IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes research on radionuclide migration from the D1225 Shaft at Dounreay in the UK. Key findings include:
1) Four distinct zones of radioactive contamination have been identified, with Sr-90 dominating the bulk contamination signal. Cs-137 and Pu isotopes showed very limited mobility.
2) Contamination is associated with zones of higher permeability, especially along bedding planes with enhanced porosity from rock-water interactions.
3) Quantitative modeling shows the importance of different sorption mechanisms on various mineral substrates like clays and iron oxyhydroxides in controlling radionuclide migration.
4) Sr sorbs reversibly on clays while Cs sor
1. Laterite samples were collected from western Burkina Faso and divided into three sub-samples that were prepared differently for gold analysis: sieved to <125 μm, crushed to <2 mm, and unprocessed.
2. Gold analysis showed that 67% of sieved samples had significant gold assays, while 25% of crushed samples and only 8% of both sieved and crushed samples from one location had similar gold levels. Unprocessed samples returned insignificant gold assays.
3. The study concluded that sieving laterite samples to <125 μm is the best preparation method for detecting concealed gold mineralization in lateritic terrains of savannah regions using geochemical exploration.
MODELS OF REFLECTION OF KIMBERLITE PIPES OF NORTH-EAST OF BOTSWANA IN EOLIAN ...James AH Campbell
This document summarizes research on modeling eolian haloes of kimberlite indicator minerals (KIMs) dispersed from kimberlite pipes in the Orapa kimberlite field in northeast Botswana. Wind erosion of kimberlites has released KIMs like pyrope and picroilmenite into overlying Kalahari sands, forming haloes around pipe sources. Haloes contain KIMs of varying abrasion degrees, with more abraded minerals found farther from pipes. Sampling of surface sediments around pipes identified KIM contents and helped create models of dispersion from both exposed and partially exposed pipes in the field.
02 boberg iaea roll front development & explMonatom Mgl
This document provides an overview of uranium roll-front deposits found in sandstone. It discusses the key components required to form these deposits, including a uranium source, transportation system, suitable host rock, and sufficient time. Roll-fronts are redox fronts where oxidizing and reducing groundwaters mix, concentrating uranium. They form sinuous bands within sandstone layers and can stack in complex patterns over multiple sandstone units. Drilling is needed to fully characterize the 3D geometry and grade distribution of roll-front systems for mining purposes.
The study examines the Mn-oxide mineralization at Kato Nevrokopi, Macedonia, northern Greece using EPMA and SEM to better understand controls on formation. Todorokite, nsutite, birnessite, and chalcophanite were analyzed from different localities representing varying weathering conditions. The chemistry and textures of the Mn-oxides indicate they formed under changing pH, oxidation state, climate, and water table fluctuations during weathering. Host rock lithology and protore mineral composition also influenced the development of late-stage hypogene and early supergene Mn-oxide assemblages through controlling base metal, alkali, and alkaline earth mobilities.
OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM BEARING MINERALS IN UM SAFI PYROCLASTICS, CENTRAL EASTE...Dr. Ibr@him
This document summarizes the occurrence of uranium-bearing minerals in pyroclastic rocks from Um Safi, central eastern desert of Egypt. Key points:
- Pyroclastic rocks from Um Safi volcano contain elevated levels of uranium and uranium-bearing minerals due to hydrothermal alteration processes.
- Three radioactive anomalies were identified - two within pyroclastics containing secondary uranium minerals like kasolite, and one within a greisenized microgranite.
- The pyroclastic rocks experienced argillization and silicification alteration and contain higher concentrations of uranium, thorium, niobium and zinc compared to fresh rhyolite samples from the volcano.
This document provides an overview of porphyry copper systems, which host some of the most widely distributed types of mineralization at convergent plate boundaries. Key points:
- Porphyry copper systems can define linear belts hundreds of kilometers long and include porphyry deposits centered on intrusions, as well as peripheral skarn, carbonate-replacement, sediment-hosted gold deposits, and high- and intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposits.
- Systems are closely related to underlying composite plutons and include vertically elongate porphyry intrusions and stocks. Alteration and mineralization zones extend outward from the intrusions.
- Individual systems are active for 100,000 to several million
This document summarizes research on radionuclide migration from the D1225 Shaft at Dounreay in the UK. Key findings include:
1) Four distinct zones of radioactive contamination have been identified, with Sr-90 dominating the bulk contamination signal. Cs-137 and Pu isotopes showed very limited mobility.
2) Contamination is associated with zones of higher permeability, especially along bedding planes with enhanced porosity from rock-water interactions.
3) Quantitative modeling shows the importance of different sorption mechanisms on various mineral substrates like clays and iron oxyhydroxides in controlling radionuclide migration.
4) Sr sorbs reversibly on clays while Cs sor
1. Laterite samples were collected from western Burkina Faso and divided into three sub-samples that were prepared differently for gold analysis: sieved to <125 μm, crushed to <2 mm, and unprocessed.
2. Gold analysis showed that 67% of sieved samples had significant gold assays, while 25% of crushed samples and only 8% of both sieved and crushed samples from one location had similar gold levels. Unprocessed samples returned insignificant gold assays.
3. The study concluded that sieving laterite samples to <125 μm is the best preparation method for detecting concealed gold mineralization in lateritic terrains of savannah regions using geochemical exploration.
MODELS OF REFLECTION OF KIMBERLITE PIPES OF NORTH-EAST OF BOTSWANA IN EOLIAN ...James AH Campbell
This document summarizes research on modeling eolian haloes of kimberlite indicator minerals (KIMs) dispersed from kimberlite pipes in the Orapa kimberlite field in northeast Botswana. Wind erosion of kimberlites has released KIMs like pyrope and picroilmenite into overlying Kalahari sands, forming haloes around pipe sources. Haloes contain KIMs of varying abrasion degrees, with more abraded minerals found farther from pipes. Sampling of surface sediments around pipes identified KIM contents and helped create models of dispersion from both exposed and partially exposed pipes in the field.
02 boberg iaea roll front development & explMonatom Mgl
This document provides an overview of uranium roll-front deposits found in sandstone. It discusses the key components required to form these deposits, including a uranium source, transportation system, suitable host rock, and sufficient time. Roll-fronts are redox fronts where oxidizing and reducing groundwaters mix, concentrating uranium. They form sinuous bands within sandstone layers and can stack in complex patterns over multiple sandstone units. Drilling is needed to fully characterize the 3D geometry and grade distribution of roll-front systems for mining purposes.
The study examines the Mn-oxide mineralization at Kato Nevrokopi, Macedonia, northern Greece using EPMA and SEM to better understand controls on formation. Todorokite, nsutite, birnessite, and chalcophanite were analyzed from different localities representing varying weathering conditions. The chemistry and textures of the Mn-oxides indicate they formed under changing pH, oxidation state, climate, and water table fluctuations during weathering. Host rock lithology and protore mineral composition also influenced the development of late-stage hypogene and early supergene Mn-oxide assemblages through controlling base metal, alkali, and alkaline earth mobilities.
OCCURRENCE OF URANIUM BEARING MINERALS IN UM SAFI PYROCLASTICS, CENTRAL EASTE...Dr. Ibr@him
This document summarizes the occurrence of uranium-bearing minerals in pyroclastic rocks from Um Safi, central eastern desert of Egypt. Key points:
- Pyroclastic rocks from Um Safi volcano contain elevated levels of uranium and uranium-bearing minerals due to hydrothermal alteration processes.
