The document summarizes a geophysical investigation of a failed dam in Cham, Nigeria using vertical electrical sounding (VES). Six VES points were conducted along the dam. The subsurface was found to be inhomogeneous, composed of variable combinations of siltstone, shaly-clay, claystone, shale and clay. Displacements were detected at depth along VES points 3 through 6 that correlate with the failed section of the dam. The dam is concluded to have likely failed due to displacement along suspected weak subsurface zones that were not properly investigated prior to construction.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area Using Schlumberger ...iosrjce
The overburden thickness of Abuja (Lat. 70
12´N – 9
0 30´ N and Long. 50
24´E- 7
0
19´E)
has been estimated. The geophysical method used was the electrical resistivity and the electrodes
array was Schlumberger type. The equipment utilized were four electrodes, hammer, four reels of
wires, crocodile clips, measuring tape, global positioning systems(GPS) and a terrameter. The survey
was carried out in two locations and the average resistivity values of the first four geoelectrical layers
were from the surface, 590 Ωm, 1800 Ωm, 1900 Ωm and 760 Ωm. These layers were interpreted as
probably top soil, laterite, weathered basement rock and fairly weathered basement rock. The
average thickness of the overburden was found to be 5.43m
Integrated Geophysical Investigation of a Suspected Spring in Igbokoran, Ikar...iosrjce
An integrated geophysical investigation involving self potential (SP), very low frequency
electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and electrical resistivity methods (VES) were conducted around a suspected spring
in Igbokoran, Ikare Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria in other to understand the nature of the spring as well as
evaluate the feasibility of ground water development in the area. Three geophysical traverses of length 240m
each were established in the study area in approximately E-W direction. VLF-EM measurements with station
spacing of 10m was used as reconnaissance to delineate conductive zones between 70-160m along traverse 1,
80-170 m along traverse 2 and 60-180m along traverse 3.This was then followed by a total of six (6) VES
stations along traverses 2 and 3 using the Schlumberger array with electrode spacing (AB/2) ranging from 1 to
150m. Three geoelectric layers (Top layer, weathered layer, and fresh basement) were delineated along all
traverses and a suspected fractured basement along traverse three .The Self Potential (SP) measurements were
carried out at 5m electrode separation employing the total fixed base array. SP profiles were generated which
show anomalies with short negative amplitudes some of which coincides with the spring zone. From the
geophysical investigation, the spring is suspected to be fault induced but cannot be recommended for
groundwater development due to the thin overburden and the low fracture density of the basement.
Groundwater prospecting and Aquifer Delineation using Vertical Electrical Sou...iosrjce
A total of twenty seven (27) vertical electrical soundings (VES) where carried out on the basement
complex area of Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano with a spread of 40m-45m adopted. The results
obtained revealed three to four geo-electric layers of the subsurface. The third weathered basement and a forth
fractured basement rock constitutes the Aquiferous water bearing layers with resistivity ranges from 6Ωm -
265Ωm respectively with average thickness of 19m and 15m respectively. The result shows the weathered
regolith to be thicker than the fractured bedrock layer; average depth range of boreholes in the area is between
30m-35m while the average static water levels in dug wells is 8.3m. It is highly recommended that a spread of
between 75-85m be used in the future and also the use of EM method to locate deep fractures as important in
maximizing the borehole yield.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
Developing Conceptual Aquifer Geometry, Structural Geological Control and Pos...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Determination of Thickness of Overburden in Basement Area Using Schlumberger ...iosrjce
The overburden thickness of Abuja (Lat. 70
12´N – 9
0 30´ N and Long. 50
24´E- 7
0
19´E)
has been estimated. The geophysical method used was the electrical resistivity and the electrodes
array was Schlumberger type. The equipment utilized were four electrodes, hammer, four reels of
wires, crocodile clips, measuring tape, global positioning systems(GPS) and a terrameter. The survey
was carried out in two locations and the average resistivity values of the first four geoelectrical layers
were from the surface, 590 Ωm, 1800 Ωm, 1900 Ωm and 760 Ωm. These layers were interpreted as
probably top soil, laterite, weathered basement rock and fairly weathered basement rock. The
average thickness of the overburden was found to be 5.43m
Integrated Geophysical Investigation of a Suspected Spring in Igbokoran, Ikar...iosrjce
An integrated geophysical investigation involving self potential (SP), very low frequency
electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and electrical resistivity methods (VES) were conducted around a suspected spring
in Igbokoran, Ikare Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria in other to understand the nature of the spring as well as
evaluate the feasibility of ground water development in the area. Three geophysical traverses of length 240m
each were established in the study area in approximately E-W direction. VLF-EM measurements with station
spacing of 10m was used as reconnaissance to delineate conductive zones between 70-160m along traverse 1,
80-170 m along traverse 2 and 60-180m along traverse 3.This was then followed by a total of six (6) VES
stations along traverses 2 and 3 using the Schlumberger array with electrode spacing (AB/2) ranging from 1 to
150m. Three geoelectric layers (Top layer, weathered layer, and fresh basement) were delineated along all
traverses and a suspected fractured basement along traverse three .The Self Potential (SP) measurements were
carried out at 5m electrode separation employing the total fixed base array. SP profiles were generated which
show anomalies with short negative amplitudes some of which coincides with the spring zone. From the
geophysical investigation, the spring is suspected to be fault induced but cannot be recommended for
groundwater development due to the thin overburden and the low fracture density of the basement.
