This document summarizes a study characterizing a landfill in Mohammedia, Morocco. Samples were taken from 5 stations around the landfill and near the El Maleh river to analyze physical and chemical properties. Heavy metals like lead and chromium were found in high concentrations in leachates from the landfill and sediments near the river. Pollution from the landfill's discharge was impacting the river water quality. The aim was to evaluate the physico-chemical quality of El Maleh river water in relation to leachate from the converted clay quarry landfill and identify a rehabilitation plan.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the suitability of soils for irrigation under the command area of the Gomal Zam Dam Multipurpose Project in Pakistan. Soil samples from 85 locations were analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. It was found that 8.23% of the study area had highly suitable soils, 61.17% had moderately suitable soils, and 25.88% had marginally suitable soils. Some areas totaling 4.7% were unsuitable due to physical limitations like steep slopes or stones. The chemical factors of salinity and lime content were generally not limiting. Maps were produced showing the classification of different soil parameters and overall land suitability classes. Ridge planting and salt-tolerant crops were recommended
The copper isotope ratios were measured in 42 mineral separates from the Cañariaco Norte porphyry copper deposit in northern Peru. Isotopic ratios ranged from -8.42‰ to 0.61‰, with near-surface iron oxides having the most depleted values and deeper chalcocite, covellite, and chalcopyrite having more typical hypogene ratios. The data indicate that most of the chalcocite and covellite formed from high-temperature hypogene processes, with only a minor portion resulting from supergene enrichment. The lack of an enriched isotopic signature suggests little potential for an extensive supergene enrichment blanket at depth due to the weathering history.
This document discusses tests used to measure aquifer hydraulic properties for contaminant hydrogeology. It explains that aquifer properties are typically characterized at a large scale using pumping tests, but contaminant transport is influenced by heterogeneity at smaller scales. Accurately characterizing hydraulic conductivity spatial variability at finer scales is important for effective remediation system design, as contaminant plumes and high flux zones can span orders of magnitude over short distances. Failing to detect this heterogeneity could result in over- or under-designed remediation systems.
Hydrogeochemistry and Microbiology of Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer in Northe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and microbiological pollution of groundwater in Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah area, northern United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results indicate that the decrease of groundwater exploitation in Wadi Al Bih basin from 58 million cubic meter (MCM) during the period 1991-1995 to 22 MCM during the period 2011-2015, has increased groundwater storage, raised hydraulic heads by 1 m in Al Burayrat area and 16 m near Wadi Al Bih main dam, and decreased the average groundwater salinity by 30% in Wadi Al Bih well field and 45% in Al Burayrat well field. Results of chemical analyses showed noticeable fluctuations in groundwater temperature, EC, and TDS contents, rather than concentrations of all ions. The November 2014 and June 2015 isosalinity contour maps indicate that the groundwater salinity increases from east to west, in the direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater in the eastern part of Wadi Al Bih is good for domestic purposes and irrigation. However, the water hardness is high because the aquifer is predominantly composed of limestone. Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer is highly sensitive to urban and agricultural activities, and several well were recorded to have Coliform bacteria in Wadi Al Bih and Al Burayrat areas
The document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical characterization of water quality in Dayet Aoua lake in Morocco. Key findings from the study include:
1) The lake water is transparent with a maximum depth of 5.3 meters. Temperatures ranged from 7.1°C to 25.6°C depending on the season.
2) pH levels remained alkaline between 7.77 and 11.45. Dissolved oxygen levels indicated the lake is well oxygenated.
3) Nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were low, indicating an absence of organic pollution and classifying the lake as mesotrophic.
A riser is a metal tube that extends from the seafloor up to a drilling platform like a drillship. It allows tools and cuttings to pass between the drillhole and ship. The top attaches to the ship and bottom attaches to the top of the drillhole in the seafloor. A riser returns drilling fluid and cuttings from the hole to the ship, allowing reuse of the fluid and deeper drilling. It is essential for drilling deep holes into the ocean crust and sediments.