- Three radioactive anomalies were identified - two within pyroclastics containing secondary uranium minerals like kasolite, and one within a greisenized microgranite.
- The pyroclastic rocks experienced argillization and silicification alteration and contain higher concentrations of uranium, thorium, niobium and zinc compared to fresh rhyolite samples from the volcano.
This document provides an overview of porphyry copper systems, which host some of the most widely distributed types of mineralization at convergent plate boundaries. Key points:
- Porphyry copper systems can define linear belts hundreds of kilometers long and include porphyry deposits centered on intrusions, as well as peripheral skarn, carbonate-replacement, sediment-hosted gold deposits, and high- and intermediate-sulfidation epithermal deposits.
- Systems are closely related to underlying composite plutons and include vertically elongate porphyry intrusions and stocks. Alteration and mineralization zones extend outward from the intrusions.
- Individual systems are active for 100,000 to several million
Exploration of radioactive minerals in the late ordavician jordanMonatom Mgl
The document summarizes previous exploration studies of the late Ordovician Dubaydib sandstone formation in Jordan which indicated high concentrations of radioactive and rare earth elements. The current study aims to delineate promising areas in the formation for future study based on recent sampling and data from 2009. Exploration has found a radioactive zone in the middle of the formation up to 5m thick consisting of siltstones with abnormal values of zircon, rare earth elements like cerium and lanthanum, and thorium concentrations up to 2,337 ppm, which is the main source of radiation. Concentrations of radioactive and rare earth elements were highest in the middle area.
The copper isotope ratios were measured in 42 mineral separates from the Cañariaco Norte porphyry copper deposit in northern Peru. Isotopic ratios ranged from -8.42‰ to 0.61‰, with near-surface iron oxides having the most depleted values and deeper chalcocite, covellite, and chalcopyrite having more typical hypogene ratios. The data indicate that most of the chalcocite and covellite formed from high-temperature hypogene processes, with only a minor portion resulting from supergene enrichment. The lack of an enriched isotopic signature suggests little potential for an extensive supergene enrichment blanket at depth due to the weathering history.
The document summarizes information about banded iron formations (BIFs) and ironstones. It discusses the characteristics, classification, occurrences, and origins of BIFs from the Precambrian and ironstones from the Phanerozoic. BIFs formed in various depositional environments, including shallow marine shelves and island arc settings, and have sedimentary, volcanic, and biogenic origins. Ironstones include bog ores, oolitic ores, and others that formed in continental and marine environments through weathering and precipitation processes. Examples of BIFs and ironstones in Egypt are also described.
Porphyry copper deposits are the world's most important source of copper and molybdenum. They form due to fluids released from subducting tectonic plates melting the mantle and generating magmas. Porphyry deposits are large, low-grade deposits centered around intrusive porphyry stocks. They are characterized by vein-hosted and disseminated sulfide mineralization within zones of hydrothermal alteration surrounding the intrusion. Porphyry deposits are mined via large-scale open-pit and underground block caving methods due to their great size and low grades.
Remote sensing techniques can be used to identify mineral deposits. Landsat satellites have collected imagery since the 1970s that is useful for mineral exploration. Spectral bands can recognize hydrothermally altered rocks associated with ore deposits due to their distinct reflectance properties compared to unaltered rocks. At the Goldfield, Nevada mining district, Landsat imagery has been used to map hydrothermal alteration minerals like alunite and clays using ratio images of spectral bands 5 and 7, and 3 and 1, that highlight altered rock areas correlating with known deposits. Classification algorithms can further analyze imagery to automatically categorize altered and unaltered rock types to aid exploration.
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Structurally failed dam a case study of cham dam, north-eastern nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a geophysical investigation of a failed dam in Cham, Nigeria using vertical electrical sounding (VES). Six VES points were conducted along the dam. The subsurface was found to be inhomogeneous, composed of variable combinations of siltstone, shaly-clay, claystone, shale and clay. Displacements were detected at depth along VES points 3 through 6 that correlate with the failed section of the dam. The dam is concluded to have likely failed due to displacement along suspected weak subsurface zones that were not properly investigated prior to construction.
Porphyry copper deposits form around quartz monzonite to granodiorite intrusions and are characterized by concentric zoning of copper-bearing mineralization and alteration shells. They can be over 1-2 square kilometers in size and contain over 0.5% copper on average. Porphyry deposits are responsible for approximately 60% of the world's copper production and also produce significant amounts of molybdenum, gold, and silver.
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Depositsiosrjce
Seismic reflection method can delineate very complex geological structures hence it might be very
effective for detecting the presence of Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) deposits. Despite this superior
attributes, there exist a real problem for exploration beyond the immediate vicinity of a known deposit. All
previous studies have focused upon high resolution detection of mineralization and the hosting structures at
mine scale. No argument for “regional” exploration have been proposed probably because a cost benefit
analysis has never be conducted at such scale to proceed with such exploration venture. In this study, we
analyze the feasibility of such regional exploration by modelling a Vulcan IOCGU deposit scenario were a 2D
seismic survey with relatively sparse source-receiver geometry was used to detect the presence of a possible
intrusive package within 2km depth range. The modelling results demonstrates that seismic reflection method
using 10m geophones and 20m shot spacing can be used to image deposit within the depth of 2km. The
presence of reflections was visibly observed especially at the edges of intrusive packages hence it is suggested
that application of seismic reflection methods perhaps will remains the best alternative and most viable method
for exploring deep seated IOCG
MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS, Sedimentary Manganese Deposits, Types of Sedimentary Manganese, Classification, Manganese Nodules, EGYPTIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS , IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Cycle of Iron , Ironstone (Sedimentary iron) Ore Deposits, Bog Iron Ore Deposits, Principal iron-bearing minerals, Geochemical stability of iron-rich minerals, World Resources Iron Deposit, EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature, Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit, Aswan iron Ore Deposits, Bahariya iron Ore Deposits
Mineralization in Granitic intrusive Of Kanigiri area in Andhra Pradesh: A ro...Editor IJCATR
The Kanigiri-Podili tract of Nellore and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh were known for abnormal fluoride content and
interesting mineralogy. Kanigiri town in Topo-Sheet No.57M/11 of Survey of India is surrounded by granitic intrusive. Alkaline
magmatism was widespread in the granulite terrain of southern peninsular India during the proterozoic. The forty seven alkaline to
mildly alkaline plutons and carbonatite complexes of varying dimensions and shapes cover a total area of approximately 450sq.Km
and define an alkaline belt along the east coast of India. The rocks of the area are holocrystalline-hypidiomorphic texture and
composed mainly of orthoclase, microcline, albite, and zircon as chief accessory minerals fluorite, topaz, apatite are the other
accessosories as served in the rock.
The present work focuses on the origin of fluoride in waters around Kanigiri area. In general the dissociation of granitic
rocks exposed to prolonged sun and runoff results apatites in to water. This in turn enriches the Fluoride content. But here the
mechanism is different. Endemic fluorosis is prevalent amongst the habitants of the high fluorine content in ground water. Streaks and
Lenses of fluorite are common feathers in these granites. The earlier workers attributed the origin to the replacement of the existing
rocks by “granitic juice” having a high volatile content. Small patches of Sodalite-Cancrinite-Fluorite-Nepheline bearing syenites
hosted within the fluorite bearing grey granite near Podili. Detailed water sampling around Kanigiri and Podili has been made. They
are analyzed to their complete major-ion analysis.