Groundwater prospecting and Aquifer Delineation using Vertical Electrical Sou...iosrjce
A total of twenty seven (27) vertical electrical soundings (VES) where carried out on the basement
complex area of Kumbotso Local Government Area of Kano with a spread of 40m-45m adopted. The results
obtained revealed three to four geo-electric layers of the subsurface. The third weathered basement and a forth
fractured basement rock constitutes the Aquiferous water bearing layers with resistivity ranges from 6Ωm -
265Ωm respectively with average thickness of 19m and 15m respectively. The result shows the weathered
regolith to be thicker than the fractured bedrock layer; average depth range of boreholes in the area is between
30m-35m while the average static water levels in dug wells is 8.3m. It is highly recommended that a spread of
between 75-85m be used in the future and also the use of EM method to locate deep fractures as important in
maximizing the borehole yield.
Integrated Geophysical Studies Over Parts of Central Cross River State for th...iosrjce
A total of 71 Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out using Schlumberger electrode
configuration for the evaluation of groundwater potential in parts of central Cross River State, Nigeria.
Interpretation of data showed three to six geoelectric layers. Productive shallow and deep aquifer zones were
identified at depths of 60 m and 150 m respectively, corresponding to a resistivity range of 100-500 Ωm for
shallow aquifers and 1000-2500 Ωm for deep aquifers respectively. The lithologic data of the aquifers revealed
sand/sandstone and very coarsed grained sand/fractured basement, respectively. Seismic refraction survey was
also carried out within the same study area for the foundation study of rocks. The studies revealed an average
thickness of 4.5 m (probably sand/clay) and 10.0 m (probably gravelly sand/shale) for the first and second
layers respectively. The range of velocities for the first three layers are 602 m/s to 960 m/s, 378 m/s to 2,424 m/s
and 1,587 m/s to 5,368 m/s, respectively, indicating that the soils in the area are not homogeneous. It is inferred
from the relative high values of calculated elastic constants in most of the locations, that the soils are well
consolidated and as such suitable for large engineering construction in such locations, while in the rest of the
locations the soils are considered unconsolidated and unsuitable for large construction work due to the relative
low values of the elastic constants.
Developing Conceptual Aquifer Geometry, Structural Geological Control and Pos...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Geotechnical Investigation of Soil around Arawa-Kundulum Area of Gombe Town, ...iosrjce
This Project work involves the investigation of soil at Arawa- Kundulum area in Gombe town of
North Eastern Nigeria. The study area is a newly developing part of Gombe town but has been defaced by
cracks on buildings, and this calls for appropriate geotechnical investigation of soils of the area. Soil samples
were collected from eight (8) different locations within the study area. At each trial pit, four (4) samples were
collected at intervals of 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m and 2.0m depths below ground level and were investigated for their
Geotechnical properties with a view to classifying for their suitability or otherwise for infrastructural
development. The geotechnical tests carried out on these samples include: Natural moisture content, Specific
gravity, Physico-chemical tests, Particle size distribution (Sieve analysis), Atterberg limits and Compaction
tests. All these tests were carried out using the BS 1377, (1990) Parts 1 - 9 specification. Based on the test
results obtained from the study area, comparison were made with some standard specifications and it was
revealed that the soil samples are clayey soils which are unsuitable for most engineering construction because
they have poor bearing capacities. However from the investigation above, the main geotechnical problems that
affect design and engineering structures are found to be presence of expansive soil composed of silt and clay
with high plasticity index. This soil is therefore not recommended for Engineering purposes. In the event of
siting a building project, the soil should be stabilized before embarking on the project
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Evaluation of Structural Geology of Jabal OmarIJERD Editor
The proposed Jabal Omar Development project includes several multi-storey buildings, roads, bridges and below ground structures. Dykes and joints are the most common geological features in the area; they vary in thickness and orientation. The spacing between adjacent discontinuities largely control the size of individual blocks of rock masses which govern the stability of rock structures. The shearing and faulting system normally associated with tectonic movement making the area very weak, highly weathered and unstable. All Structural geological units analyzed using stereographic projection
Subsurface Models of Abitumen-Rich Area near Ode-Irele, Southwestern Nigeria.iosrjce
Subsurface geophysical investigation around Looda village, near Ode-Irele was carried out with the
principal objective of evaluating the depth to the bituminous sand and its thickness with a view to suggesting
better environmentally compatible exploitation technique.Electrical resistivity survey using the Schlumberger
array was employed to generate subsurface models. 13 VES points along three (3) traverses were established in
the study area with manual curve matching followed by Computer iteration of the vertical electrical sounding
(VES) data. A careful study of the results, together with the knowledge of the Stratigraphy of the area was used
to develop the subsurface models.Two distinct models were generated. The first model generated is
characterised by a thin top soil (less than 1m thick) comprising the overburden underlain by dry sand (1.0m -
4.6m thick) which overlies bituminous sand horizon (6m -19m thick). This horizon is underlain by sandy silty
clay. The second model generated is defined by top soil (0.5m -1.8m thick) underlain by bituminous sand
horizon (2.5m -14.8m thick) which overlies saturated sand (1.9-11.3m thick). A fairly impervious sandy silty
clay layer underlies this aquifer.Huge deposit of heavy oil sand with thickness ranging from about 2.5m to
19.0m was observed between a depth of about 0.5m and 5.4m in the study area. This depth is relatively shallow
andcan be exploited preferably by open cast mining. However, precaution must be taken to prevent burst out
and contamination of the aquifer sandwiched between the bituminous sand and sandy clay horizons in some
locations during exploitation.
Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones through Electrical Resistivity Par...iosrjce
This study motivated to determine electrical resistivity parameters of Osmania University campus
area which is underlain by granitic terrain. A total 103 Vertical Electrical Soundings were conducted with
maximum electrode spacing of 150m, the results reveals four subsurface geoelectrical layers, the top soil layer
of variable resisitivity value between 11.2 Ωm to 599 Ωm whose maximum thickness is 0.75 m to 8.46 m. The
highly weathered second layer resistivity value varing from 1.72 Ωm to 1800 Ωm, thickness is 0.12 m to 36.6m.
The third fractured layer indicated by resistivity value of 16.3 to 460 Ωm and thickness is 4.9 m to 87.4 m. The
groundwater potentials of the area are evalueted based on the Longitudinal Conductance (S), Transverse
Resistance (T), Coefficient of Electrical Anisotropy (λ), Resistivity for the Formation ( ), Reflection
Coefficient ( ) and Resistivity Contrast ( ), Locations where weathered layer thickness > 25 m and of a low
clay content as indicated by the resistivity range < 60 Ωm value is categorized to be the area of highs
groundwater potentials
Integrated ERT and Magnetic Surveys in a Mineralization Zone in Erkowit - Red...IJERA Editor
The present study focus on integrated geophysical surveys carried out in the mineralization zone in Erkowit region, Eastern Sudan to determine the extensions of the potential ore deposits on the topographically high hilly area and under the cover of alluvium along the nearby wadi and to locate other occurrences if any. The magnetic method (MAG) and the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were employed for the survey. Eleven traverses were aligned approximately at right angles to the general strike of the rock formations. The disseminated sulfides are located on the alteration shear zone which is composed of granitic and dioritic highly ferruginated rock occupying the southwestern and central parts of the area, this was confirmed using thin and polished sections mineralogical analysis. The magnetic data indicates low magnetic values for wadi sedimentary deposits in its southern part of the area, and high anomalies which are suspected as gossans due to magnetite formed during wall rock alteration consequent to mineralization. The significant ERT imagesdefinelow resistivity zone as traced as sheared zones which may associated with the main loci of ore deposition. The study designates that correlation of magnetic and ERT anomalies with lithology are extremely useful in mineral exploration due to variations in some specific physical properties of rocks.
Subsurface 2D Image Analyses of the Uyangha Basement Area, South-Eastern NigeriaIOSR Journals
Geo-electric soundings were made in Stella Maris Secondary School, in Uyangha, Nigeria to image
the subsurface and obtain thicknesses and resistivities of different layers. A quantitative interpretation of the
data obtained clearly reveals the presence of four (4) geo-electric sections which are interpreted to be dry
laterite, moist laterite, weathered basement, and saturated basement. The depth probed is about 100m. The
saturated basement is the aquifer unit. Depth to aquifer unit in the area is at about 65m to 80m.The thickness of
the aquifer unit ranges from 20m to 35m. For ground water exploitation, boreholes in the area should therefore
be drilled to the depth of 91m, for reasonable groundwater yield. The lateritic layer makes the study area
suitable for building construction in the area.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Determination of Thickness of Aquifer with Vertical Electrical Sounding iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Geotechnical Investigation of Soil around Arawa-Kundulum Area of Gombe Town, ...iosrjce
This Project work involves the investigation of soil at Arawa- Kundulum area in Gombe town of
North Eastern Nigeria. The study area is a newly developing part of Gombe town but has been defaced by
cracks on buildings, and this calls for appropriate geotechnical investigation of soils of the area. Soil samples
were collected from eight (8) different locations within the study area. At each trial pit, four (4) samples were
collected at intervals of 0.5m, 1.0m, 1.5m and 2.0m depths below ground level and were investigated for their
Geotechnical properties with a view to classifying for their suitability or otherwise for infrastructural
development. The geotechnical tests carried out on these samples include: Natural moisture content, Specific
gravity, Physico-chemical tests, Particle size distribution (Sieve analysis), Atterberg limits and Compaction
tests. All these tests were carried out using the BS 1377, (1990) Parts 1 - 9 specification. Based on the test
results obtained from the study area, comparison were made with some standard specifications and it was
revealed that the soil samples are clayey soils which are unsuitable for most engineering construction because
they have poor bearing capacities. However from the investigation above, the main geotechnical problems that
affect design and engineering structures are found to be presence of expansive soil composed of silt and clay
with high plasticity index. This soil is therefore not recommended for Engineering purposes. In the event of
