Seismic reflection method can delineate very complex geological structures hence it might be very
effective for detecting the presence of Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) deposits. Despite this superior
attributes, there exist a real problem for exploration beyond the immediate vicinity of a known deposit. All
previous studies have focused upon high resolution detection of mineralization and the hosting structures at
mine scale. No argument for “regional” exploration have been proposed probably because a cost benefit
analysis has never be conducted at such scale to proceed with such exploration venture. In this study, we
analyze the feasibility of such regional exploration by modelling a Vulcan IOCGU deposit scenario were a 2D
seismic survey with relatively sparse source-receiver geometry was used to detect the presence of a possible
intrusive package within 2km depth range. The modelling results demonstrates that seismic reflection method
using 10m geophones and 20m shot spacing can be used to image deposit within the depth of 2km. The
presence of reflections was visibly observed especially at the edges of intrusive packages hence it is suggested
that application of seismic reflection methods perhaps will remains the best alternative and most viable method
for exploring deep seated IOCG
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
PRIMARY GEOCHEMICAL HALOES IN PROSPECTING FOR GOLD DEPOSITS, UMM RUS MINE, EASTERN DESERT, EGYPT
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz veins which are commonly detected in some parts of level-279/ and level-487/. A stepwise discriminant analysis was used to reduce a number of potential pathfinder variables to an optimum group of pathfinder variables that differentiate between mineralized and unmineralized quartz vein samples.
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz vein
GOLD CONTENTS IN RELATION TO GEOMETRIC
FEATURES OF QUARTZ VEINS
overview of rock engineering. Historical monuments built from rocks, future in waste from nuclear power plants. application areas include mining, slope stabalisation.
KX36–rediscovering the diamond exploration potential of the central Kalahari ...James AH Campbell
KX36 Rediscovering the diamond exploration potential of the central Kalahari in Botswana.
A.J. Rogers*, T.G. Hough†, and J.M. Davidson*
Petra Diamonds, SAIMM July 2013
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
PRIMARY GEOCHEMICAL HALOES IN PROSPECTING FOR GOLD DEPOSITS, UMM RUS MINE, EASTERN DESERT, EGYPT
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz veins which are commonly detected in some parts of level-279/ and level-487/. A stepwise discriminant analysis was used to reduce a number of potential pathfinder variables to an optimum group of pathfinder variables that differentiate between mineralized and unmineralized quartz vein samples.
The estimated Au values in the Umm Rus deposit are found to be dependent, besides physico-chemical factors, on the dip angles of the housing fractures and the amount of wedging-out of the quartz veins. The highest values are anticipated in the thin-gently dipping quartz vein
GOLD CONTENTS IN RELATION TO GEOMETRIC
FEATURES OF QUARTZ VEINS
overview of rock engineering. Historical monuments built from rocks, future in waste from nuclear power plants. application areas include mining, slope stabalisation.
KX36–rediscovering the diamond exploration potential of the central Kalahari ...James AH Campbell
KX36 Rediscovering the diamond exploration potential of the central Kalahari in Botswana.
A.J. Rogers*, T.G. Hough†, and J.M. Davidson*
Petra Diamonds, SAIMM July 2013
Resource evaluation of the KX36 kimberlite, central BotswanaJames AH Campbell
Resource evaluation of the KX36 kimberlite, central Botswana.
M. T. Mokgaotsane,1* T. Hough,1 A. Rogers,2 and J. Davidson2
1Petra Diamonds Botswana (Pty) Ltd
2 Petra Diamonds SA (Pty) Ltd SAIMM 2015
This paper presents summation of twenty-one years investigation of the unique gold and diamondbearing
Agit Khangay and Khuree Mandal astropipes of Mongolia. These astropipe geostructures are as
selective examples amongst for four impact meteorite craters of Mongolia (Figure 1): Agit Khangay (10 km in
diameter, 470
38' N; 960
05' E), Khuree Mandal (D=11 km; 460
28' N; 980
25' E), Bayan Khuree (D=1 km; 440
06' N; 1090
36' E), and Tsenkher (D=7 km; 980
21' N; 430
36' E). The term “astropipes” [1] is a neologism and
new scientific discovery in Earth science and these geostructures are outlandish in certain aspects. Particularly
the Agit Khangay and Khuree Mandal astropipes are genuine “meteorite crater” geostructures but they also
contain kimberlite diamonds and gold. Suevite-like (agizite) rocks from the astropipes contain such minerals, as
coesite, stishovite, moissanite (0.6 mm), kamacite, tektite, khamravaevite (mineral of meteorite-titanic carbon),
graphite-2H, chondrite, picroilmenite, pyrope, phlogopite, khangaites (tektites, 1.0-3.0 mm in size), olivine, etc
[2]-[3]. Most panned samples and hand specimens contain fine diamonds with octahedral habit (0.2-0.5 mm,
6.4 mg or 0.034-0.1 carat) and gold (from 0.13 to 6.33-32.0 g/t). Of special interest is the larger number of the
black magnetic balls (0.05-5.0 mm) are characterized by high content of Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cd, Ga,
Cl, Al, Si, K. These described meteorite craters possess reliable topographic, geological, mineralogical,
geochemical, and aerospace mapping data, also some geophysical and petrological features (especially shock
metamorphism) have been found, all of which indicate that these geostructures are a proven new type of gold
and diamond-bearing impact geostructure, termed here “astropipes”. The essence of the phenomenon is
mantle-crust mix and fluidization of the combined nucleosynthesis-magmatic evolution-palingenesis interaction.