Geological and Geotechnical Parameters Controlling Wall Paints Detachment at...IJMER
1) The document examines the geological and geotechnical factors controlling the detachment of wall paints at selected tombs from the 26th Dynasty in Bahariya Oasis, Egypt.
2) Field and laboratory studies were conducted on the Badi Eshtar and Bannantiu tombs to determine the impact of iron oxide content in the bedrock and quantify the damage levels to the wall paints.
3) The results found that moisture condensation inside the tombs from temperature differences between inside and outside, along with the micro-pore size distribution controlled by iron oxide, resulted in damage levels ranging from moderate to very severe at the two sites.
Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristic of Potential Ferro Laterite Soi...AM Publications
This study aimed to determine and evaluate the characteristics and behavior of the mechanical and microstructural of ferro laterite soil to be used as sub-base material. Ferro laterite soil obtained from three different sampling sites at the East Halmahera Regency. The sampling process of conventional excavation on the surface, soil sample is inserted into the sample bag and labeling as LH1 for first location, LH2 for the second location, and LH3 for a third location. Furthermore, soil prepared for testing the physical properties. The standard proctor compaction test is performed to determine the optimum water content and maximum density of soil, then used as the basis for sample preparation. Soil strength testing used unconfined compression test and soil bearing capacity used CBR laboratory test, before being tested, each sample cured for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. While the microstructural behavior used XRD and SEM-EDS testing. The results show that density and soil strength tend to increase with the curing time, and directly increase of CBR values. Based from both test results, mechanical and microstructural characteristic, potential ferro laterite soil of East Halmahera Regency can be developed and utilized as sub base material, but need a detailed study on the possibility of increasing its ability with soil stabilization to give more confidence before used.
This document describes a study that used audiomagnetotelluric data collected along two profiles in Cameroon to determine the dip of the contact between sedimentary and metamorphic formations. Geometric mean apparent resistivity values were calculated and used to create iso-resistivity contour maps. A resistivity discontinuity along contour lines indicated the contact between lithologically different blocks. By drawing tangents along a reference contour line, the dips of the contact under each station were calculated. The study found dip values ranging from 58-73 degrees for one profile and 21-60 degrees for the other, showing an abrupt, deep contact with little lateral spread at depth. The results confirmed the contact can be recognized through a
This document provides an outline for a lecture on Egyptian ore deposits. It begins with an introduction discussing ancient Egyptian mining and then provides an overview of the types of mineral deposits that are known to occur in Egypt, including gold, copper, tin, zinc, lead, and various other metallic and non-metallic ores. It then discusses different classifications that have been proposed for Egyptian ore deposits, grouping them based on factors like the time of deposition, metallogenic aspects, and tectonic-magmatic stages. The document concludes by presenting a proposed classification scheme that categorizes Egyptian ore deposits into groups based on their associated rock assemblages and modes of formation.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Eolian indicator mineral dispersion haloes from the Orapa kimberliteJames AH Campbell
This document summarizes research on eolian indicator mineral dispersion haloes from kimberlite pipes in the Orapa kimberlite cluster in Botswana. Kimberlite indicator minerals like garnet, ilmenite and chrome-diopside are dispersed from the kimberlite pipes by weathering and erosion into overlying Kalahari Group sediments, forming haloes of higher mineral concentration. Short-distance haloes near the pipes contain largely unabraded minerals and see concentrations drop sharply within 100-200 meters, while long-distance background haloes contain more abraded minerals dispersed over kilometers. The study analyzed over 8000 samples to map these haloes and determine optimal sample volumes for prospecting relative to sediment
This presentation summarizes the sedimentological analysis of sediments from well #XYZ in the Cambay Basin in India. Key points:
1. The Cambay Basin formed during the Mesozoic period and is segmented into five tectonic blocks. Sediments in the basin range from the Paleocene to recent.
2. Methodology included megascopic, petrographic, SEM, XRD studies, and core gamma ray logging to characterize the sediments.
3. Preliminary results identified sandstone, siltstone, and claystone lithologies. SEM analysis showed tight packing of grains in siltstone, reducing porosity. Gamma logs detected multiple sedimentation cycles.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Exploration of radioactive minerals in the late ordavician jordanMonatom Mgl
The document summarizes previous exploration studies of the late Ordovician Dubaydib sandstone formation in Jordan which indicated high concentrations of radioactive and rare earth elements. The current study aims to delineate promising areas in the formation for future study based on recent sampling and data from 2009. Exploration has found a radioactive zone in the middle of the formation up to 5m thick consisting of siltstones with abnormal values of zircon, rare earth elements like cerium and lanthanum, and thorium concentrations up to 2,337 ppm, which is the main source of radiation. Concentrations of radioactive and rare earth elements were highest in the middle area.
The copper isotope ratios were measured in 42 mineral separates from the Cañariaco Norte porphyry copper deposit in northern Peru. Isotopic ratios ranged from -8.42‰ to 0.61‰, with near-surface iron oxides having the most depleted values and deeper chalcocite, covellite, and chalcopyrite having more typical hypogene ratios. The data indicate that most of the chalcocite and covellite formed from high-temperature hypogene processes, with only a minor portion resulting from supergene enrichment. The lack of an enriched isotopic signature suggests little potential for an extensive supergene enrichment blanket at depth due to the weathering history.
The document summarizes information about banded iron formations (BIFs) and ironstones. It discusses the characteristics, classification, occurrences, and origins of BIFs from the Precambrian and ironstones from the Phanerozoic. BIFs formed in various depositional environments, including shallow marine shelves and island arc settings, and have sedimentary, volcanic, and biogenic origins. Ironstones include bog ores, oolitic ores, and others that formed in continental and marine environments through weathering and precipitation processes. Examples of BIFs and ironstones in Egypt are also described.
Porphyry copper deposits are the world's most important source of copper and molybdenum. They form due to fluids released from subducting tectonic plates melting the mantle and generating magmas. Porphyry deposits are large, low-grade deposits centered around intrusive porphyry stocks. They are characterized by vein-hosted and disseminated sulfide mineralization within zones of hydrothermal alteration surrounding the intrusion. Porphyry deposits are mined via large-scale open-pit and underground block caving methods due to their great size and low grades.
Remote sensing techniques can be used to identify mineral deposits. Landsat satellites have collected imagery since the 1970s that is useful for mineral exploration. Spectral bands can recognize hydrothermally altered rocks associated with ore deposits due to their distinct reflectance properties compared to unaltered rocks. At the Goldfield, Nevada mining district, Landsat imagery has been used to map hydrothermal alteration minerals like alunite and clays using ratio images of spectral bands 5 and 7, and 3 and 1, that highlight altered rock areas correlating with known deposits. Classification algorithms can further analyze imagery to automatically categorize altered and unaltered rock types to aid exploration.
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Structurally failed dam a case study of cham dam, north-eastern nigeriaAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a geophysical investigation of a failed dam in Cham, Nigeria using vertical electrical sounding (VES). Six VES points were conducted along the dam. The subsurface was found to be inhomogeneous, composed of variable combinations of siltstone, shaly-clay, claystone, shale and clay. Displacements were detected at depth along VES points 3 through 6 that correlate with the failed section of the dam. The dam is concluded to have likely failed due to displacement along suspected weak subsurface zones that were not properly investigated prior to construction.