This document summarizes the methodology used in a study analyzing the effects of land use change on sediment accumulation in lakes in West Central Alberta, Canada. Sediment cores from 13 lakes were analyzed to develop sedimentation profiles and determine accumulation rates. Watershed characteristics were inventoried using GIS. Statistical analyses examined correlations between landscape/land use factors and sedimentation rates to assess impacts of disturbances like forestry, oil/gas development, and roads. Comparisons identified the most disturbed watersheds and how sediment yields changed over time.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
This document summarizes a study on the suitability of soils for irrigation under the command area of the Gomal Zam Dam Multipurpose Project in Pakistan. Soil samples from 85 locations were analyzed for their physical and chemical properties. It was found that 8.23% of the study area had highly suitable soils, 61.17% had moderately suitable soils, and 25.88% had marginally suitable soils. Some areas totaling 4.7% were unsuitable due to physical limitations like steep slopes or stones. The chemical factors of salinity and lime content were generally not limiting. Maps were produced showing the classification of different soil parameters and overall land suitability classes. Ridge planting and salt-tolerant crops were recommended
The copper isotope ratios were measured in 42 mineral separates from the Cañariaco Norte porphyry copper deposit in northern Peru. Isotopic ratios ranged from -8.42‰ to 0.61‰, with near-surface iron oxides having the most depleted values and deeper chalcocite, covellite, and chalcopyrite having more typical hypogene ratios. The data indicate that most of the chalcocite and covellite formed from high-temperature hypogene processes, with only a minor portion resulting from supergene enrichment. The lack of an enriched isotopic signature suggests little potential for an extensive supergene enrichment blanket at depth due to the weathering history.
This document discusses tests used to measure aquifer hydraulic properties for contaminant hydrogeology. It explains that aquifer properties are typically characterized at a large scale using pumping tests, but contaminant transport is influenced by heterogeneity at smaller scales. Accurately characterizing hydraulic conductivity spatial variability at finer scales is important for effective remediation system design, as contaminant plumes and high flux zones can span orders of magnitude over short distances. Failing to detect this heterogeneity could result in over- or under-designed remediation systems.
Hydrogeochemistry and Microbiology of Wadi Al Bih Limestone Aquifer in Northe...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and microbiological pollution of groundwater in Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer, Ras Al Khaimah area, northern United Arab Emirates (UAE). Results indicate that the decrease of groundwater exploitation in Wadi Al Bih basin from 58 million cubic meter (MCM) during the period 1991-1995 to 22 MCM during the period 2011-2015, has increased groundwater storage, raised hydraulic heads by 1 m in Al Burayrat area and 16 m near Wadi Al Bih main dam, and decreased the average groundwater salinity by 30% in Wadi Al Bih well field and 45% in Al Burayrat well field. Results of chemical analyses showed noticeable fluctuations in groundwater temperature, EC, and TDS contents, rather than concentrations of all ions. The November 2014 and June 2015 isosalinity contour maps indicate that the groundwater salinity increases from east to west, in the direction of groundwater flow. The groundwater in the eastern part of Wadi Al Bih is good for domestic purposes and irrigation. However, the water hardness is high because the aquifer is predominantly composed of limestone. Wadi Al Bih limestone aquifer is highly sensitive to urban and agricultural activities, and several well were recorded to have Coliform bacteria in Wadi Al Bih and Al Burayrat areas
The document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical characterization of water quality in Dayet Aoua lake in Morocco. Key findings from the study include:
1) The lake water is transparent with a maximum depth of 5.3 meters. Temperatures ranged from 7.1°C to 25.6°C depending on the season.
2) pH levels remained alkaline between 7.77 and 11.45. Dissolved oxygen levels indicated the lake is well oxygenated.
3) Nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were low, indicating an absence of organic pollution and classifying the lake as mesotrophic.
A riser is a metal tube that extends from the seafloor up to a drilling platform like a drillship. It allows tools and cuttings to pass between the drillhole and ship. The top attaches to the ship and bottom attaches to the top of the drillhole in the seafloor. A riser returns drilling fluid and cuttings from the hole to the ship, allowing reuse of the fluid and deeper drilling. It is essential for drilling deep holes into the ocean crust and sediments.