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
Geological Survey of South Australia | RIS2014 Broken Hill Industry PresentationSymposium
Geological Survey of South Australia -Industry presentation delivered at the 4th annual Resources Investment Symposium held in Broken Hill NSW Australia, 26-28 May 2014.
The Wadi Sikait Complex:
A Fertile- Post-Collisionl Granite-Pegmatite Suite, Eastern Desert, Egypt.
The Pan-African, Wadi Sikait Complex (WSC), in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt, is a late-tectonic, subsolvus strongly peraluminous, S-type, post-collisionl granite in the Sikait area that features an unambiguous genetic linkage with a proximal, zoned cluster of Be-, REE- and Nb-Ta bearing pegmatites (Abu Rusheid and Nugrus-Sikait area). The WSC is an arcuate belt of orthogneisses, migmatites and other high-grade metamorphic rocks, which mark the boundary between the central Eastern and the south Eastern Deserts of Egypt. The WSC consists of seven internal units (WSC-1 to -3 and PL-1 to -4) that range from chemically primitive biotite, garnet and sillimanite granites (WSC-1 and –2) to a highly evolved, tourmaline- and muscovite- bearing pegmatite granite facies (PL-1 to –4) locally containing endogenous emerald/beryl, molybdinite and cassiterite. Salient petrochemical attributes include A/CNK molar which varies from 1.15 to 1.75, a wide range of SiO2 (68.7-76.9%), high Al2O3 (14.1-16.0%), low CaO (<2.35%) and FeOt+MgO+TiO2 (0.36-6.62%), and with increasing fractionation, enrichment of Na2O, K2O, B, F, Be, Rb, Ga and Li, and depletion of Ba, Sr, Zr, REE and LREE. Strong fractionation is also revealed by Al/Ga (1370-6789), Ba/Rb (<0.01-12), Ca/Sr (21-201), K/Ba (19-9545), Mg/Li (4.26-1421), Na2O/K2O (0.21-34), (Ce/Yb)CN (0.89-83.25), and Eu/Eu* (<0.05-2.29). REE distribution patterns of rare-element pegmatites are lower in REE contents and flatter with prominent negative Eu anomaly than those of the related granites. The REE concentration and the (Ce/Yb)CN ratio decrease from the WSC-1 and -2 through PL-1 and -2 (fine-grained leucogranite) and PL-3 (pegmatitic leucogranite) to the PL-4 (potassic pegmatites).
Genesis of the strongly peraluminous, S-type granite and the associated rare-element pegmatite in the Sikait-Nugrus area is explained by a complex interplay of petrogenetic processes. Rare-elements and boron were previously concentrated in (wackes and mudstone) pelitic sediments deposited in large basins. These rocks underwent step-wise rock dehydration reactions involving muscovite and biotite, under fluid-absent conditions, and successively released these elements to anatectic melt. Rare-elements and volatiles were progressively concentrated via crystal-melt fractionation, the Harker trends of which were obscured by two stages of extraction of residual melt and by episodic, subsolidus redistribution via base-cation leaching. The late magmatic history of the WSC is marked by widespread exsolution of a volatile-rich phase, dispersion of a rare-element- F-B-Be-rich fluid along shear zones and ensuing emigration of rare-element-rich melt-fluid systems upward from the cupola, which led to the regionally zoned Sikait-Nugrus area
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Sedimentology and Geochemical Evaluation of Campano-Maastrichtian Sediments, ...Premier Publishers
The Cretaceous sediments in the Anambra Basin (SE Nigeria) consist of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty shales, siltstones and sandstones interpreted as deltaic deposits. Statistics reveals a graphic mean range from 1.5 to 2.8, sorting range from 0.45 to 1.58, skewness range from -0.58 to 0.32 and kurtosis between 0.38 and 2 for the Ajali Sandstone. From these results, the sandstones in the area are dominated by medium to coarse grains, poorly to moderately sorted, coarse skewed and very platykurtic sediments. Further sedimentological evaluation in six localities indicates fluvial-flood plain-marginally marine facies for the Mamu and Nsukka Formations and marine for the Nkporo and Enugu Shales. The geochemical evaluations show that total organic carbon (TOC) (8.95wt%) of the samples constitutes that of good to excellent source rock with oil, oil/gas, gas prones for kerogen types I, II/III, III indicated by Rock-Eval S2/S3 (9.13). The high oxygen index (OI) (42.61 mgCO2g-1TOC) suggest deposition in a shallow marine environment. The Tmax (430oC), indicate the immaturity to onset of maturity of these source rocks. Potential reservoir units occur in the fluvial sandstones of the Ajali Formation and in the marginal marine and flood plain sandstones of the Mamu Formation. The shales and claystones of the Nsukka and Imo Formations may provide regional seals.