Porphyry copper deposits form around quartz monzonite to granodiorite intrusions and are characterized by concentric zoning of copper-bearing mineralization and alteration shells. They can be over 1-2 square kilometers in size and contain over 0.5% copper on average. Porphyry deposits are responsible for approximately 60% of the world's copper production and also produce significant amounts of molybdenum, gold, and silver.
Uranium Occurrence in the Egypt
Types of Uranium Deposits in Egypt:
Uranium Occurrences in Pan-African Younger Granites of Egypt
Uranium Occurrences in Dykes
Uranium Occurrences in Sedimentary Rock Sequences of Egypt
Categories of Egyption Uranium Deposits:
I) Vein types:
Uranium deposits of Gabal Gattar
Uranium deposits of Gabal El-Missikat
Uranium deposits of El Erediya
Uranium deposits of Um Ara area
II) Volcanic type deposits:
5) Uranium deposits of El Atshan-II
III) Surficial deposits:
6) Uranium deposits in Sinai
7) Black Sand
IV) Phosphorite deposits
Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Depositsiosrjce
Seismic reflection method can delineate very complex geological structures hence it might be very
effective for detecting the presence of Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) deposits. Despite this superior
attributes, there exist a real problem for exploration beyond the immediate vicinity of a known deposit. All
previous studies have focused upon high resolution detection of mineralization and the hosting structures at
mine scale. No argument for “regional” exploration have been proposed probably because a cost benefit
analysis has never be conducted at such scale to proceed with such exploration venture. In this study, we
analyze the feasibility of such regional exploration by modelling a Vulcan IOCGU deposit scenario were a 2D
seismic survey with relatively sparse source-receiver geometry was used to detect the presence of a possible
intrusive package within 2km depth range. The modelling results demonstrates that seismic reflection method
using 10m geophones and 20m shot spacing can be used to image deposit within the depth of 2km. The
presence of reflections was visibly observed especially at the edges of intrusive packages hence it is suggested
that application of seismic reflection methods perhaps will remains the best alternative and most viable method
for exploring deep seated IOCG
MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS, Sedimentary Manganese Deposits, Types of Sedimentary Manganese, Classification, Manganese Nodules, EGYPTIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS , IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Cycle of Iron , Ironstone (Sedimentary iron) Ore Deposits, Bog Iron Ore Deposits, Principal iron-bearing minerals, Geochemical stability of iron-rich minerals, World Resources Iron Deposit, EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature, Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit, Aswan iron Ore Deposits, Bahariya iron Ore Deposits
Mineralization in Granitic intrusive Of Kanigiri area in Andhra Pradesh: A ro...Editor IJCATR
The Kanigiri-Podili tract of Nellore and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh were known for abnormal fluoride content and
interesting mineralogy. Kanigiri town in Topo-Sheet No.57M/11 of Survey of India is surrounded by granitic intrusive. Alkaline
magmatism was widespread in the granulite terrain of southern peninsular India during the proterozoic. The forty seven alkaline to
mildly alkaline plutons and carbonatite complexes of varying dimensions and shapes cover a total area of approximately 450sq.Km
and define an alkaline belt along the east coast of India. The rocks of the area are holocrystalline-hypidiomorphic texture and
composed mainly of orthoclase, microcline, albite, and zircon as chief accessory minerals fluorite, topaz, apatite are the other
accessosories as served in the rock.
The present work focuses on the origin of fluoride in waters around Kanigiri area. In general the dissociation of granitic
rocks exposed to prolonged sun and runoff results apatites in to water. This in turn enriches the Fluoride content. But here the
mechanism is different. Endemic fluorosis is prevalent amongst the habitants of the high fluorine content in ground water. Streaks and
Lenses of fluorite are common feathers in these granites. The earlier workers attributed the origin to the replacement of the existing
rocks by “granitic juice” having a high volatile content. Small patches of Sodalite-Cancrinite-Fluorite-Nepheline bearing syenites
hosted within the fluorite bearing grey granite near Podili. Detailed water sampling around Kanigiri and Podili has been made. They
are analyzed to their complete major-ion analysis.
Geological and Geotechnical Parameters Controlling Wall Paints Detachment at...IJMER
1) The document examines the geological and geotechnical factors controlling the detachment of wall paints at selected tombs from the 26th Dynasty in Bahariya Oasis, Egypt.
2) Field and laboratory studies were conducted on the Badi Eshtar and Bannantiu tombs to determine the impact of iron oxide content in the bedrock and quantify the damage levels to the wall paints.
3) The results found that moisture condensation inside the tombs from temperature differences between inside and outside, along with the micro-pore size distribution controlled by iron oxide, resulted in damage levels ranging from moderate to very severe at the two sites.
Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristic of Potential Ferro Laterite Soi...AM Publications
This study aimed to determine and evaluate the characteristics and behavior of the mechanical and microstructural of ferro laterite soil to be used as sub-base material. Ferro laterite soil obtained from three different sampling sites at the East Halmahera Regency. The sampling process of conventional excavation on the surface, soil sample is inserted into the sample bag and labeling as LH1 for first location, LH2 for the second location, and LH3 for a third location. Furthermore, soil prepared for testing the physical properties. The standard proctor compaction test is performed to determine the optimum water content and maximum density of soil, then used as the basis for sample preparation. Soil strength testing used unconfined compression test and soil bearing capacity used CBR laboratory test, before being tested, each sample cured for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. While the microstructural behavior used XRD and SEM-EDS testing. The results show that density and soil strength tend to increase with the curing time, and directly increase of CBR values. Based from both test results, mechanical and microstructural characteristic, potential ferro laterite soil of East Halmahera Regency can be developed and utilized as sub base material, but need a detailed study on the possibility of increasing its ability with soil stabilization to give more confidence before used.
This document describes a study that used audiomagnetotelluric data collected along two profiles in Cameroon to determine the dip of the contact between sedimentary and metamorphic formations. Geometric mean apparent resistivity values were calculated and used to create iso-resistivity contour maps. A resistivity discontinuity along contour lines indicated the contact between lithologically different blocks. By drawing tangents along a reference contour line, the dips of the contact under each station were calculated. The study found dip values ranging from 58-73 degrees for one profile and 21-60 degrees for the other, showing an abrupt, deep contact with little lateral spread at depth. The results confirmed the contact can be recognized through a
This document provides an outline for a lecture on Egyptian ore deposits. It begins with an introduction discussing ancient Egyptian mining and then provides an overview of the types of mineral deposits that are known to occur in Egypt, including gold, copper, tin, zinc, lead, and various other metallic and non-metallic ores. It then discusses different classifications that have been proposed for Egyptian ore deposits, grouping them based on factors like the time of deposition, metallogenic aspects, and tectonic-magmatic stages. The document concludes by presenting a proposed classification scheme that categorizes Egyptian ore deposits into groups based on their associated rock assemblages and modes of formation.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Eolian indicator mineral dispersion haloes from the Orapa kimberliteJames AH Campbell
This document summarizes research on eolian indicator mineral dispersion haloes from kimberlite pipes in the Orapa kimberlite cluster in Botswana. Kimberlite indicator minerals like garnet, ilmenite and chrome-diopside are dispersed from the kimberlite pipes by weathering and erosion into overlying Kalahari Group sediments, forming haloes of higher mineral concentration. Short-distance haloes near the pipes contain largely unabraded minerals and see concentrations drop sharply within 100-200 meters, while long-distance background haloes contain more abraded minerals dispersed over kilometers. The study analyzed over 8000 samples to map these haloes and determine optimal sample volumes for prospecting relative to sediment
This presentation summarizes the sedimentological analysis of sediments from well #XYZ in the Cambay Basin in India. Key points:
1. The Cambay Basin formed during the Mesozoic period and is segmented into five tectonic blocks. Sediments in the basin range from the Paleocene to recent.