This document summarizes the methodology used in a study analyzing the effects of land use change on sediment accumulation in lakes in West Central Alberta, Canada. Sediment cores from 13 lakes were analyzed to develop sedimentation profiles and determine accumulation rates. Watershed characteristics were inventoried using GIS. Statistical analyses examined correlations between landscape/land use factors and sedimentation rates to assess impacts of disturbances like forestry, oil/gas development, and roads. Comparisons identified the most disturbed watersheds and how sediment yields changed over time.
Swim Drink Fish Canada submission for relicensing written hearing for the Del...LOWaterkeeper
The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) is currently applying to renew its Waste Nuclear Substance Licence for the Deloro site until 2022. The current licence will expire on October 31, 2017. Here's are findings and recommendations on the matter.
Independent Review of Hydrological Issues: Deloro Mine SiteLOWaterkeeper
This document provides a 3-page summary of an independent hydrogeological review of the Deloro Mine Site remediation activities:
- It describes the site location, geology, hydrogeology, and history of mining and contamination by arsenic and low-level radioactive waste.
- It outlines the remediation completed in the Industrial and Mine Area (IMA) and Tailings Area (TA), including waste consolidation and capping. It describes ongoing remediation in the Young's Creek Area (YCA).
- It evaluates the containment of radiological wastes, groundwater monitoring, and the merits of the MOECC's application to amend its nuclear license for ongoing oversight of remediation
Topographic attributes control groundwater flow and groundwaterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between topographic attributes and groundwater accumulation and salinity in the southwest part of Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. The study used digital elevation models and remote sensing data to calculate topographic attributes like slope, aspect, relief, and flow accumulation. It found that topographic attributes and hydrological elements are strongly controlled by geological fractures trending northwest and northeast. Areas with high flow accumulation and intersections of geological fractures had greater groundwater accumulation and higher salinity. The study concluded that topographic attributes can help predict sites of high groundwater accumulation and salinity in arid regions.
This document summarizes sedimentary ore deposits, specifically banded iron formations (BIF). It discusses the processes that form different types of BIF, including Algoma and Superior types, as well as their geologic time distribution. The document also explains the role of microbial communities in the deposition of iron minerals and formation of BIF layers through anoxic iron redox cycling, including phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation and nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation mediated by bacteria. Overall, the document provides an overview of the genesis and microbial influences on the formation of important economic BIF deposits in sedimentary environments.
Tailings dams and rock dumps from mining operations often contain hazardous waste that can pollute the environment if released. There are over 3,500 tailings dams worldwide. Tailings dams are susceptible to failures, which have released millions of cubic meters of toxic slurries. Major documented failures include releases in China (2006), USA (2000), Spain (1998), Guyana (1995), and Italy (1985), resulting in loss of life and extensive environmental damage. Upstream construction is most prone to failure, with a 5% failure rate.
This study assessed water quality in three rivers flowing into Manado Bay in Indonesia. Water samples were collected from stations along each river during dry and wet seasons and analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, bacteria, total mercury, and other pollutants. The results showed pollution from urban wastewater and agricultural runoff, with high levels of bacteria and organic waste. This poor water quality threatens Manado Bay and local fisheries and tourism. Improved wastewater management is needed to mitigate pollution in the rivers and bay.
The document discusses the Malampaya gas field located offshore the Philippines. It provides details on the geological setting and depositional environment of the field. The Malampaya reservoir consists of Oligocene-Miocene carbonates deposited during the drifting stage in a reef environment along the continental margin. Stratigraphic correlations of well data using diagenetic units revealed heterogeneity in the reservoir porosity and permeability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document provides an overview of environmental and social concerns related to metals, minerals, and mining. It discusses acid mine drainage in 3 paragraphs, summarizing that it is caused by oxidation of sulphide minerals when in contact with water and oxygen, produces acids and dissolved metals, and has wide-ranging negative environmental impacts. It also briefly summarizes control and remediation of uranium waste and a mine rehabilitation case study of the Sherwood Uranium Mine.