Resource evaluation of the KX36 kimberlite, central BotswanaJames AH Campbell
Resource evaluation of the KX36 kimberlite, central Botswana.
M. T. Mokgaotsane,1* T. Hough,1 A. Rogers,2 and J. Davidson2
1Petra Diamonds Botswana (Pty) Ltd
2 Petra Diamonds SA (Pty) Ltd SAIMM 2015
This paper presents summation of twenty-one years investigation of the unique gold and diamondbearing
Agit Khangay and Khuree Mandal astropipes of Mongolia. These astropipe geostructures are as
selective examples amongst for four impact meteorite craters of Mongolia (Figure 1): Agit Khangay (10 km in
diameter, 470
38' N; 960
05' E), Khuree Mandal (D=11 km; 460
28' N; 980
25' E), Bayan Khuree (D=1 km; 440
06' N; 1090
36' E), and Tsenkher (D=7 km; 980
21' N; 430
36' E). The term “astropipes” [1] is a neologism and
new scientific discovery in Earth science and these geostructures are outlandish in certain aspects. Particularly
the Agit Khangay and Khuree Mandal astropipes are genuine “meteorite crater” geostructures but they also
contain kimberlite diamonds and gold. Suevite-like (agizite) rocks from the astropipes contain such minerals, as
coesite, stishovite, moissanite (0.6 mm), kamacite, tektite, khamravaevite (mineral of meteorite-titanic carbon),
graphite-2H, chondrite, picroilmenite, pyrope, phlogopite, khangaites (tektites, 1.0-3.0 mm in size), olivine, etc
[2]-[3]. Most panned samples and hand specimens contain fine diamonds with octahedral habit (0.2-0.5 mm,
6.4 mg or 0.034-0.1 carat) and gold (from 0.13 to 6.33-32.0 g/t). Of special interest is the larger number of the
black magnetic balls (0.05-5.0 mm) are characterized by high content of Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mn, Mg, Cd, Ga,
Cl, Al, Si, K. These described meteorite craters possess reliable topographic, geological, mineralogical,
geochemical, and aerospace mapping data, also some geophysical and petrological features (especially shock
metamorphism) have been found, all of which indicate that these geostructures are a proven new type of gold
and diamond-bearing impact geostructure, termed here “astropipes”. The essence of the phenomenon is
mantle-crust mix and fluidization of the combined nucleosynthesis-magmatic evolution-palingenesis interaction.
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
Geological Survey of South Australia | RIS2014 Broken Hill Industry PresentationSymposium
Geological Survey of South Australia -Industry presentation delivered at the 4th annual Resources Investment Symposium held in Broken Hill NSW Australia, 26-28 May 2014.
The Wadi Sikait Complex:
A Fertile- Post-Collisionl Granite-Pegmatite Suite, Eastern Desert, Egypt.
The Pan-African, Wadi Sikait Complex (WSC), in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt, is a late-tectonic, subsolvus strongly peraluminous, S-type, post-collisionl granite in the Sikait area that features an unambiguous genetic linkage with a proximal, zoned cluster of Be-, REE- and Nb-Ta bearing pegmatites (Abu Rusheid and Nugrus-Sikait area). The WSC is an arcuate belt of orthogneisses, migmatites and other high-grade metamorphic rocks, which mark the boundary between the central Eastern and the south Eastern Deserts of Egypt. The WSC consists of seven internal units (WSC-1 to -3 and PL-1 to -4) that range from chemically primitive biotite, garnet and sillimanite granites (WSC-1 and –2) to a highly evolved, tourmaline- and muscovite- bearing pegmatite granite facies (PL-1 to –4) locally containing endogenous emerald/beryl, molybdinite and cassiterite. Salient petrochemical attributes include A/CNK molar which varies from 1.15 to 1.75, a wide range of SiO2 (68.7-76.9%), high Al2O3 (14.1-16.0%), low CaO (<2.35%) and FeOt+MgO+TiO2 (0.36-6.62%), and with increasing fractionation, enrichment of Na2O, K2O, B, F, Be, Rb, Ga and Li, and depletion of Ba, Sr, Zr, REE and LREE. Strong fractionation is also revealed by Al/Ga (1370-6789), Ba/Rb (<0.01-12), Ca/Sr (21-201), K/Ba (19-9545), Mg/Li (4.26-1421), Na2O/K2O (0.21-34), (Ce/Yb)CN (0.89-83.25), and Eu/Eu* (<0.05-2.29). REE distribution patterns of rare-element pegmatites are lower in REE contents and flatter with prominent negative Eu anomaly than those of the related granites. The REE concentration and the (Ce/Yb)CN ratio decrease from the WSC-1 and -2 through PL-1 and -2 (fine-grained leucogranite) and PL-3 (pegmatitic leucogranite) to the PL-4 (potassic pegmatites).