2. Methodology included megascopic, petrographic, SEM, XRD studies, and core gamma ray logging to characterize the sediments.
3. Preliminary results identified sandstone, siltstone, and claystone lithologies. SEM analysis showed tight packing of grains in siltstone, reducing porosity. Gamma logs detected multiple sedimentation cycles.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a paper that describes the simulation and control of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) using artificial neural networks. The DFIG is a type of induction generator that is widely used in wind power generation because it allows variable speed operation while only requiring a power converter rated at 25-30% of the generator rating. The paper presents the mathematical model of the DFIG in the d-q reference frame and describes how to control the rotor voltages using PI and ANN controllers to maintain a constant terminal voltage. Simulation results verify that the model meets the requirements of a variable speed constant frequency wind energy conversion system.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
comunikko és una agència de màrqueting i comunicació de Blanes. Estem especialitzats en PIMES. Descobreix una mica més de nosaltres gràcies a aquesta presentació!
O relatório analisou o termo "Peitos" no Twitter entre janeiro e dezembro de 2014, encontrando 1.104.500 tweets. Todos os tweets foram classificados como positivos, sem nenhum tweet negativo ou importante. Uma nuvem de termos associados foi gerada.
The document provides initial ideas and planning for a music video project. It summarizes the proposed narrative, which involves two main characters - a shy female protagonist and a soft-natured male vocalist. It also outlines locations, filming styles, and the process of selecting a song and artist. Key aspects that were considered include genre, pace, message conveyed, and the structure of verses and choruses in potential songs.
This document is the revision project of the 2014-2017 Pluriannual Plan for the year 2015 from the municipality of Caruaru in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. It includes the message, revision bill, and annex sent by the mayor to the Municipal Legislative Chamber for consideration and compatibility with the goals of the Annual Budgetary Law for 2015. The revision integrates the directives of the Annual Budgetary Law and updates the programs, projects, and activities according to fiscal and financial availability for the year.
O relatório resume o monitoramento de termos relacionados a "460 anos SP" e "460 sp" no Twitter entre 21 e 27 de janeiro. Foram contabilizados 2.384 tweets para "460 anos SP" e 2.917 tweets para "460 sp", mas nenhum foi classificado como positivo, negativo ou importante.
Este documento discute as competências necessárias para o sucesso no mercado de trabalho atual, incluindo conhecimentos, habilidades, atitudes, valores e contexto. Ele enfatiza a importância da criatividade, trabalho em equipe, tomada de decisões e adaptabilidade constante. Além disso, fornece dinâmicas de grupo para reflexão sobre essas competências.
ASEAN aims to promote cooperation and assist member states in economic, social, cultural, technical, educational, and other fields. It also works to accelerate economic growth, social progress, and sociocultural evolution among its members. The organization strives for peace and stability in the region through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.
Este relatório analisa as menções à presidente Dilma Rousseff no Twitter entre 7 e 13 de fevereiro de 2014. Foram monitorados os termos "Dilma cuba", "fidel dilma" e "porto dilma cuba", mas nenhum tweet foi classificado como positivo, negativo ou importante para esses termos.
Determination of Thickness of Aquifer with Vertical Electrical Sounding iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document summarizes a study that used vertical electrical sounding to determine the average thickness of the aquifer in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Three locations were surveyed and the resistivity curves generated showed 5 geoelectrical layers at each location. The layers had average thicknesses ranging from 2.38m to 28.86m. The fourth layer, interpreted as likely wet and fractured shales, was identified as the aquifer. Its average thickness across the three locations was estimated to be 28.86m. In conclusion, vertical electrical sounding was able to delineate the aquifer thickness in the study area.
This document summarizes a study that used vertical electrical sounding to determine the average thickness of the aquifer in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Three locations were surveyed and the resistivity curves generated showed 5 geoelectrical layers at each location. The layers had average thicknesses ranging from 2.38m to 28.86m. The fourth layer, interpreted as likely wet and fractured shales, was identified as the aquifer. Its average thickness across the three locations was estimated to be 28.86m. Therefore, the thickness of the aquifer in the study area was determined to be approximately 29m.
The Malwa constituting the Deccan Trap volcanic province (Upper Cretaceous –Eocene). The Malwa region occupies a plateau in Western M.P and South-Eastern Rajasthan (between 21010’ N and 73045 E ) with Gujarat in the West . The region include the M.P district of Agar, Dewas, Dhar, Indore, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Neemuch, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Shajapur, Ujjain parts of Guna and Sehore and the Rajasthan district of Jhalawar and parts of Banswara and Pratapgarh. It is covered an area of 81,767 sq. km. and elevation of 500m.Ujjain region constituting the Malwa region. Ujjain District is situated in Madhya Pradesh and lies between longitude 750 45’ to 750 50’ and latitude 230 15’ to 230 5’ and area lies the toposheet No. 45M/16 and 46M/12.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Groundwater Studies in Abakaliki Using Electrical Resistivity Methodiosrjce
Electrical resistivity survey was carried out to investigate the groundwater potential of Abakaliki
urban, a sedimentary area with the oldest Cretaceous rocks (sandstones and shales) which are of Albian age.
The equipment used for the survey include, ABEM terrameter (SAS, 300C), four electrodes, hammer, four reels
of wires, connecting cords, measuring tapes and global positioning system. The survey was carried out in three
different locations. The field layout employed was the schlumberger array. The result of the survey shows that
the average resistivities are 1337.06m for the first layer, 5914. 34m for the second layer, 1277. 59m for
the third layer, 189. 65m for the fourth layer and 695.78m for the fifth layer with probable lithologic
interpretations as lateritic over-burden for the first layer, ferruginised and highly compact clay stone (dry) for
second layer, fissile dry shale, splintery shale(wet) and saturated and pyritised silty shale (wet) for the other
three layers, respectively. The result indicates that potential groundwater would likely be located in the fourth
layer in the study area.
The document discusses a geo-electrical imaging survey conducted in Edo State, Nigeria to characterize the subsurface geology for environmental and engineering studies. Resistivity data was collected along four lines using the Wenner array and inverted to produce 2D resistivity images. The images indicate resistivity increases with depth and identify three main layers - alluvium deposits from 0-20m underlain by laterite to 20m thick, underlain by sandstone and shale. Areas over 3500 ohm-m represent bedrock of gravel and granite, showing the area is suitable for construction. The study found no evidence of contamination or faults, but low conductivity suggests limited aquifer potential for water supply.