The Quality of Ground Water for Selected Area in South of Babylon Governorate...iosrjce
City of Hillasuffers from the high shallow groundwater levels which causes serious problems to
agricultural and civil construction activities. five different tracks perpendicular to Shatt Al-Hilla channel are
selected beside large number of hand dug wells within the area to monitor the relationships among the levels of
water between these two water resources during one year,the results of many hydrochemical parameters
confirm the similar pattern of inter-relationships between the two water bodies. According to hydrogeochemical
measurements ,we find that the proportion of sulfates rate for these wells high and it hurts in the use of water
for several purposes ,the ratio of chlorides and other high and this shows that the water wells unfit for uses of
Agriculture purposes, but there is one well we have that shows the proportion of chlorides is a few , a high
proportion of sulfates From Sholler classification of study area with high concentration of Na +k and SO4was
observed because of the Fat'ha Formation, which contains gypsum, anhydrite and dolomite , are believed to be
the major source of SO4 and Mg in the water
The document discusses skarn deposits, which are metallic deposits associated with skarn rocks formed by the chemical alteration of carbonate rocks like dolostone and limestone. It defines skarn and its classifications, discusses associated mineral deposits, and highlights potential occurrences in Nigeria. Specifically, it notes that the Younger Granites Complex and marble-bearing schist belts may host skarn occurrences in Nigeria rich in iron, copper, gold, and molybdenum deposits. The document also presents a case study of the Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit in Peru to illustrate deposit geology and mineralization.
IRJET- Index And Engineering Properties of Residual Tropical Soils of Sou...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the engineering properties of soils in Konso town, Ethiopia. Eight test pits were dug and soil samples were collected and tested in the lab to determine their physical, index, shear strength, and consolidation properties. The dominant soil type was found to be silty clay (MH) based on grain size analysis and Atterberg limits tests. Properties tested included moisture content, plasticity index, clay fraction, free swell, specific gravity, shear strength parameters, and unconfined compression strength. The results showed that the soils generally had moderate to high expansiveness based on free swell tests. Proper handling and testing methods are needed when evaluating properties of residual tropical soils.
This study uses basin modelling to analyze the hydrocarbon potential of two Neogene sedimentary sub-basins in southern Hungary. The modelling simulated the subsidence and thermal maturation histories. It determined that the southern sub-basin reached greater depths and temperatures, resulting in gas generation from source rocks beginning 11.6 million years ago. Oil generation in the northern sub-basin began more recently around 6.8 million years ago. While hydrocarbons migrated upward along faults, accumulations have only formed so far in the southern sub-basin within anticline structures in carbonate formations. The complex geological evolution and thermal anomalies revealed by the modelling provide new perspectives for hydrocarbon exploration in the area.
This document provides a summary of the third edition of the Bureau of Reclamation's manual on the design of small dams. It discusses the Bureau's role in water resource development and conservation in the western United States. It also outlines revisions that have been made to this third edition, including updates to terminology, standards, and procedures to reflect current practices. New chapters have been added on ecological and environmental considerations, dam safety, and operation and maintenance.
The document discusses hydro-reclamation and limnology of mine pit lakes. It describes how mine pit lakes are created and their water balance, including inputs from precipitation, surface water and groundwater, and outputs from evaporation, surface water and groundwater outflows. It classifies lakes based on temperature stratification into holomictic, meromictic, and other types. It discusses the vertical structure, chemistry, water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients of mine pit lakes.
This presentation reviews tailings dams and the hazardous waste contained within them. Basic design and the consequenses of design failure will also be reviewed.