Genesis of the strongly peraluminous, S-type granite and the associated rare-element pegmatite in the Sikait-Nugrus area is explained by a complex interplay of petrogenetic processes. Rare-elements and boron were previously concentrated in (wackes and mudstone) pelitic sediments deposited in large basins. These rocks underwent step-wise rock dehydration reactions involving muscovite and biotite, under fluid-absent conditions, and successively released these elements to anatectic melt. Rare-elements and volatiles were progressively concentrated via crystal-melt fractionation, the Harker trends of which were obscured by two stages of extraction of residual melt and by episodic, subsolidus redistribution via base-cation leaching. The late magmatic history of the WSC is marked by widespread exsolution of a volatile-rich phase, dispersion of a rare-element- F-B-Be-rich fluid along shear zones and ensuing emigration of rare-element-rich melt-fluid systems upward from the cupola, which led to the regionally zoned Sikait-Nugrus area
IRON ORE DEPOSITS IN EGYPT ; EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS; Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature; Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit; Western Desert:; Aswan iron Ore Deposits; Bahariya iron Ore Deposits; The Banded Iron ore deposits (BIFs), Geologic Setting BIFs, General Characteristics of the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores; Are the Egyptian Banded Iron Ores Unique?; Genesis of Egyptian Banded Iron Formation
Sedimentology and Geochemical Evaluation of Campano-Maastrichtian Sediments, ...Premier Publishers
The Cretaceous sediments in the Anambra Basin (SE Nigeria) consist of a cyclic succession of coals, carbonaceous shales, silty shales, siltstones and sandstones interpreted as deltaic deposits. Statistics reveals a graphic mean range from 1.5 to 2.8, sorting range from 0.45 to 1.58, skewness range from -0.58 to 0.32 and kurtosis between 0.38 and 2 for the Ajali Sandstone. From these results, the sandstones in the area are dominated by medium to coarse grains, poorly to moderately sorted, coarse skewed and very platykurtic sediments. Further sedimentological evaluation in six localities indicates fluvial-flood plain-marginally marine facies for the Mamu and Nsukka Formations and marine for the Nkporo and Enugu Shales. The geochemical evaluations show that total organic carbon (TOC) (8.95wt%) of the samples constitutes that of good to excellent source rock with oil, oil/gas, gas prones for kerogen types I, II/III, III indicated by Rock-Eval S2/S3 (9.13). The high oxygen index (OI) (42.61 mgCO2g-1TOC) suggest deposition in a shallow marine environment. The Tmax (430oC), indicate the immaturity to onset of maturity of these source rocks. Potential reservoir units occur in the fluvial sandstones of the Ajali Formation and in the marginal marine and flood plain sandstones of the Mamu Formation. The shales and claystones of the Nsukka and Imo Formations may provide regional seals.
Integrated ERT and Magnetic Surveys in a Mineralization Zone in Erkowit - Red...IJERA Editor
The present study focus on integrated geophysical surveys carried out in the mineralization zone in Erkowit region, Eastern Sudan to determine the extensions of the potential ore deposits on the topographically high hilly area and under the cover of alluvium along the nearby wadi and to locate other occurrences if any. The magnetic method (MAG) and the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) were employed for the survey. Eleven traverses were aligned approximately at right angles to the general strike of the rock formations. The disseminated sulfides are located on the alteration shear zone which is composed of granitic and dioritic highly ferruginated rock occupying the southwestern and central parts of the area, this was confirmed using thin and polished sections mineralogical analysis. The magnetic data indicates low magnetic values for wadi sedimentary deposits in its southern part of the area, and high anomalies which are suspected as gossans due to magnetite formed during wall rock alteration consequent to mineralization. The significant ERT imagesdefinelow resistivity zone as traced as sheared zones which may associated with the main loci of ore deposition. The study designates that correlation of magnetic and ERT anomalies with lithology are extremely useful in mineral exploration due to variations in some specific physical properties of rocks.