siting a building project, the soil should be stabilized before embarking on the project
Geotechnical Investigation for Design and Construction of Civil Infrastructur...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Evaluation of Structural Geology of Jabal OmarIJERD Editor
The proposed Jabal Omar Development project includes several multi-storey buildings, roads, bridges and below ground structures. Dykes and joints are the most common geological features in the area; they vary in thickness and orientation. The spacing between adjacent discontinuities largely control the size of individual blocks of rock masses which govern the stability of rock structures. The shearing and faulting system normally associated with tectonic movement making the area very weak, highly weathered and unstable. All Structural geological units analyzed using stereographic projection
Subsurface Models of Abitumen-Rich Area near Ode-Irele, Southwestern Nigeria.iosrjce
Subsurface geophysical investigation around Looda village, near Ode-Irele was carried out with the
principal objective of evaluating the depth to the bituminous sand and its thickness with a view to suggesting
better environmentally compatible exploitation technique.Electrical resistivity survey using the Schlumberger
array was employed to generate subsurface models. 13 VES points along three (3) traverses were established in
the study area with manual curve matching followed by Computer iteration of the vertical electrical sounding
(VES) data. A careful study of the results, together with the knowledge of the Stratigraphy of the area was used
to develop the subsurface models.Two distinct models were generated. The first model generated is
characterised by a thin top soil (less than 1m thick) comprising the overburden underlain by dry sand (1.0m -
4.6m thick) which overlies bituminous sand horizon (6m -19m thick). This horizon is underlain by sandy silty
clay. The second model generated is defined by top soil (0.5m -1.8m thick) underlain by bituminous sand
horizon (2.5m -14.8m thick) which overlies saturated sand (1.9-11.3m thick). A fairly impervious sandy silty
clay layer underlies this aquifer.Huge deposit of heavy oil sand with thickness ranging from about 2.5m to
19.0m was observed between a depth of about 0.5m and 5.4m in the study area. This depth is relatively shallow
andcan be exploited preferably by open cast mining. However, precaution must be taken to prevent burst out
and contamination of the aquifer sandwiched between the bituminous sand and sandy clay horizons in some
locations during exploitation.
Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones through Electrical Resistivity Par...iosrjce
This study motivated to determine electrical resistivity parameters of Osmania University campus
area which is underlain by granitic terrain. A total 103 Vertical Electrical Soundings were conducted with
maximum electrode spacing of 150m, the results reveals four subsurface geoelectrical layers, the top soil layer
of variable resisitivity value between 11.2 Ωm to 599 Ωm whose maximum thickness is 0.75 m to 8.46 m. The
highly weathered second layer resistivity value varing from 1.72 Ωm to 1800 Ωm, thickness is 0.12 m to 36.6m.
The third fractured layer indicated by resistivity value of 16.3 to 460 Ωm and thickness is 4.9 m to 87.4 m. The
groundwater potentials of the area are evalueted based on the Longitudinal Conductance (S), Transverse
Resistance (T), Coefficient of Electrical Anisotropy (λ), Resistivity for the Formation ( ), Reflection
Coefficient ( ) and Resistivity Contrast ( ), Locations where weathered layer thickness > 25 m and of a low
clay content as indicated by the resistivity range < 60 Ωm value is categorized to be the area of highs
groundwater potentials
Integrated ERT and Magnetic Surveys in a Mineralization Zone in Erkowit - Red...IJERA Editor
The present study focus on integrated geophysical surveys carried out in the mineralization zone in Erkowit region, Eastern Sudan to determine the extensions of the potential ore deposits on the topographically high hilly area and under the cover of alluvium along the nearby wadi and to locate other occurrences if any. The magnetic method (MAG) and the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were employed for the survey. Eleven traverses were aligned approximately at right angles to the general strike of the rock formations. The disseminated sulfides are located on the alteration shear zone which is composed of granitic and dioritic highly ferruginated rock occupying the southwestern and central parts of the area, this was confirmed using thin and polished sections mineralogical analysis. The magnetic data indicates low magnetic values for wadi sedimentary deposits in its southern part of the area, and high anomalies which are suspected as gossans due to magnetite formed during wall rock alteration consequent to mineralization. The significant ERT imagesdefinelow resistivity zone as traced as sheared zones which may associated with the main loci of ore deposition. The study designates that correlation of magnetic and ERT anomalies with lithology are extremely useful in mineral exploration due to variations in some specific physical properties of rocks.