This document summarizes a study on wall pressure distribution in a suddenly expanded flow for an area ratio of 2.56. Experiments were conducted by attaching an enlarged duct to the exit of an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle. Wall pressure was measured for nozzle pressure ratios of 3-11 and Mach numbers of 1.87, 2.2, and 2.58. Microjets were used as an active control method to study their effect on wall pressure distribution. Results showed that microjets did not adversely affect the oscillatory wall pressure field for most conditions tested. At Mach 2.58 and NPR of 9, microjets significantly increased the reattachment length in the duct. In general, microjets were found
This document summarizes a study on deconvoluting the flood hydrograph at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali to understand the runoff process. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters was conducted from 2009-2011 at rainfall, surface water, and groundwater sites. Analysis using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids as tracers showed runoff was composed of 77% rapid flow from rainfall and 23% delayed flow from shallow aquifers during 2010's wet season. In 2011, rapid flow increased 3% as shallow aquifer discharge declined 6.8% due to lower rainfall. The study found groundwater contributes little to hydrologic balance at the outlet, and surface runoff from rainfall heavily influenced by degraded land
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the linear growth rate of perturbations in magneto-thermal convection of a couple-stress fluid in a porous medium. The authors establish that the growth rate of oscillatory perturbations must lie within a semi-circle in the right half of the complex plane. This region is bounded based on material properties like permeability, porosity, thermal and magnetic Prandtl numbers. The results provide upper limits to the growth rate for any combination of perfectly conducting free and rigid boundaries, without requiring exact solutions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes supersonic flow through conical rocket nozzles using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It discusses nozzle design and simulations conducted at divergence angles of 7, 20, and 30 degrees. The results show variations in parameters like Mach number, pressure, temperature, and turbulence intensity across the different configurations. Mach number increases from subsonic to supersonic values through the nozzle, while pressure decreases rapidly after the throat. Higher divergence angles produce higher exit Mach numbers but more over-expansion.
Swim Drink Fish Canada submission for relicensing written hearing for the Del...LOWaterkeeper
The Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) is currently applying to renew its Waste Nuclear Substance Licence for the Deloro site until 2022. The current licence will expire on October 31, 2017. Here's are findings and recommendations on the matter.
Independent Review of Hydrological Issues: Deloro Mine SiteLOWaterkeeper
This document provides a 3-page summary of an independent hydrogeological review of the Deloro Mine Site remediation activities:
- It describes the site location, geology, hydrogeology, and history of mining and contamination by arsenic and low-level radioactive waste.
- It outlines the remediation completed in the Industrial and Mine Area (IMA) and Tailings Area (TA), including waste consolidation and capping. It describes ongoing remediation in the Young's Creek Area (YCA).
- It evaluates the containment of radiological wastes, groundwater monitoring, and the merits of the MOECC's application to amend its nuclear license for ongoing oversight of remediation
Topographic attributes control groundwater flow and groundwaterAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between topographic attributes and groundwater accumulation and salinity in the southwest part of Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. The study used digital elevation models and remote sensing data to calculate topographic attributes like slope, aspect, relief, and flow accumulation. It found that topographic attributes and hydrological elements are strongly controlled by geological fractures trending northwest and northeast. Areas with high flow accumulation and intersections of geological fractures had greater groundwater accumulation and higher salinity. The study concluded that topographic attributes can help predict sites of high groundwater accumulation and salinity in arid regions.
This document summarizes sedimentary ore deposits, specifically banded iron formations (BIF). It discusses the processes that form different types of BIF, including Algoma and Superior types, as well as their geologic time distribution. The document also explains the role of microbial communities in the deposition of iron minerals and formation of BIF layers through anoxic iron redox cycling, including phototrophic Fe(II) oxidation and nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation mediated by bacteria. Overall, the document provides an overview of the genesis and microbial influences on the formation of important economic BIF deposits in sedimentary environments.
Tailings dams and rock dumps from mining operations often contain hazardous waste that can pollute the environment if released. There are over 3,500 tailings dams worldwide. Tailings dams are susceptible to failures, which have released millions of cubic meters of toxic slurries. Major documented failures include releases in China (2006), USA (2000), Spain (1998), Guyana (1995), and Italy (1985), resulting in loss of life and extensive environmental damage. Upstream construction is most prone to failure, with a 5% failure rate.
This study assessed water quality in three rivers flowing into Manado Bay in Indonesia. Water samples were collected from stations along each river during dry and wet seasons and analyzed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients, bacteria, total mercury, and other pollutants. The results showed pollution from urban wastewater and agricultural runoff, with high levels of bacteria and organic waste. This poor water quality threatens Manado Bay and local fisheries and tourism. Improved wastewater management is needed to mitigate pollution in the rivers and bay.