Effect of Sericitization on the Engineering Properties of the Miango Granite ...iosrjce
The effects of sericitizaition on the engineering properties of the Miango Granite porphyry located
in Bassa Local Government Area (L.G.A), Plateau State, Nigeria was carried out. The tests carried out on the
twenty rock samples include; aggregate crushing and impact tests, water absorption, durability tests, specific
gravity and petrographic examination. An average aggregate crushing value of >20% for most of the rock
samples show that the rocks are relatively weak while other tests such as aggregate impact values of 18%-23%,
water absorption of <1%,><12% and specific gravity values are fairly
good. However, thin section studies revealed three distinctive features which greatly influence the physicomechanical
properties: (a) abundant fractures of varying sizes (b) sericitization of the orthoclase/plagioclase
feldspars (c) intergrowth of quartz with plagioclase or orthoclase feldspars. The strength loss of the granite
porphyry could be attributed to the presence of micro-fractures on the rock samples and the sericitization of the
dominant plagioclase and orthoclase feldspars. Geotechnical characterization of the rocks shows that they can
be utilized as roadstone or could be cut and polished and used as facing stones because of slow disintegration to
sulphate attack and the large feldspar phenocrysts in the rock samples
Resource Estimation and Exploration target generation of Basantgarh Copper-Zi...vishwanath226387
The South-Delhi fold belt has several basemetal prospects and deposits of which the Basantgarh multi-metal deposit occurring in the younger division of Delhi Super group (Ajabgarh Geological investigation in the deposit has established a mineralized strike length of 1000m approximatelyTotal Mineral Resources reported here is 3.28 MT @ 1.92% Cu, 1.37% Zn & 0.18% Pb.s the main mineralization is reported only in the eastern limb of the synform, IP resistivity survey may detect the hidden potential of Basantgarh extension in the western limb.
In the North-Eastern part of the Block, there is an unexplored soil covered area which can be targeted by mobile-metal-Ion for target generation followed by drilling.
After emerging from the resources wilderness thanks to its world-class geology and industry-friendly government policies, South Australia is now a leader in Australian mining and hydrocarbon developments over the last decade.
In little more than a decade the State has gone from four operating mines to more than 20 and is rated Australia’s second most popular exploration destination.
With a comprehensive review of the Mining Act under way, the State’s attractiveness as a place for resources and energy investment is expected to be strengthened.
South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources with companies such as Santos and BP leading the charge, while initiatives such as the Government’s Copper Strategy – designed to treble annual copper production to 1 mtpa – is set to establish the State as one of the world’s premier producers of the red metal.
In the energy space, uranium and nuclear energy is another area of keen interest, with the South Australian Government initiating a Royal Commission into Participation in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle in 2016.
The State has become synonymous with innovation, cutting-edge development and a remarkable rate of discovery. From uranium prospects, to geothermal energy and the buoyant hydrocarbons sector, South Australia is now a leader in the exploration for next generation energy sources.
With full support from the Department of State Development, the South Australian Resources and Energy Investment Conference will continue to showcase this burgeoning sector in 2017. From copper plays in the Gawler Craton, to iron ore and graphite developments on the Eyre Peninsula and the emergence of the State as a new hydrocarbon frontier, South Australia’s resources potential is at last being fully recognised.
The conference will feature the success stories and emerging players in the State from both minerals and oil and gas and will also tackle thorny industry issues such as infrastructure, corporate social responsibility and the future of the Woomera Prohibited Area.
PowerPoint Presentation prepared for the PDAC 202mining convention as an explainer tool for Major Mining companies, with a view to joint venture the Pecors Nickel, Copper, Platinum, Palladium, Gold project at Pecors lake, Ontario, Canada
The owner of a gold proejct in Mashonaland West province of Zimbabwe is seeking for investors to help fund sampling and drilling of a gold project area in the gold rich area of Sanyati. Excellent potential. The owner is a seasoned Geologist himself.
Crystal Lake Mining: TECHNICAL HIGHLIGHTS OF THE NICOBAT PROJECT: A PIPELINE ...MomentumPR
Crystal Lake Mining is a Canada-based junior exploration company focused on building shareholder value through the discovery of new magmatic nickel sulphide deposits using technical excellence in exploration target development.
TNR Gold Shotgun Gold Project in Alaska Presentation.Kirill Klip
Shotgun Gold Project in Alaska. 100% TNR Gold Corp. owned porphyry style gold mineralized system that is being targeted for a bulk mineable gold resource. Approx. 190km south of the Donlin Creek deposits.