Subsurface 2D Image Analyses of the Uyangha Basement Area, South-Eastern NigeriaIOSR Journals
Geo-electric soundings were made in Stella Maris Secondary School, in Uyangha, Nigeria to image
the subsurface and obtain thicknesses and resistivities of different layers. A quantitative interpretation of the
data obtained clearly reveals the presence of four (4) geo-electric sections which are interpreted to be dry
laterite, moist laterite, weathered basement, and saturated basement. The depth probed is about 100m. The
saturated basement is the aquifer unit. Depth to aquifer unit in the area is at about 65m to 80m.The thickness of
the aquifer unit ranges from 20m to 35m. For ground water exploitation, boreholes in the area should therefore
be drilled to the depth of 91m, for reasonable groundwater yield. The lateritic layer makes the study area
suitable for building construction in the area.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Determination of Thickness of Aquifer with Vertical Electrical Sounding iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Seismic Refraction Survey for Groundwater Potentials of Northern Paiko Area. ...iosrjce
This paper titled Seismic Refraction Survey for Groundwater Potentials of Southern Paiko Area.
Niger State, Nigeria, employs the service of seismic refraction survey method. A twelve-channel seistronix was
used for the data collection. The profiles were marked at 100 m intervals, while the profiles lines traversed
1000 m (1km). A Total of 44 spreads were shot. Data were collected, Time – distance (T-S) graphs were plotted
using matrix laboratory software, velocities of the underlying layers obtained and depths to the refractor layer
computed and geologic cross sections were obtained. The results obtained gave an overview of the lateral
variation in the lithological changes of the subsurface earth materials in the surveyed area. The basement
surface varied in depth, from 10.16 m to a maximum of 14.80 m. weathered layer velocities ranging from 809
m/s to 3612 m/s and consolidated layer velocities varying between 2858 m/s to 9696 m/s. Four shot points were
delineated as aquifer potentials of the area having depth to refractor varying between 13.70 m and 14.80 m with
overburden velocities ranging from 1940 m/s to 3462 m/s. The rock materials identified in the surveyed area are
chiefly sand, saturated clay, gravel, gneiss, igneous rock and granite.
Geoelectrical and Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater for Potability in E...Premier Publishers
Geoelectrical and hydrochemical investigations were carried in order to determine the potentials and quality of groundwater in Ebonyi North, Southeastern Nigeria. These methods were also selected to determine their economy and accuracy compared to seismic method. Fifteen (15) vertical electric sounding (VES) survey were conducted using the Schlumberger configuration in order to evaluate the character of the aquifers in the studied locations while twelve (12) groundwater samples were collected from boreholes for hydrochemical analysis. Geoelectric sections derived from modelling of the VES data with the interpex IX1D software reveal 3 to 5 subsurface layers. The lithologic succession comprises of topsoil, lateritic clay, partially weathered, weathered and fractured Asu River shale. The weathered and fractured layers constituted the productive water bearing or aquiferous zones of good groundwater potentials. Hydrochemical analysis of groundwater samples reveals that the pH range from 7.8 to 8.8, electrical conductivity from 10.0 to 1754.00 μS/cm, total dissolved solid from 10.0 to 786.0 mg/l and total hardness from 14.0 to 271.0 mg/l. The analytical results present the concentration of the ions in the following order: Mg > Ca > Na > K and Cl > SO4 >HCO3> NO3 > CO3. Piper trilinear diagram reveals only one water type, with Ca and Cl as the major dominant ions. The major ions concentrations are within recommended standard for drinking, hence the groundwater from the area is suitable for drinking and domestic purposes.
Groundwater Studies in Abakaliki Using Electrical Resistivity Methodiosrjce
Electrical resistivity survey was carried out to investigate the groundwater potential of Abakaliki
urban, a sedimentary area with the oldest Cretaceous rocks (sandstones and shales) which are of Albian age.