The document discusses the Malampaya gas field located offshore the Philippines. It provides details on the geological setting and depositional environment of the field. The Malampaya reservoir consists of Oligocene-Miocene carbonates deposited during the drifting stage in a reef environment along the continental margin. Stratigraphic correlations of well data using diagenetic units revealed heterogeneity in the reservoir porosity and permeability.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The document provides an overview of environmental and social concerns related to metals, minerals, and mining. It discusses acid mine drainage in 3 paragraphs, summarizing that it is caused by oxidation of sulphide minerals when in contact with water and oxygen, produces acids and dissolved metals, and has wide-ranging negative environmental impacts. It also briefly summarizes control and remediation of uranium waste and a mine rehabilitation case study of the Sherwood Uranium Mine.
The Quality of Ground Water for Selected Area in South of Babylon Governorate...iosrjce
City of Hillasuffers from the high shallow groundwater levels which causes serious problems to
agricultural and civil construction activities. five different tracks perpendicular to Shatt Al-Hilla channel are
selected beside large number of hand dug wells within the area to monitor the relationships among the levels of
water between these two water resources during one year,the results of many hydrochemical parameters
confirm the similar pattern of inter-relationships between the two water bodies. According to hydrogeochemical
measurements ,we find that the proportion of sulfates rate for these wells high and it hurts in the use of water
for several purposes ,the ratio of chlorides and other high and this shows that the water wells unfit for uses of
Agriculture purposes, but there is one well we have that shows the proportion of chlorides is a few , a high
proportion of sulfates From Sholler classification of study area with high concentration of Na +k and SO4was
observed because of the Fat'ha Formation, which contains gypsum, anhydrite and dolomite , are believed to be
the major source of SO4 and Mg in the water
The document discusses skarn deposits, which are metallic deposits associated with skarn rocks formed by the chemical alteration of carbonate rocks like dolostone and limestone. It defines skarn and its classifications, discusses associated mineral deposits, and highlights potential occurrences in Nigeria. Specifically, it notes that the Younger Granites Complex and marble-bearing schist belts may host skarn occurrences in Nigeria rich in iron, copper, gold, and molybdenum deposits. The document also presents a case study of the Antamina copper-zinc skarn deposit in Peru to illustrate deposit geology and mineralization.
IRJET- Index And Engineering Properties of Residual Tropical Soils of Sou...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the engineering properties of soils in Konso town, Ethiopia. Eight test pits were dug and soil samples were collected and tested in the lab to determine their physical, index, shear strength, and consolidation properties. The dominant soil type was found to be silty clay (MH) based on grain size analysis and Atterberg limits tests. Properties tested included moisture content, plasticity index, clay fraction, free swell, specific gravity, shear strength parameters, and unconfined compression strength. The results showed that the soils generally had moderate to high expansiveness based on free swell tests. Proper handling and testing methods are needed when evaluating properties of residual tropical soils.
This study uses basin modelling to analyze the hydrocarbon potential of two Neogene sedimentary sub-basins in southern Hungary. The modelling simulated the subsidence and thermal maturation histories. It determined that the southern sub-basin reached greater depths and temperatures, resulting in gas generation from source rocks beginning 11.6 million years ago. Oil generation in the northern sub-basin began more recently around 6.8 million years ago. While hydrocarbons migrated upward along faults, accumulations have only formed so far in the southern sub-basin within anticline structures in carbonate formations. The complex geological evolution and thermal anomalies revealed by the modelling provide new perspectives for hydrocarbon exploration in the area.
This document provides a summary of the third edition of the Bureau of Reclamation's manual on the design of small dams. It discusses the Bureau's role in water resource development and conservation in the western United States. It also outlines revisions that have been made to this third edition, including updates to terminology, standards, and procedures to reflect current practices. New chapters have been added on ecological and environmental considerations, dam safety, and operation and maintenance.
The document discusses hydro-reclamation and limnology of mine pit lakes. It describes how mine pit lakes are created and their water balance, including inputs from precipitation, surface water and groundwater, and outputs from evaporation, surface water and groundwater outflows. It classifies lakes based on temperature stratification into holomictic, meromictic, and other types. It discusses the vertical structure, chemistry, water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients of mine pit lakes.