Mineralization of Rare Earths, Platinum and Gold in a Sedimentary Deposit, Fo...CrimsonPublishersAMMS
Mineralization of Rare Earths, Platinum and Gold in a Sedimentary Deposit, Found Using an Indirect Method of Exploration by Eleazar Salinas-Rodríguez in Aspects in Mining & Mineral Science
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
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Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG)
e-ISSN: 2321–0990, p-ISSN: 2321–0982.Volume 3, Issue 4 Ver. I (Jul - Aug. 2015), PP 37-45
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03413745 www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold
(IOCG) Deposits
Okan Evans Onojasun
Department of Exploration Geophysics, Curtin University of Technology
Abstract: Seismic reflection method can delineate very complex geological structures hence it might be very
effective for detecting the presence of Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) deposits. Despite this superior
attributes, there exist a real problem for exploration beyond the immediate vicinity of a known deposit. All
previous studies have focused upon high resolution detection of mineralization and the hosting structures at
mine scale. No argument for “regional” exploration have been proposed probably because a cost benefit
analysis has never be conducted at such scale to proceed with such exploration venture. In this study, we
analyze the feasibility of such regional exploration by modelling a Vulcan IOCGU deposit scenario were a 2D
seismic survey with relatively sparse source-receiver geometry was used to detect the presence of a possible
intrusive package within 2km depth range. The modelling results demonstrates that seismic reflection method
using 10m geophones and 20m shot spacing can be used to image deposit within the depth of 2km. The
presence of reflections was visibly observed especially at the edges of intrusive packages hence it is suggested
that application of seismic reflection methods perhaps will remains the best alternative and most viable method
for exploring deep seated IOCG
Keywords: IOCG, Regional, Search, Seismic Reflection
I. Introduction
The Gawler Craton, South Australia, host numerous Mesoarchean to earliest Paleoproterozoic
basement that is overlain by a series of Paleoproterozoic basins. These deposits are typically found in complex
geological structures associated with crustal scale shear zones. Though they generally occurs in acoustically
transparent, low impedance setting, the deposits themselves are well defined and dominated by hematite and
magnetite which also have high impedance contrast thus making both deposits types to be detectable by seismic
method. Successful exploration for deeper Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) deposits below the regolith cover
depends on the understanding of the location and geometry of the controlling structures of the deposits. In the
past, traditional methods were routinely used to remotely sense these deposits. These methods though apparently
effective, lack the lateral and depth resolution needed to image deeper mineral deposits for targeted mining,
currently put at 2.9km, [2].
In Australia, [9, 12]
carried out research on in-mine seismic delineation of mineralization and rock
structure at the Kambalda nickel mines. High resolution surveys was also carried out in Western Australia to
address the lack of complex structural and shallow imaging missing from the original 2D regional surveys[23,24]
.
Results from three-dimensional (3-D) seismic surveys over goldfields in South Africa [19]
showed that under
favourable circumstances, where there are large seismic impedance contrasts and flat, sub-horizontal rock units
of a great extent, seismic methods can be effectively used to directly image deep mineral-bearing structures.
High resolution data was also used to map three dimensional geological structures and assess the size, geometry
and distribution of mineable blocks in Bushveld complex area of South Africa [7]
. From the Canadian shield
region, [20],[16,17]
documented the potential of seismic methods for hard rock mineral exploration to a depth range
of about 2500m the limit at which modern mining methods are capable of economically extracting ore. [4, 5, 14, 15 ]
summarizes the results of 2D and 3D seismic profiles acquired by Noranda Inc. near the Brunswick No. 6 mine
in a highly folded and deformed area characterized by steeply dipping stratigraphy. Two-dimensional surveys,
reported by [8]
and [26]
were able to delineate the various volcanic/sedimentary facies, offsetting and, in some
cases, the underlying feeder vents.
Though significant successes in the applications of seismic reflection technology have been recorded in
the years, there exist some difficulties for exploration beyond the immediate vicinity of a known deposit. All
previous studies have focused on high resolution detection of mineralisation and the hosting structures at local
scales (less than 800m depth) without recourse to “deep seated exploration” where known deposits maybe
within 2km or more depth range. This paper therefore is looking at the possibility of using seismic method for
such exploration. As Iron Oxide Copper Gold deposits in the Gawler Craton has very large footprint due to its
association with intrusion and large fault zones, We hypothize that by simply looking for the seismic signatures
around the edges of intrusions along prospective structures, IOCG can be detected. Using 2D survey geometry
2. Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03413745 www.iosrjournals.org 38 | Page
with sparse acquisition parameters 10-30m geophones and 20-60m shot spacing, we might be able to pin down
the areas venturing towards minimisation or in worst case detect the structures and lithological contacts.
1.1 The Gawler Craton
The Gawler Craton can be defined as the part of South Australia that has not been substantially
metamorphosed, deformed or remobilized, excerpt by minor epeirogenic movements prior to deposition of
Pandurra Formation sediments after 1424 Ma. The region is dominated by Neoarchean to Mesoproterozoic
magmatic and mineralising events, and includes the formation of the giant Olympic Dam Cu-Au-U deposit.
Nearly all of the presently discovered iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) deposits are within the basement rocks.
The basement occurs within two belts located in the north-central and southern portions of the craton, which
contain similar lithologies of similar ages and which are inferred to represent a formerly contiguous rock system
now disrupted by Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic tectonism [6, 18, 25]
. Sedimentation in these basins was terminated by
the craton-wide c.1730–1690 Ma Kimban Orogeny, which was largely partitioned into regional-scale
transgressional belts [27]
.