Ground magnetic and geoelectrical methods were used to delineate sulphide deposits in the Oshiri area of southeastern Nigeria. The ground magnetic survey identified shallow tectonic structures like fractures and faults capable of hosting sulphide deposits. Induced polarization and electrical resistivity tomography identified isolated chargeable bodies between 25-30m deep and 50-70m wide, with low resistivity values of 10-50Ωm, representing zones of potential sulphide mineralization. Using geometric modeling, the chargeable bodies were estimated to contain over 100,000 tonnes of economically viable sulphide deposits. The integrated geophysical approach successfully mapped subsurface structures and identified targets for further exploration and investment.
The document summarizes the analysis of layered deposits inside the 174 km diameter Terby impact crater located on Mars. Stratigraphic and mineralogical analysis using multiple datasets suggests the deposits were formed subaqueously during the Noachian period. The thickest sequences display fan delta morphologies indicative of prograding/onlapping sedimentation over time. Phyllosilicates detected within layers support a sedimentary environment with sustained liquid water. Erosion during the Hesperian sculpted the current landforms, with later fluvial and then aeolian activity. Terby crater thus preserves a geologic record spanning multiple periods of Mars' history.
This document summarizes a study characterizing a landfill in Mohammedia, Morocco. Samples were taken from 5 stations around the landfill and near the El Maleh river to analyze physical and chemical properties. Heavy metals like lead and chromium were found in high concentrations in leachates from the landfill and sediments near the river. Pollution from the landfill's discharge was impacting the river water quality. The aim was to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of El Maleh river water in relation to leachate from the converted clay quarry landfill and identify a rehabilitation plan.
Subsurface Determination Of Cavities In Limestone Rock Area By Geoelectric Me...IJERA Editor
Two Dimensional of geoelectric method can be used to find out the conductive formation in the earth surface. The purpose of this research is to give the description about the geological subsurface formation, that the high resistivity value is indicate the potential area of cave and void in the limestone rocks. The dipole dipolegeoelectric method is used in this research with the path of lines is 250 m with 10 m electrode spacing. The total lines is 7 and the azimuth is from east to west. Resistivity method is started with inject the electrical current into the earth by current electrode, then potential difference will arise and measured by potential electrode. Variation value of resistance for each layer rock can calculated by divided potential defference with current value. The existence of the cavity is known by the resistivity value is more than 2500 ohm-m, while the cracks have a resistivity of 1500 to 2500 ohm-m.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The application of geoelectrical surveys in delineatingoilandgas24
This document summarizes a study using geoelectrical surveys to delineate groundwater resources in central Saudi Arabia. Two aquifer systems were identified - a shallow system in alluvial deposits over fractured bedrock, and a deeper system in fractures within underlying granite and granodiorite rocks. Analysis of vertical electrical soundings and horizontal electrical profiling identified three zones with varying groundwater potential. The southwest zone has low potential due to clay-rich formations and saline water. The middle zone has relatively better potential with less clay. The northeast zone has negligible potential due to very shallow bedrock. The study identifies specific sites with the most promising potential for drilling wells.
Integrated ERT and Magnetic Surveys in a Mineralization Zone in Erkowit - Red...IJERA Editor
The present study focus on integrated geophysical surveys carried out in the mineralization zone in Erkowit region, Eastern Sudan to determine the extensions of the potential ore deposits on the topographically high hilly area and under the cover of alluvium along the nearby wadi and to locate other occurrences if any. The magnetic method (MAG) and the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were employed for the survey. Eleven traverses were aligned approximately at right angles to the general strike of the rock formations. The disseminated sulfides are located on the alteration shear zone which is composed of granitic and dioritic highly ferruginated rock occupying the southwestern and central parts of the area, this was confirmed using thin and polished sections mineralogical analysis. The magnetic data indicates low magnetic values for wadi sedimentary deposits in its southern part of the area, and high anomalies which are suspected as gossans due to magnetite formed during wall rock alteration consequent to mineralization. The significant ERT imagesdefinelow resistivity zone as traced as sheared zones which may associated with the main loci of ore deposition. The study designates that correlation of magnetic and ERT anomalies with lithology are extremely useful in mineral exploration due to variations in some specific physical properties of rocks.
Application of resistivity sounding in environmental studiesAlexander Decker
1) Vertical electrical soundings were conducted using an ABEM Terrameter SAS 300 along two profiles near the site of an oil pipeline rupture and spillage in Kazai, Niger State, Nigeria.
2) Resistivity data analysis revealed the area is predominantly clayey and that the pipeline was no longer actively leaking. However, trapped oil was still being seasonally released from cracking clay during dry periods.
3) Geoelectric models including isoresistivity maps and sections were produced to delineate polluted zones for recommended excavation and remediation. The study concluded excavation and disposal of contaminated soils could improve the local environment and water resources.
RESULTS OF THE APPLICATION OF DIRECT-PROSPECTING TECHNOLOGY OF SATELLITE IMAG...Dr. Arzu Javadova
The results of reconnaissance studies within the Shakal and Halabja exploration blocks in Kurdistan are presented. Experimental studies were carried out using a mobile direct-prospecting technology, including modified methods of frequency-resonance processing and decoding of satellite images and photo images, vertical electric resonance scanning of the cross-section and a method of integral assessment of the oil and gas potential of large prospecting blocks and license areas. At the local survey site within the Shakal block, responses from oil, condensate, phosphorus and limestone were recorded. The lower boundary of the limestones was established at a depth of 4676 m. By scanning the cross-section from 2770 m, step 1 cm, the responses of oil from limestones were obtained from the intervals: 1) 2771-2794 m, 2) 2795.3-2815.45 m, 3) 2834.40-2854 m. During processing the image of the entire Halabja block, signals were recorded at the frequencies of oil, condensate, phosphorus gas, bacteria, sodium chloride and dolomite. At the 57 km hydrocarbon synthesis boundary, responses from oil, condensate and gas were recorded. When scanning the cross-section from 480 m to 4 km, step 50 cm, responses from oil were obtained from two intervals: 1) 1140-1200 m, and 2) 3310-3340 m. Within the local fragment of the block by scanning up to 5 km with a step of 1 m responses of oil from salt were recorded from the intervals: 1) 295-350 m, 2) 1190-1260 m, 3) 2015-2320 m). The response intervals within the 1st and 3rd horizons have been refined by scanning with a step of 5 cm. The results of experimental studies show that practical application of direct-prospecting methods and technologies will accelerate and optimize the exploration process for oil and gas.
This document summarizes a geoelectrical resistivity survey conducted in the Shooro Basin in southeast Iran to study groundwater conditions. 207 vertical electrical soundings were performed and interpreted, identifying an alluvial aquifer divided into eastern and western parts by the Shooro River. The western aquifer has higher permeability and resistivity than the eastern part, likely due to differences in material and water quality. Zones of high groundwater yield potential were also identified based on resistivity data. The study aims to evaluate subsurface hydrogeological structures and conditions to protect groundwater resources in the area.
Electrical resistivity sounding for subsurface delineation and evaluation of ...Alexander Decker
Three to four distinct subsurface geological layers were identified through electrical resistivity soundings in Araromi Akungba-Akoko, including a topsoil layer, clayey weathered layer, partially weathered basement, and fresh basement. The depth to bedrock varied from 0 to 20.1 meters. Two major parallel basement depressions striking NW-SE were delineated as major groundwater collecting centers. The weathered/fractured layer constituted the dominant aquifer units, though groundwater potential was generally low due to thin and clayey overburden layers. Future groundwater development was considered feasible in areas with relatively thick sandy overburden.