This presentation reviews tailings dams and the hazardous waste contained within them. Basic design and the consequenses of design failure will also be reviewed.
This document summarizes a study on wall pressure distribution in a suddenly expanded flow for an area ratio of 2.56. Experiments were conducted by attaching an enlarged duct to the exit of an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle. Wall pressure was measured for nozzle pressure ratios of 3-11 and Mach numbers of 1.87, 2.2, and 2.58. Microjets were used as an active control method to study their effect on wall pressure distribution. Results showed that microjets did not adversely affect the oscillatory wall pressure field for most conditions tested. At Mach 2.58 and NPR of 9, microjets significantly increased the reattachment length in the duct. In general, microjets were found
This document summarizes a study on deconvoluting the flood hydrograph at the outlet of the Kolondieba watershed in Mali to understand the runoff process. Monitoring of physicochemical parameters was conducted from 2009-2011 at rainfall, surface water, and groundwater sites. Analysis using electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids as tracers showed runoff was composed of 77% rapid flow from rainfall and 23% delayed flow from shallow aquifers during 2010's wet season. In 2011, rapid flow increased 3% as shallow aquifer discharge declined 6.8% due to lower rainfall. The study found groundwater contributes little to hydrologic balance at the outlet, and surface runoff from rainfall heavily influenced by degraded land
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the linear growth rate of perturbations in magneto-thermal convection of a couple-stress fluid in a porous medium. The authors establish that the growth rate of oscillatory perturbations must lie within a semi-circle in the right half of the complex plane. This region is bounded based on material properties like permeability, porosity, thermal and magnetic Prandtl numbers. The results provide upper limits to the growth rate for any combination of perfectly conducting free and rigid boundaries, without requiring exact solutions.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes supersonic flow through conical rocket nozzles using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It discusses nozzle design and simulations conducted at divergence angles of 7, 20, and 30 degrees. The results show variations in parameters like Mach number, pressure, temperature, and turbulence intensity across the different configurations. Mach number increases from subsonic to supersonic values through the nozzle, while pressure decreases rapidly after the throat. Higher divergence angles produce higher exit Mach numbers but more over-expansion.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a study estimating and mapping evapotranspiration in the Kolondièba-Tiendaga basin in Mali from 2003 to 2010 using the SEBS (Surface Energy Balance System) model and AATSR satellite imagery. The study finds a strong correlation between evapotranspiration and evaporative fraction from 2003 to 2008, with correlation coefficients between 0.60 and 0.90, but lower correlations (0.34 to 0.40) in 2009-2010. Evapotranspiration values ranged from 1 to 3mm/J-1. The results indicate the potential of using remote sensing to estimate evapotranspiration over large areas.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses built-in self-test (BIST) techniques for testing field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It describes how the FPGA can be configured with BIST logic during offline testing to test the programmable logic blocks and interconnects. For online testing, the FPGA can be configured as a processor with an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that has a BIST feature. The design implements a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture on the FPGA with the ALU and is verified through simulation. BIST allows exhaustive testing of the FPGA at operating speed without external test equipment.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes the municipal solid waste management scenario of Kakinada City, India. Some key points:
- Kakinada city generates around 260 metric tons of solid waste per day from its population of over 300,000 people.
- Currently, solid waste is collected and transported to an open dumping site where it is disposed of indiscriminately without any processing.
- Proper waste management systems like segregation, transportation, treatment and disposal as outlined in India's solid waste management rules have not been fully implemented.
- Increasing population is leading to more waste generation but inadequate infrastructure and management, posing environmental and health problems.
O documento conta a história de Tess, uma menina de 8 anos que ouviu seus pais falando sobre seu irmão Andrew que estava muito doente. Ela queria comprar um milagre para salvar a vida de seu irmão e foi até a farmácia com todo o dinheiro que tinha economizado. Lá, ela convenceu um cirurgião a operar seu irmão de graça, salvando assim sua vida através da fé de Tess em um milagre.