Economic copper-gold mineralization is thought to be a later feature in the regional development of
these deposits [3, 25].
IOCG deposits within the craton are characterized by extensive hematite-magnetite (iron)
alteration and brecciation, and typically comprise disseminated to massive chalcopyrite, chalcocite and bornite
copper mineralisation with associated gold. The deposits often include uranium and rare earth elements. They
are typically covered by a thick 10-1000m younger sedimentary sequences and volcanic rocks; thus, making the
region extremely difficult and costly to explore. Fig.1 shows the prospective basement within the Gawler
Craton.
Figure 1: prospective basement within the Gawler Craton showing the location of Vulcan and other deposits
(red rectangle). The arrows pointing dawn indicates the depths to prospective basement of each deposit.
(Adelaide Resources, 2013)
1.2 The Vulcan IOCGU
The Vulcan iron oxide copper gold uranium (IOCGU) deposit is located within the eastern Gawler
craton, South Australia (Fig.2). The first drill hole in the area was drilled in 1981 by WMC Resources, but was
drilled off Tasman’s current Vulcan target, and no mineralization was intersected Tasman [21].
The prospect is
entirely subsurface and defined by a geophysical anomaly intersected by diamond drilling. Initial drilling was
based on interpretation from untested gravity anomalies which indicated the deposit to be on the far North-
Western margin. Subsequent interpretation based on geophysical data from Geoscience Australia (GA) indicated
that the deposit is actually located in the North-Western corner of a potentially large system [21].
Mineralization
at Vulcan is dominated by large hematite system (~12km2
) 30km north of Olympic Dam with very thick and
strong alteration including 100’s meters of hematite bressicas, low grade IOCGU mineralization (Cu, U,Au, Ag,
Mo and REE).
3. Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03413745 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Figure 2: location of Vulcan IOCGU deposit within the Lake Torrens Area (Tasman 2009)
II. Materials and Method
Petrophysical measurements
Prior to building the geological models, an investigation was carried out to ascertain the viability of the
geological model achieving its geophysical objective. This entails measuring velocity and density information
on some selected drill holes. The information obtained did not only help to interpret potential sources of
reflections in the study areas but also provides realistic goals for achieving the seismic survey [13]
. Accordingly,
a total of 550 samples from 20 drill holes were measured and analysed. Fig.3 shows the petrophysical properties
measured from the core samples while Table 1 shows the reflection coefficient used for the geological model.
4. Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03413745 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
Figure 3: Types of Petrophysical properties (P &S- wave velocity,) measured from selected drilled cores.
Rocks Types Vp (m/s) Density (g/cc)
Shale 2240 1.85
Sandstone 3510 2.02
Siltstone 4925 2.63
Metasediment 4140 2.46
Granite 4552 2.58
Volcanics 6317 3.75
Mineralization 6525 4.29
Table 1: Summary of petrophysical data used for the geological model
2.1 Survey design
Due to the small size of most deposits, low signal to noise ratio as well structural complexity associated
with hard rock environment, carefully designed survey parameters is needed. The geological models and
synthetic survey used here was intended to represent suitable field parameters that are applicable to cost-
effective 2D seismic acquisition. For these reasons, the synthetic data was modelled with survey parameters akin
to what might be used in real practice; a series of 2D lines crossing the main intrusive package. This involved a
5km length by 2km depth geological model Figure 4 of which the primary zones of interest were situated within
the central 1km. Parameters used for the survey includes 240 shot points at 20m intervals and 500 receivers at
10m spread across the model with a normal polarity Ricker wavelets of 35Hz as the central frequency. The
pattern of source positioning replicates a rolling split spread acquisition design such that all active receivers
were split in the centre by the source at all points.
5. Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03413745 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
Figure 4: 5 by 2 km Geological Model of Vulcan Deposit used for forward modelling
2.2 Modelling and Processing of Synthetic Data
Forward modelling was carried out using a 2D acoustic modelling package in order to generate
synthetic seismic reflection gathers. Data was modelled with 240 shots separated at 20 metre intervals spread
across the 10km length model with a 35 Hz Ricker wavelet input as the central frequency. This input parameters
created shot records and SEG-Y data files for the forward model to be processed more thoroughly using
RadexPro. Immediately SEG-Y data files were imported to RadexPro software, geometry was assigned to the
data sets followed by CDP sorting. Further processing was performed using a relatively standard data processing
flow Fig.5. To enhance the chances of imaging the complex structure hosting the deposit, emphasis was placed
on velocity analyses [10, 11].