This document summarizes a study on using geophysical methods like electrical resistivity surveys to identify groundwater prospective zones. The study was conducted in areas with thick alluvium geology. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) and 2D electrical resistivity tomography were used to map subsurface resistivity variations. Resistivity is dependent on factors like porosity, water content, and mineral composition. Aquifers were identified in saturated sand, sandy clay, and silt based on their resistivity values relative to surrounding materials. The study concluded electrical resistivity methods are well-suited for mapping aquifers, bedrock topography, and fractured zones to aid groundwater exploration programs.
Unlocking WhatsApp Marketing with HubSpot: Integrating Messaging into Your Ma...Niswey
50 million companies worldwide leverage WhatsApp as a key marketing channel. You may have considered adding it to your marketing mix, or probably already driving impressive conversions with WhatsApp.
But wait. What happens when you fully integrate your WhatsApp campaigns with HubSpot?
That's exactly what we explored in this session.
We take a look at everything that you need to know in order to deploy effective WhatsApp marketing strategies, and integrate it with your buyer journey in HubSpot. From technical requirements to innovative campaign strategies, to advanced campaign reporting - we discuss all that and more, to leverage WhatsApp for maximum impact. Check out more details about the event here https://events.hubspot.com/events/details/hubspot-new-delhi-presents-unlocking-whatsapp-marketing-with-hubspot-integrating-messaging-into-your-marketing-strategy/
Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: IntroductionCor Verdouw
Introduction to the Panel on: Pathways and Challenges: AI-Driven Technology in Agri-Food, AI4Food, University of Guelph
“Enhancing Adoption of AI in Agri-food: a Path Forward”, 18 June 2024
Best Competitive Marble Pricing in Dubai - ☎ 9928909666Stone Art Hub
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Presentation by Herman Kienhuis (Curiosity VC) on Investing in AI for ABS Alu...Herman Kienhuis
Presentation by Herman Kienhuis (Curiosity VC) on developments in AI, the venture capital investment landscape and Curiosity VC's approach to investing, at the alumni event of Amsterdam Business School (University of Amsterdam) on June 13, 2024 in Amsterdam.
Discover the Beauty and Functionality of The Expert Remodeling Serviceobriengroupinc04
Unlock your kitchen's true potential with expert remodeling services from O'Brien Group Inc. Transform your space into a functional, modern, and luxurious haven with their experienced professionals. From layout reconfiguration to high-end upgrades, they deliver stunning results tailored to your style and needs. Visit obriengroupinc.com to elevate your kitchen's beauty and functionality today.
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The report *State of D2C in India: A Logistics Update* talks about the evolving dynamics of the d2C landscape with a particular focus on how brands navigate the complexities of logistics. Third Party Logistics enablers emerge indispensable partners in facilitating the growth journey of D2C brands, offering cost-effective solutions tailored to their specific needs. As D2C brands continue to expand, they encounter heightened operational complexities with logistics standing out as a significant challenge. Logistics not only represents a substantial cost component for the brands but also directly influences the customer experience. Establishing efficient logistics operations while keeping costs low is therefore a crucial objective for brands. The report highlights how 3PLs are meeting the rising demands of D2C brands, supporting their expansion both online and offline, and paving the way for sustainable, scalable growth in this fast-paced market.
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In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
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China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
Explore the details in our newly released product manual, which showcases NEWNTIDE's advanced heat pump technologies. Delve into our energy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions tailored for diverse global markets.
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NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...
Mi2521322136
1. Khadija BABA, Lahcen BAHI, Latifa OUADIF, Ahmed AKHSSAS / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2132-2136
Mapping Sterile Bodies in the Sidi Chennane phosphatic deposit
(Morocco) using geoelectrical Investigations
Khadija BABA*, Lahcen BAHI*, Latifa OUADIF*, Ahmed AKHSSAS*
*(3GIE Laboratory, Mohammadia engineering School, Mohammed V- Agdal University, Rabat, Morocco)
Abstract
The anomalies detected in phosphatic interest until the discovery, in 1917, of the Oulad
series of Sidi Chennane, one of phosphatic Abdoun basin.
basins in Morocco, hinders the proper
exploitation of phosphate levels and the assessing
phosphate reserves seems incorrect. The aim of
the study by the electrical resistivity method is to
delineate these disturbances. Thus, a geophysical
survey was conducted using the vertical electrical
sounding, 41 VES have been established in an
area covering 50ha.
The resistivity dataset were processed
using computer interaction interpretation of the
sounding curves. A maximum of four subsurface
geologic units were delineated from the VES-
curves. These subsurface geoelectric layers
correspond to (1) The normal phosphatic bearing
rock with a resistivity ranging between 100 and
450 m, (2) the calcareous Thersitean slab with a
resistivity ranging between 700 and 1700 m (3)
the anomalies, highlighted in the area, have a
Fig. 1: The central Moroccan phosphate basins
resistivity ranging between of 400 m and 900
(Ganntour, Oulad Abdoun and Meskala)
m and (4) marls with a lower resistivity (<100
m). The geological investigations carried out in
The resistivity contour maps kriged were Sidi Chennane phosphatic deposit in the Oulad
used to delimit these sterile bodies and to model
Abdoun basin revealed a phenomenon of sterile
their distribution. The results of the sounding
hardpan inclusions called ―dérangements‖, these
data revealed that the Anomalies have two
sterile bodies are formed by accumulations of
principal directions NS and NE-SW, and are at
silicified limestones or by limestone blocks within
25 meters to 60 meters of depth. Therefore an argillaceous matrix [1] which interfere with
these anomalies are in the upper part of the phosphate extraction and their resistivity is higher
phosphate layer. than the phosphate-rich mineral resistivity. The
application of the electric prospection methods
Key words: Moroccan phosphate, Geoelectric constitutes a suitable means to map these sterile
prospecting, mapping, krigeage, bodies in order to establish a model of their
distribution and would permit the definition of these
Introduction structures before the mining front reaches them.
Morocco is the world’s third largest
phosphate producer, after the USA and China. Total I- Geological framework and methodology of
mine production recorded by the Ministry of Energy work
and Mines in 2003 was 29.39 Mt so more than 75% The Ouled Abdoun basin is the largest
of world reserves. Four major phosphate basins are phosphate basin in Morocco. It’s located about 100
now known and are being exploited, three of which km in south-east of Casablanca. The phosphate
are located in central-northern Morocco. The four deposits of Ouled Abdoun area belongs to the
main deposits of phosphate are: the Oued Eddahab western Moroccan Meseta, commonly considered
basin situated in Sahara, the central ganntour basin being stable. The local sedimentary deposits
near Youssoufia, the Meskala basin at east of resulting from a large transgression occurred in mid-
Essaouira and the Oulad Abdoun basin situated near Cretaceous. It consists of [2]: marly limestone and
Khouribga. The existence of morocco sedimentary gypsum of Cenomanian, Turonian white limestones,
phosphate rock has been known since 1908 in the Senonian marl and yellow marly limestones,
Meskala basin, but it had not generated significant phosphatic series dated from Maastrichtian to
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2. Khadija BABA, Lahcen BAHI, Latifa OUADIF, Ahmed AKHSSAS / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2132-2136
Ypresian and Lutetian calcareous Thersitean slab. marine series.