The equipment used for the survey include, ABEM terrameter (SAS, 300C), four electrodes, hammer, four reels
of wires, connecting cords, measuring tapes and global positioning system. The survey was carried out in three
different locations. The field layout employed was the schlumberger array. The result of the survey shows that
the average resistivities are 1337.06m for the first layer, 5914. 34m for the second layer, 1277. 59m for
the third layer, 189. 65m for the fourth layer and 695.78m for the fifth layer with probable lithologic
interpretations as lateritic over-burden for the first layer, ferruginised and highly compact clay stone (dry) for
second layer, fissile dry shale, splintery shale(wet) and saturated and pyritised silty shale (wet) for the other
three layers, respectively. The result indicates that potential groundwater would likely be located in the fourth
layer in the study area.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Electrical Resistivity Survey Forground Water At Eye Zheba Village, Off Bida ...iosrjce
The paper titled “Electrical Resistivity survey for ground water” at EL-HALAL Farms, covered an
area of about 10km2
, located at Eye Zheba village along Minna-Bida Road, located on latitude 60
.001
and 6
0
7
1
West and longitude 90
3
1
and 9.101 North. As a result of water problem in Bida and its environs, the people living
in this environment suffered a lot due to lack of portable drinking water and water for domestic use. A
Geophysical survey carried out, employed the schlumberger Array method in which current were sent beneath
the earth surfaces, this was done at various points and the data collected. The area revealed three lithological
formations in some places while in some place five. With the lowest resistivty found to be 6.85 Ωm and the
highest resistivity was 12,774.46 Ωm. The lithotogical formation includes the sandstones, clayey sandstones,
sandy clay and ferruginised sandstone. Since this is a sedimentary area drilling is expected to be deep down to a
depth of about 70-75m
Twelve vertical electrical soundings, VES, were carried out in parts of Abua in northwestern part of Rivers State in the sedimentary basin of the Niger delta of Nigeria, to determine the overburden layering and infer the aquifer depth/thickness and probable safe structural foundation depths in the region. The Schlumberger array method was employed using an ABEM 300B Terrameter and maximum current electrode spread of 400 m. The computed apparent resistivity field log values were plotted against the current electrode spreads and interpreted with IPWIN 2 and Sulphure 8 software to obtain the overburden thickness/depth, resistivity and the isopach map and then infer the subsoil layering thickness including potential aquifer zones within the depths of investigation in the area. The curve types revealed that three and four geoelectric sections were penetrated by the survey array with overburden thickness ranging from 4.2 m in Elok community to 91.7 m in Ilghom community. Potential aquifers with variable thickness from 5 to 60 m at depths of from 4.5 m and below the earth surface were identified. The subsurface soils types can support structural foundations from depths of 1.0 m and below the earth surface based on the type of building/engineering structures.
Application of Very Low Frequency- Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) Method to Map Fra...theijes
Geophysical survey involving very low frequency electromagnetic technique was applied to investigate possible geologic features like fractured / conductive zones in Auchi and its environs in Edo state, Southwestern Nigeria. The study area is located within latitudes 7o 05’ N.to 7o 10’N. and longitudes 6 o 11’E to 6o 22’E The geologic Formations outcroping in the area are mainly Ajali and Nsukka. Three profiles were taken along the roads from Auchi to Igara, Auchi to Fugar and Auchi to Uloke using Abem Wadi Terrameter. Plots of the profiles were carried out using computer software (Excel) and contouring using Surfer 10 to delineate the fractured/conductive zones. The values range from 0.3 to 22.5 Siemens. Areas of low conductivity values indicate highly massive resistive rocks while Areas of high conductivity indicates the sedimentary terrain/ host rock or mineralized zones. The area is sparsely (few) fractured. Along profile A, two fractured zones were identified with conductivity values of 7.6 to16.8 Siemens between 100m(7.146oN,6.195oE) to 400m (7.150oN, 6.200oE) and 420m to 460m with conductivity value range of 11.0 to 22.5 Siemens. For profile B, one fractured zone was identified and a stretch of massive intrusive from 7.099oN and 7.102oN and 6.357oE to 6.364oE, with conductivity range of 0.9 – 5.2 Siemens at points 400m and 520m – 1000m. Profile C has identifiable fractured zones at 900m – 1100m with conductivity of (35 – 50) Siemens. The intrusive/ host rock conductivity values of (0.3 – 8.7) Siemens located at 380m to 880m 7.156oN and 6.308oE, 1100m to 2000m, 7.148oN and 6.3295oE. A total of five conductive zones were observed.
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Structurally failed dam a case study of cham dam, north-eastern nigeria
1. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
151
Structurally Failed Dam: A Case Study of Cham Dam, North-
Eastern Nigeria
Caleb A. Tabwassah1
Adeyinka Olasehinde2*
Miranda N. Mboringong2
and Abdulmalik Sulaiman2
1
Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority, Yola.
2
Department of Geology, Gombe State University, Gombe.
*yinka516@gmail.com
Abstract
A geophysical investigation involving Shlumberger vertical electrical sounding (VES) profiling was conducted
on a failed dam in Cham area, Upper Benue Trough, North eastern Nigeria. The raw VES data were used to
prepare apparent resistivity curve, pseudosection and the geoelectric section along considered six VES points.
The study indicates the subsurface as remarkably in-homogeneous in geologic composition. The geologic layers
are defined by variable combination of siltstone, shally-clay, claystone, shale and clay which constitute the
subsurface. The investigation indicated displacement at depth which correlates well with the failed segment of
the dam. It is concluded from the study that the dam under investigation probably failed on account of
displacement along suspected weak zones.