Parameters Synthetic Survey Real Seismic survey
Length of model 5x2 km 2x2km
Number of shots 240 100
Number of receivers 500 250
Source spacing 20 20
Receivers spacing 40 40
Wavelet Ricker Ricker
Central frequency 35Hz 50Hz
Table 2: Parameter for synthetic and real surveys; the slight difference in the number of shot and receivers is
due to the size of the survey under investigation. The synthetic model is 5 by 2km while the real survey is 1 by
1.2km. The processing for both the synthetic and real data follows the same routine except for static correction
and geometry assignment.
Figure 5: Processing flow used
6. Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03413745 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
III. Results and Discussion
All shot data was simulated using 2D full elastic modelling package which enabled the data in SEG-Y
to be exported into processing software. For comparing purpose, some Gaussian noise was added to synthetic
data to produce another synthetic section. Fig. 6 shows the synthetic shot records from the forward model.
Figure 6: An example of noise free synthetic shot records for source number 104-106 from Vulcan complex
model. (1) is the direct signals and (R) is the reflected signals or waves. Records are displaced from 0-5000 ms
while actual reflectivity events are visible up to 2000ms. The shots are displayed using true relative amplitude
without correction for spherical divergence. Shot depth for all gathers is 0m. Gathers are generated using Ricker
wavelet source cantered at 35Hz.
Migrated synthetic sections in depth are shown in Fig. 7. The layers within the sediment cover have
weak reflections due to the low impedance contrast (low velocity-density values assigned). Strong reflection as
expected was noticeable between the granitic basement rock and sediment cover contact in all the parameters
tested and this might be due to high impedance contrast. Anomalous reflectivity within the IOCGU complex
area (indicated with yellow) was also visible and this could be a possible target for drilling.
Figure 7: Noise free depth migrated sections with 20m source and 10 m receivers spacing. The layers within
the sediments as well as the intrusive structure within the basement rocks are fully recovered. A strong
reflection was also observed between the basement rock and the sediment layers due to high impedance contrast
between the two layers.
7. Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03413745 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
The results from Gawler craton seismic survey are shown in Fig. 8A for Vulcan IOCGU while results
from our modelling experiments using the geological model in Fig. 4 is shown in Fig. 8B. We also observe a
loose similarity between the noise-free numerical data and very sparse deep crustal data. A subtle change in the
reflection character in field data is visible around the granitic basement and may indicate mineralised zone with
very high potential if drilled. The real data has higher resolution when compared with the synthetic data and this
might be due to differences in the dominant frequency as well as the acquisition parameter used. The layers
within the sediment also have weak reflection due to the low impedance contrast (low velocity-density values
assigned). Strong reflection as expected was noticeable between the basement rock and sediment cover contact.
Figure 8: Real data vs Synthetic data, A) Expanded section directly below projection of Vulcan IOCGU, B)
expanded section from the noise free synthetic model. The real data has higher resolution when compared with
the synthetic data and this might be due to differences in the dominant frequency used. A loose similarity
between the noise-free migrated data B) and the sparse deep crustal data A) is observed. A subtle change in the
reflection character in field data is seen at the edge of mineralized complex.
(B)
8. Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03413745 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
Gaussian noise of 25% was added to the data before processing to establish the stability of the method
in the presence of noise maintain same frequency range as the noise-free data. An example of the seismogram
with the 25% Gaussian noise is shown in Fig. 9. There is a considerable difference when compared to the same
seismogram from the same modelling shown in Fig. 6. Migrated image with 25% Gaussian noise is shown in
Fig.10. The image from the noise free data in Fig. 7 looks better than the noisy image for obvious reasons.
However, the contact between the eastern granite and that of the metasediment package as well as the instructive
structure are largely recovered.
Figure 9: some synthetic shot records for source number 104-106 with 25% Gaussian noise. Record displaced
from 0-5000 ms but reflectivity event are visible up to 2000 ms.
Figure 10: Top panel) 2x2 km interpreted seismic line over an expanded section of Vulcan, Middle panel) 5x 2
km noise free synthetic depth migrated section, Bottom panel) 10 x 2 km noisy synthetic depth migrated
section.
IV. Conclusion
This modelling study has shown that seismic reflection techniques remains an important tool for
exploration of deep seated IOCG deposits at any scale, even when hosted in complex structures as can be the
case the case in the Gawler Craton. Using seismic reflection techniques to detect IOCG in the Gawler Craton is
still very challenging and highly complicated because the structures hosting the deposits are generally steeply
deeply and almost vertical which have the potential of generating a complex reflected wave-field that could
9. Seismic Reflection Surveys in Search for Iron Oxide Copper-Gold (IOCG) Deposits
DOI: 10.9790/0990-03413745 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
conceal the reflections from the target. However, even with sparse acquisition parameters, it is feasible to image
the various layers and see where the intrusive overprint the reflections from the basement geological structures
and the cover sediments. Though not all intrusive - related packages can be image directly, however, we can see
their presence, and the possibility of mineralization in a well-endowed province such as the Gawler craton is
very promising.
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