This document describes a micro electronic capsule that can be swallowed to take pictures inside the gastrointestinal tract. The capsule contains a control chip, radio transmitter, batteries, LED lighting, micro camera, sensors to measure temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and conductivity. It transmits data to a receiver belt worn by the patient. The capsule offers advantages over traditional endoscopy like being painless, providing images of the entire GI tract, and detecting abnormalities. Future enhancements could make the capsule smaller, provide zooming/autofocus, and add laser ablation capabilities.

1. MICRO ELECTRONIC CAPSULE
MS.NANDANA.P
(Seminar Guide)
MUHAMMED ASLAM
ECE
REG NO:(17201114)
ROLL NO : 24
MICRO ELECTRONIC CAPSULE
MS.NANDANA.P
Lecturer in E.C.E
(Seminar Guide)
MUHAMMED ASLAM
ECE
REG NO:(17201114)
ROLL NO : 24

2. Contents:-
Introduction
Schematic diagram
Parts of electronic pill
Control Chip
Radio Transmitter
2 Silver Oxide Cell
LED Lightning Micro Camera
Silicon Diode
Ion-Selective Field Effect Transistor
Direct Contact Gold Electrod
3 Electrod ElectroChemical Cell
Advantages of capsule
Future enhancement
Conclusion
References

3. INTRODUCTION:-
An application of nanotechnology.
A vitamin pill sized camera.
Travels through body and taking pictures.
Helps in diagnosing abnormality in small intestine.

4. RELEVANCE
 Detection of ulcers in the GI tract
 Drug delivery application in human body
 Takes the picture with high quality inside the GI tract
 Nanorobotic base capsule to operate the abnormalities in the GI tract

5. SCHEMATIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

6. Parts Of E-Pill:-

7. Control Chip:
The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) is the control unit
.
It contains an analogue signal – analogue to digital (ADC) & digital to analogue (DAC)
converters, & digital data processing module.

8. Radio Transmitter:-
Size of transmitter = 8×5×3 mm
Modulation Scheme = Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Data Transfer Rate = 1 kbps
Frequency = 40.01 MHz at 20°C
Bandwidth of the signal generated 10 KHz
It consumes 6.8 mW power at 2.2 mA of current.

9. 2 Silver Oxide Cell:
Two SR44 Ag2O batteries are used.
Operating Time > 40 hours.
Power Consumption = 12.1 mW
Corresponding current consumption = 3.9mA
Supply Voltage = 3.1 V

10. LED Lightning Micro Camera:
In front part of the pill a small size camera is attached with small size LED.
The pill travel through your body and take no. of pictures.
The camera is tightly fixed with lens holder to avoid dislocation.
It can detect object as small as 0.1 mm.

11. Silicon Diode:
It measures the body core temperature.
Silicon diodes are the commonly used temperature sensors in
Electronic equipements.

12. Ion-Selective Field Effect Transistor:
The ISFET measures pH
It can reveal pathological conditions associated with abnormal pH levels.
These abnormalities include :-
Pancreatic disease
Hypertension
Inflammatory bowel disease

13. Direct Contact Gold Electrode:
It helps to measure conductivity.
Since the gold has best conductivity among all the elements, Therefore it gives
true value of conductivity as measured.

14. 3 Electrode Electro Chemical Cell:
The three electrode electrochemical cell detects the level of
dissolved oxygen in solution.
It measures the oxygen gradient from the proximal to the distal GI
Tract.

15. Range & Accuracy:
RANGE :
Temperature from 0 to 70°C
pH from 1 to 13
Dissolved Oxygen up to 8.2 mg per liter
Conductivity above 0.05 mScm-1
Full scale dynamic Range analogue signal = 2.8 V
ACCURACY :
pH channel is around 0.2 unit above the real value
Oxygen Sensor is ±0.4 mgL.
Temperature & Conductivity is within ±1%.

16. Application:
Biggest impact in the medical industry.
Nano robots perform delicate surgeries.
It is used to diagnose Mal absorption
Pill cam ESO can detect esophageal diseases,
gastrointestinal reflex diseases ,Barrett's oesophagus.

17. Advantages:
Micro Electronic Pill utilizes a PROGRAMMABLE STANDBY MODE,
So Power consumption is very less.
It has very small size, hence it is very easy for practical usage .
High sensitivity, Good reliability & Life times.

18. FUTURE SCOPE:
Zooming and auto focus.
Reduction in size.
Cost effective.
Longer battery life.
Lasers to destroy the precancerous esophagus cells
(identified by a photosensitive chemical marker), but
leaves normal cells alone.

19. Conclusion:
The microelectronic pill will be miniaturized for medical and veterinary applications
The integration of radiation sensors and the application of indirect imaging technologies such as
ultrasound and impedance tomography.
The overall concept will be to produce an array of sensor devices.

20. REFERENCES:
 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, 2004, MARCH, VOL. 51, No.3.
 http://www.globalspec.com/specification/spechpal?name=IonSelectiveElectrodes&comp=309
 http://www.sentron.nl/nieuw/index.php?id=86
 http://www.biosystems.com/appnotes/howoxyge.htm
8.1 BOOK REFERENCES
1. S. Mackay and B. Jacobson, "Endoradiosonde," Nature, vol. 179, pp. 1239-1240, 1957.
2. H. S. Wolff, "The radio pill," New Scientist, vol 12, pp. 419-421, 1961.

21. ANY QUESTIONS