
 Silicon diodes are the commonly used temperature sensors in electronic
equipments.
 It is a silicon integrated circuit at very low cost.
 It also identifies local changes associated with Tissue Inflammation &
Ulcers.
SILICON DIODE (SENSOR A)

7. ISFET (SENSOR B)
 It stands for “Ion-selective field effect transistor”
 The ISFET measures pH
 It can reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels
 These abnormalities include :
* Pancreatic disease
* Hypertension
* Inflammatory bowel disease
* The level of acid excretion
*The activity of fermenting bacteria

8. DIRECT CONTACT GOLD ELECTRODE (SENSOR C)
 It helps to measure conductivity.
 Conductivity measures are done by measuring the contents of water and
salt absorption, breakdown of organic compounds into charged colloids and
the bile secretion.
 Since the gold has best conductivity among all the elements, Therefore it
gives true value of conductivity as measured.

9. 3ELECTRODE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL (SENSOR D)
 The three electrode electrochemical cell detects the level of dissolved oxygen in
solution.
 It measures the oxygen gradient from the proximal to the distal GI Tract
 It investigates :
*Growth of aerobic or bacterial infection
* Formation of radicals causing cellular injury & path physiological
conditions like inflammation & Gastric ulceration
* It develops 1st generation enzymes linked with amperometric
biosensors.

10. CONTROL CHIP

11. The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control unit that
connects together other components of the micro system.
 It contains an analogue signal –conditioning module operating the sensors, 10-bit
analogue to digital (ADC) & digital to analogue (DAC) converters, & digital data
processing module
 The conductivity circuit operates at D.C. It measures the resistance across the
electrode pair as an inverse function of solution conductivity.
 Analogue signals are sequenced through a multiplexer before being digitized by
ADC.
 ASIC & sensors consume 5.3 mW power corresponding to 1.7 mA of current.

12. RADIO TRANSMITTER
 Size of transmitter = 8×5×3 mm
 Modulation Scheme = Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
 Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbps
 Frequency = 40.01 MHz at 20°C
 Bandwidth of the signal generated 10 KHz
 It consumes 6.8 mW power at 2.2 mA of current.

13. OBSERVATIONS ON RECIEVER COMPUTER

14. SILVER OXIDE BATTERIES
Two Ag2O batteries are used.
 Operating Time > 40 hours.
 Power Consumption = 12.1 mW
 Corresponding current consumption = 3.9mA
 Supply Voltage = 3.1 V

15. APPLICATIONS
Biggest impact in the medical industry.
 Nano robots perform delicate surgeries.
 It is used to diagnose Malabsorption
 Pill cam ESO can detect esophageal diseases, gastrointestinal reflex
diseases, Barrett's esophagus.

16. ADVANTAGES
It is being beneficially used for disease detection & abnormalities in human
body. Therefore it is also called as MAGIC PILL FOR HEALTH CARE.
 It can be used in industries in evaluation of water quality, Pollution Detection,
fermentation process control & inspection of pipelines.
It has very small size, hence it is very easy for practical usage
 Very long life of the cells(40 hours), Less Power, Current & Voltage
requirement.
Less transmission length & hence has zero noise interference.
High sensitivity, Good reliability & Life times.

17. LIMITATIONS
 Micro Electronic Pills are expensive & are not available in many countries.
 Still its size is not digestible to small babies
 Cannot perform radiation treatment associated with cancer & chronic
inflammation.

18. CONCLUSION
Wireless capsule endoscopy represents a significant technical breakthrough
for the investigation of the small bowel, especially in light of the shortcomings
of other available techniques to image this region. Capsule endoscopy has the
potential for use in a wide range of patients with a variety of illnesses. At
present, capsule endoscopy seems best suited to patients with gastrointestinal
bleeding of unclear etiology who have had non-diagnostic traditional testing
and whom the distal small bowel(beyond reach of a push electroscope) needs
to be visualized.

19. FUTURESCOPE:
 It seems likely that capsule endoscopy will become increasingly effective in
diagnostic gastrointestinal endoscopy.
 This will be attractive to patients especially for cancer detection because
capsule endoscopy is painless
 Future diagnostic developments are likely to include capsule gastroscophy,
attachment to the gut wall, ultrasound imaging, biopsy and cytology, propulsion
methods and therapy including tissue coagulation.

20. REFERENCES
WEB REFERENCE:
1. http://ubimon.doc.ic.ac.uk/bsn/public/Jon_Cooper.pdf
2. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
3. http://www.forumsains.com
BOOK REFERENCE:
1. S. Mackay and B. Jacobson, “Endoradiosonde,” Nature, vol. 179, pp. 1239–1240,
1957.
2. H. S.Wolff, “The radio pill,” New Scientist, vol. 12, pp. 419–421, 1961.
3. S. Mackay, “Radio telemetering from within the body,” Science, vol. 134, pp.
1196–1202, 1961.
4. R. M. C. Dawson, D. C. Elliott, W. H. Elliott, and K. M. Jones, Data for
Biochemical Research, 3rd ed. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon, 1986, pp. 1–580