The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world's largest and most powerful particle collider, built by CERN to explore fundamental questions in particle physics and understanding of the universe. Completed in 2008, it features 9,300 magnets and operates at near light speeds to recreate conditions after the Big Bang, aiming to uncover new physics and address phenomena like dark matter. Despite its numerous merits in advancing scientific knowledge, the LHC also presents challenges such as significant energy consumption and a limited operational lifespan.

1. WORLD’S MOST COMPLEX
STRUCTURE-THE LARGE HADRON
COLLIDER
By:
K J S Bhargava(15-4B2)
II B.tech,E C E
GUDLAVALLERU ENGINEERING
COLLEGE,GUDLAVALLERU

2. CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONSTRUCTION & PARAMETERS
3. REVIEW BY Prof.HAWKING
4. APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS FIELDS
5. MERITS,DEMERITS AND CONCLUSION

3. What is the
Large Hadron
Collider?
Its point is to solve some questions about the
universe

4. The maximum speed that the
hadrons can reach is
0.999999991
the speed of light

5. • THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER (LHC) IS THE WORLD'S
LARGEST AND MOST POWERFUL PARTICLE COLLIDER, MOST
COMPLEX EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY EVER BUILT,
• LARGEST SINGLE MACHINE IN THE WORLD.
• IT WAS BUILT BY THE EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR
NUCLEAR RESEARCH (CERN) BETWEEN 1998 & 2008
• 10,000 SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS FROM OVER 100
COUNTRIES,
• LIES IN A TUNNEL 27 KILOMETRES (17 MI) IN
CIRCUMFERENCE, AS DEEP AS 175 METRES (574 FT)
BENEATH THE FRANCE–SWITZERLAND
BORDER NEAR GENEVA, SWITZERLAND,

6. THE LHC'S AIM:
• TEST THE PREDICTIONS OF DIFFERENT THEORIES
OF PARTICLE PHYSICS
• HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
• UNSOLVED QUESTIONS OF PHYSICS,
• ADVANCING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING OF PHYSICAL
LAWS.

7. CONSTRUCTION
880.P20 Winter 2006 Richard Kass 7
Magnetic field at 7 TeV: 8.33 Tesla
Operating temperature: 1.9 K
Number of magnets: ~9300
Number of main dipoles: 1232
Number of quadrupoles: ~858
Number of correcting magnets: ~6208
Number of RF cavities: 8 per beam;
Field strength at top energy ≈ 5.5 MV/m
Power consumption: ~120 MW

8. DATA SHEET OF LHC

10. • It Contains Seven Detectors, Each Designed
For Certain Kinds Of Research.
• The Proton-proton Collision Is The Primary
Operation Method, But The Lhc Has Also
Collided Protons With Lead Nuclei Holder.
• Data From Collisions Was Produced At An
Unprecedented Rate For The Time Of First

11. REVIEW BY Prof.HAWKING
• Prof Hawking said the £4.4bn machine, in which scientists are about to
recreate conditions just after the Big Bang, is "vital if the human race is
not to stultify and eventually die out."
• And he sought to ease fears that the machine could have apocalyptic
effects. "The world will not come to an end when the LHC turns on,"
Prof Hawking said, adding: "The LHC is absolutely safe."
• Scientists at the CERN research centre in Switzerland are aiming to use
the machine to gain a better understanding of the birth and structure
of the universe, and to fill gaps in our knowledge of physics.

12. • They hope that by recreating the moments after
the Big Bang - the massive explosion thought to
have created the universe - the experiment will
make clearer what the universe is made of, what
makes it expand and also to predict its future.
• Prof Hawking, the Lucasian Professor of
Mathematics at the University of Cambridge,
said: "The LHC will increase the energy at which
we can study particle interactions by a factor of
four."

13. APPLICATIONS IN VARIOUS
FIELDS
• Cancer therapy
• Manufacturing Processes
• Medical Instrumentation
• Industrial Imaging
• The world wide web
• Pattern recognition

14. MERITS
• Development in Quantum mechanics
• Searching for the source of dark matter.Searching for the
cause of matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe.
• Measuring the size and structure of the proton.
• To study the Behavior of cosmic rays in atmosphere.

15. DEMERITS
– The LHC uses 10,800 tons (9,798 metric tons) of liquid
nitrogen to cool the magnets down to 80 degrees Kelvin (-
193.2 Celsius or -315.67 Fahrenheit).
– About 60 tons (54 metric tons) of liquid helium
– The Collider has about 9,300 magnets, which are super-
cooled to -456.25 degrees Fahrenheit.
– 120 Megawatts – about as much as all of the homes in the
neighbouring Swiss Canton of Geneva.
– The Large Hadron Collider took total cost of about $4.75
billion.
– It’s life time is only 10 years after that we need to find a
new collider to construct.

16. CONCLUSION
 The LHC is now in its final stage of installation and
commissioning.
 A beam has already been extracted from the SPS
with the parameters needed to achieve design
luminosity and has been transported along the 2.6
km tunnel TI8 to the LHC injection point.
 The stored energy in this beam at 7 TeV is two
orders of magnitude higher