The Neogene continental deposits cover locally the
Layer III: Maastrichtian, Layer II: Paleocene, Layers
Fig. 2: Localization map of the study area. I and 0, ―forrow” A and B: Ypresian. They are
typically separated by phosphatic indurated
The loose phosphatic Levels exploited are cited limestone benches, more or less important and more
according to their succession [3]: or less regular called "infill", II / I layers infill, III /
II layers infill, etc...
Fig. 3: Disturbance which affects the phosphatic exploitation
Fig. 4: Stratigraphical log of the phosphatic series of Sidi Chennane
:
1— Hercynian massif; 2— phosphatic area 3— 8— broken flint bed; 9— siliceous concretions;
marls; 4— phosphatic marls; 5— phosphate-bearing 10— siliceous limestone disturbances; 11— sterile
horizon; 6— limestones; 7— phosphatic limestones;
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3. Khadija BABA, Lahcen BAHI, Latifa OUADIF, Ahmed AKHSSAS / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2132-2136
body composed of blocks of limestones, marls, and
clays; 12— limit of disturbances; 13— road.
II- GEOELECTRICAL PROSPECTING
The aim of VES is to deduce the variation
of resistivity with depth below a given point on the
ground surface and to correlate with the geological
information available to deduce the depth and
resistivities of the present layers.
To cover all the zones being able to be
disturbed, we carried out, during the geophysical
prospection in a parcel of 50 ha, 41 Vertical
electrical soundings (VES) using the Schlumberger
electrodes configuration (SYSCAL-R2 resistivity
instrument IRIS Instruments, France) with a
maximum electrode spacing (AB) of 300m (Figure
Fig.5: The basic principles of Schlumberger device
5). Schlumberger array was used because of its
greater depth penetration [4]. In order to have a good
description of the disturbances, the VES were III- VES Results and discussion
arranged based on observable levels of the From field trip observations, we note that in
phosphatic series outcrop found within the vicinity the phosphate series there are three sets in the
of the study area. sequence of layers: (1) Maastrichtian phosphatic
In general, the resistivity method involves sequence capped with calcareous Thersitean slab, (2)
measuring the electrical resistivity of earth materials The complete phosphatic series and (3) The set from
by introducing an electrical current into the ground the B furrow to the lower layer III.
and monitoring the potential field developed by the The best fit with measurements of a model
current. The most commonly used electrodes of ground is obtained with a correlation between the
configuration for geoelectrical soundings, which was observations and the position of the surveys to the
used in this field survey, is the Schlumberger array. touches of the phosphatic series.
Four electrodes (two current A and B and two The data from boreholes drilled by the
potential M and N) are placed along a straight line Moroccan company ―Office Chérifien des
on the land surface such that the outside (current) Phosphates (OCP)‖ were analyzed and used to
electrode distance (AB) is equal to or greater than correlate the results of the standard geoelectrical
five times the inside (potential) electrode distance surveys: (1) The normal phosphatic bearing rock
(MN). Vertical sounding, in Schlumberger array, have a resistivity ranging between 100 and 450 m,
were performed by keeping the electrode array (2) the calcareous Thersitean slab with a resistivity
centered over a field station while increasing the ranging between 700 and 1700 m (3) the
spacing between the current electrodes, thus anomalies, highlighted in the area, have a resistivity
increasing the depth of investigation. ranging between 400 m and 900 m and (4) marls
The potential difference (ΔV) and the with a lower resistivity (<100 m).
electrical current (I) are measured for electrode The VES data was plotted on a log–log
spacing and the apparent resistivity (ρapp) is paper and curve matched. One-dimensional
calculated by the equation: inversion of geo-electrical resistivity sounding data
by computer iteration is done by using the software
IPI2Win [GEOSCAN-M Ltd., 2001][6]. This
Where K is the geometrical factor that generates the thickness and the true resistivity of
depends on the electrodes arrangement [5]. In the both phosphatic series and anomalies. Curves of
case of the configuration of Schlumberger, it is observed apparent resistivity as a function of the half
given by this equation: distance between current electrodes (AB/2), together
with the curves of the fitting model are shown in
Figure 6.
The 41 VES stations reveal three types of curves :
Type I, Type II and Type III.
The Type I curve (Figure 6a) generally shows: (1) a
relatively thin surface layer (about 3m) representing
the calcareous Thersitean slab having apparent
resistivity of 744 m, followed by (2) the
phosphatic sequences of 193 m apparent
resistivity and 27.5m thickness and (3) a lower
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4. Khadija BABA, Lahcen BAHI, Latifa OUADIF, Ahmed AKHSSAS / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2132-2136
resistivity third layer with apparent resistivity <45 IV- Mapping anomalies
m corresponding to marls. Ordinary kriging is a linear interpolation
The Type II curve (Figure 6b) is composed approach that provides a best linear unbiased
by (1) a surface layer of disturbed phosphatic estimator for quantities that vary spatially. This
sequences till 9m with an apparent resistivity of geostatistical method has been applied widely in
about 662 m, (2) a second layer of 60m (<100 m) electrical survey to map ground formation [7].
corresponding to the normal phosphatic series, and In general the ordinary Kriging model is
(3) a third layer with a relatively low-resistivity (<20 more accurate for nonlinear problems and also
m) indicating the marls. flexible in either interpolating sample points or
The Type III (Figure 6c) field curves filtering noisy data. The VES data were gridded
describe qualitatively a model composed of 3 layers using the Kriging algorithm. A contour map for
where the layer resistivity relationship is ρ1>ρ2>ρ3 various schlumberger half-electrode spacing was
(1) a layer of 6.50m representing deposits of then created from the grid file (figure 7).
phosphatic limestone with an apparent resistivity The kriged contour maps of electrical
about 555 m, (2) a second layer of 36m (114 m) resistivity distribution for AB=40m corresponding to
corresponding to the normal phosphatic series, and the surface formations shows great values of
(3) finally marls with low-resistivity (43 m). resistivity which is probably due to the calcareous
Thersitean slab.
The kriged contour maps of electrical
resistivity distribution for AB=80 and AB=100 show
anomalous zones of directions NE-SW and NS
located at an average depth of 25m.
The kriged contour maps of electrical
resistivity distribution for AB=300 revealed the
disappearance of the NS anomalous zones and the
persistence of the NE-SW anomalous zones, they
reach depths of 60m. Thus, the majority of
anomalies affect only the subsurface of the
phosphate series.
Fig. 6: Typical geoelectric profiles across the study
area
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5. Khadija BABA, Lahcen BAHI, Latifa OUADIF, Ahmed AKHSSAS / International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.2132-2136
References
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Fig. 7: Kriged contour maps of the apparent (Tunisie méridionale), Sécheresse, 15, 2,
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directions NE-SW and NS located at an average ces abords : Chaouia sud et pays des
depth of 25m. (2) For AB=300 the contour map Sokhret) et de la zone synclinale du Tadla
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zones and the persistence of the NE-SW anomalous feuilles Benhamed-ElBrouj », au 1/200 000
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The electrical method is an effective tool as Ecole Polytechnique, Montréal
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and helped to delineate the geometry of the sterile et électromagnetiques appliquées à
body of Sidi Chennane deposit, it may be adapted to l’archéologie et à l’étude de
this special problem in the phosphate mining. l’environnement, Revista Fisica de la
Tierra, Vol.7, pp161-192.
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