Keywords: Geophysical, Shlumberger VES, Dam, Displacement
Introduction
An adequate assessment of geologic and geotechnical conditions of the proposed site is imperative for a safe
dam design and construction. The geologic and geotechnical problems range from foundation defects caused by
inadequate investigation to internal erosion through the embankment. Each dam site may have its own unique set
of geologic and geotechnical challenges since the design requirements are different for dams of different size,
purpose and hazard potential classification (Ferguson,1992 and Coduto,1999.). Standard engineering practice
requires investigation of the soil and the subsurface at sites chosen for engineering construction(s) (Olorunfemi
et al 2000, 2005; Oladapo-Adeoye and Oladapo Ilesanmi 2011. The Geophysical and Geotechnical
Investigation of Cham Failed Dam Project (Tabwassah and Obiefuna, 2012) prompted the study and examination
the subsurface structural geologic condition of the failed dam in September 1998 after commissioning in
December 1992. This would help in adding voice to standard engineering practice.
Physiography and Geology
The area is generally rugged undulating and dissected by numerous streams and rivers. The area is
predominantly hilly prominent among them are the Cham hills, Nyiwar hills (1900m above mean sea level). The
low land areas are composed of black cotton soils (product of weathered shale). The drainage pattern is generally
dendritic network of streams and rivers. Prominent among the streams are; the Lafiya, Yolde and Cham Streams
all flowing in a Southerly direction. The cretaceous Benue Trough of Nigeria is an intracratonic, intercontinental
basin that stretches for about 1000m in length oriented NE-SW and uncomformably resting on the Precambrian
Basement (Carter et al 1963, Benkhelil and Robineau, 1983, Benkhelil, 1989). Stratigraphically the upper Benue
Trough comprises of two sub basins namely the Gombe and Lau sub Basins or the Gongola and Yola arms
(Figure 1) represented by thick sequence of cretaceous sediments. The Lau Sub Basin of the upper Benue is
stratigraphically underlain by continental and marine Cretaceous Aptian–Early Santonian deposits. The Bima
sandstone is the oldest sedimentary sequence in the entire Benue Trough and was deposited under continental
condition and is intercalated with carbonaceous clays, shale’s and mudstones. The CenomanianYolde Formation
lies conformably on the Bima Sandstone which represents marine incursion into this part of Benue Trough, and
was deposited in a transitional/coastal marine environment. The Yolde is overlain by Lower Turonian marine
Dukkul Formation.The Dukkul represents marine Formation which overlies the Yolde directly. It is composed of
limestone, marlstone, mudstone and shale. The Jessu overlies the Dukkul Formation which consists of shale,
siltstone, mudstone and Sandstones. The Cenomanian sequences are (sekuliye, Numanha and Lamja sandstones
and Tertiary Basalts. The geological map of the study area is represented in figure 2
Materials and Method
Geophysical survey was carried out on the site. Vertical Electrical resistivity soundings were undertaken using
ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter by means of the Schlumberger system of electrodes arrangement. The points have
a maximum electrodes separation of AB/2 equals 160m. This type of electrode configuration has been used
World Wide with satisfactory results. The method of electrical sounding furnishes detail information on the
vertical succession of different conducting zones and their individual thickness and true resistivity. For this
2. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
152
reason, the method is particularly valuable for nearly horizontal stratified ground. Seven VES stations were
conducted along a profile that runs E-W about 1200 metres along the failed structure. This orientation was
chosen in conformity with the W-E direction of the failed segment. The length of the traverse VES stations were
determined by the length of the embankment about 1200metres and station interval of 200metres was adopted.
The contoured apparent resistivity pseudo section was produced from plots of VES points against electrode
spacing. The pseudo section was generated using IP12WIN Computer interpretation software. The curves were
interpreted qualitatively through visual inspection and quantitatively using 1XD RESIX and IP12WIN Computer
interpretation software’s simultaneously. Interpreted results were used to construct geo-electric section from the
layered parameter.
Results and Discussion
The field curves show three, four and five to six layers case (Fig.3-8). The sounding curves are H, HK, KHK and
HKH types. The geoelectrical section of the survey area, and the resistivity contoured map covering a total
horizontal distance of 1200m are presented in Figures 9-12 respectively. The area is underlain by shalely- clay
and top soil to an average depth of 35m, and a siltstone bed extend to an unknown depth around VES 1, this is
approximately similar to those of VES 2 and 3, while VES 4, is an array of chronologic lateritic dark clay to
friable shale which extend to about 35m, this is immediately underlain by probable silty shale to muddy shale to
an unknown depth below. VES 5 is characterized by abrupt high resistivity which indicates that siltstone out
crops from about 50m to about 1.5m to the surface, this point is characterized by abrupt fall in resistivity
between the depths of 10-25m; this represents a probable displacement (fault). VES 6 is characterized by shallow
beds of siltstone at 1.5m to 45m, this is however cross cut by a minor fault between depths 35-45m. The
Resistivity Contour Map of the same area from which the profile of the study area was plotted (Figure10),
clearly indicates displacement at depth along VES 3 to 6. It shows that the western part of the studied area with
reference to the starting point is underlain by high resistivity rocks at shallow depth of 1-40m.
The shape of this resistivity curves is related to the subsurface geology of the entire surveyed area. This show
that moderate resistivity rocks occurs between 0-200m horizontally. This represents low resistivity rocks
between the ranges of clay to shalely rocks. The resistivity increases steadily between 400m and 1000m
horizontally, with its highest peak at approximately 700m horizontal distance, showing the existence of hard
rocks from approximately 7m depth. Between 400m and 1200m, is shallow depth of higher resistivity rocks,
these ranges in vertical depth from 1.5m to approximately 40m down the subsurface. The major (Figure 11)
displacements are observed at depth 48m in VES1, 45m at VES 2 and between VES 2 and 3 at 25m depth and
VES 6 at depth 53m down the subsurface. The table1 is a summary of events on the geoelectrical section of
Cham dam axis.
Conclusion
Geophysical investigation involving Shlumberger (VES) was carried out on the dam in Cham area. Six VES
stations were occupied. The VES survey identified four sounding curves namely, H, HK, KHK and HKH. The
interpretation results of these curves delineated major four geologic units: siltstone, shally-clay, claystone, shale
and clay. Resistivity along embankment indicated displacements. It could be concluded from the study that the
dam under investigation failed on account of displacement along suspected weak zones. This gives credence to
proper investigation of sites chosen for engineering construction(s).
References
Benkhelil J, and Robineau B (1983). Le fosse de la Benoue est il um rift? Centre Rech Eplor Prod Elf Aquitaine
Bull7:315–321
Benkhelil J(1989)The origin and evolution of the Cretaceous Benue Trough, Nigeria. J Afr Earth Sci 8:251–282
Carter, J.D, Barber W, Tait E.A, Jones G.P (1963.) The geology of parts of Adamawa, Bauchi and Borno
Provinces in Northeastern Nigeria. Geol Surv Niger Bull 30:108 pp
Coduto, D.P (1999). Geotechnical Engineering: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall Inc. Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey 07458.
Ferguson, C.C (1992). The statistical basis for spatial sampling of contaminated land, in: Ground Eng., 25 (1).
Oladapo-Adeoye O.O and Oladapo Ilesanmi M.(2011): Geolelectric Investigation of Owuruwuru dam site, Ikere
Ekiti, Southwestern Nigeria. Journ. Geol. Min. Research. Vol 3(12) pp 325-340
Olorunfemi M.O, Ojo JS, Sonuga F, Ajayi O, Oladapo M.I (2000a).Geoelectrical and Electromagnetic
Investigation of the Failed Koza and Nasarawa Earth Dams Around Katsina, Northern Nigeria. J. Mining
Geol., 36(1): 51 - 65.
Olorunfemi, M.O., Ojo, J.S., Idornigie, A.I, and Oyetoran, W.E.(2005): Geophysical investigation of structurally
failure of a factory site in Asaba Area, southern Nigerian. Journ.Min and Geol. Vol 41. No.1 pp111-121
3. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
153
Samaila, N.K, Dike, E.F.C., Obaje, N.G.,(2008): Microstructure in the Cretaceous Bima Sandstone, Upper
Benue Trough, N.E. Nigeria: Implication for hydrocarbon migration. Journ. Of Afri. Earth Sci.Vol 50. p6-
15
Tabwassah, C.A and Obiefuna, G.I (2012): Geophysical and Geotechnical Investigation of Cham Failed Dam
Project,NE Nigeria. Res Journ of Recent Sci. Vol. 1(2), 1-18
Table 1.Geo-electrical section of Cham dam axis
VES Horizontal
Distance
(1:200m)
1st
layer
Top
soil
2nd
layer
Shale/
Shally
clay
(m)
Interbedi
ng layers
of
Mudston
e
3rd
layer
Siltstone
1
(m)
Interbeding
layers of
Siltstone 2
(m)
Displace
ment at
depth
Horizontal
position of
displacemen
t
(m)
01 0 0 - 4 4 – 40 - 40 – 55 48 140
02 0-200 0 - 2 2 – 33 - 36 – 53 36 – 53 37 340
03 200-400 0 - 2 2 – 24 - 24 – 53 32 500
04 400-600 0 - 1 10 –21 - 21 – 43 -
05 600-800 0 - 3 4 – 19 - 19 – 46 - 3 1120
06 800-1000 0 - 4 4 – 10 - 10 – 29 - 47 1200
Figure 1. Stratigraphic succession of the Upper Benue Trough (after Samaila et al 2008)
4. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
154
1 10 100 1000
1
10
100
Cham01
ApparentResistivity(ohm-m)
Spacing(m)
0.1 1 10 100
0.1
1
10
100
Depth(m)
Resistivity(ohm-m)
Figure 3: Resistivity Curve of VES 01
Figure 2: Geologic map of the Cham dam
10. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
160
Figure 9: Resistivity contour map along Cham dam embankment
Figure10: Sub-surface resistivity profile along embankment
11. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online)
Vol. 3, No.7, 2013
161
Figure11. Geoelectrical section of Cham dam axis (subsurface layers)
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