O documento discute conceitos fundamentais de geotecnologias, incluindo planejamento, gestão e ciências associadas como topografia, cartografia e sensoriamento remoto. Também aborda aplicações de geotecnologias em áreas como recursos hídricos, gestão ambiental e agronegócio, além de conceitos como sistemas de coordenadas, escalas e projeções cartográficas.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document analyzes water samples from 258 wells in fractured sandstone basins in Mali. Statistical analysis identifies three classes of groundwater: 1) Normal carbonate calcium magnesium water. 2) Contaminated water high in iron and nitrates likely of anthropogenic origin. 3) Saline water high in sodium, chlorides and potassium. Principal component analysis identifies correlations between ions indicating water-rock interactions and some contamination from human activities like agriculture. The study provides baseline data on groundwater quality in the region.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Geotechnical Properties of Sabkha Soil in the southern part of Al-Khobar city...IJERA Editor
The geotechnical properties of sabkha soil covering most parts of the southern portion of Al-Khobar area –Saudia Arabia were determined. These soil have very low strength, low bearing capacity and high compressibility. The expected settlement is always above the recommended tolerable limits. The chemical analysis of both soil and water from sabkha flat shows a very high concentration of salts. These high concentrations of salts give rise to a very corrosive environment and therefore it is recommended to protect concrete and reinforcement by using sulphate resisting cement, pozzolanic materials, use of corrosion inhibitors and by applying suitable water proofing membranes . The properties determined during this study has a significant impact on both technical and economical values of each project and therefore, the outcome of the study is much important for planners and developers .
Speciation of heavy metals in the soil and the tailings, in the zinc lead sid...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the speciation of heavy metals in soil and tailings samples from the abandoned Sidi Bou Othmane zinc-lead mine in Morocco. Total metal concentrations and sequential extractions were performed to determine the chemical forms and potential mobility of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc. The tailings had much higher metal levels than the surrounding soils. Most soils near the mine exceeded thresholds for zinc, lead and cadmium, indicating high pollution. The study aimed to evaluate the contamination risk posed by the abandoned mine wastes.
Characteristic manifestations of uranium enrichment in certain Pan- African g...IRJET Journal
1. The document discusses uranium enrichment in granitoids from the northwestern edge of the Karbi Hills in Assam, India.
2. Laboratory analysis including thin section petrography and X-ray diffraction revealed uranium and thorium-bearing accessory minerals containing up to 159 ppm uranium and 121 ppm thorium.
3. Field measurements of background ionizing radiation, total dissolved solids in water, aquatic uranium concentration, and water pH provide evidence of uranium mobilization and redistribution in the granitic terrain through hydrothermal alteration and interaction with groundwater.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
geochemical processes and assessment of water quality forIJEAB
Al-Shagaya Field-C is located southwest of Kuwait City, where the brackish groundwater is produced from the Dammam aquifer. The main objectives are to recognize the major geochemical processes operating in the aquifer and controlling its quality; in addition, to evaluate the groundwater quality criteria for drinking and irrigation. The investigation was carried out by estimating pH, EC, TDS, TH, SAR, %Na, RSC, RSBC, potential salinity, magnesium ratio, chloro-alkaline index, Kelly’s ratio, Permeability index, and salinity hazard respectively. The TDS ranges between 2474 and 3232 mg/l, with an average value of 2753mg/l and the water is exceeding very hard. Groundwater shows Ca-Cl and Ca-Mg-Cl genetic water types. Results revealed that the groundwater is oversaturated with respect to dolomite and calcite and under-saturated with respect to gypsum and anhydrite. The main geochemical processes controlling groundwater chemistry in the study area are due to dissolution/ precipitation process along the path flow. The major ions composition in groundwater of the study area indicated that the water is not suitable for drinking. However, the irrigation parameters revealed that the groundwater is suitable for irrigation purposes.
Study of the Sediments Metallic Contamination in Oum Er-Rbia EstuaryIOSRJAC
This work fits in the framework of a program of study and monitoring of the Impact of natural and anthropogenic Factors on the quality of surface waters of the river Oum Er-Rabia (Morocco); it focuses on the analysis and evaluation of the metal contamination of the sediments of this stream using an index of contamination (IC) and the index of polymetallic contamination (ICP). The spatial and temporal variations of the sediment content in Fe, Mn, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Co reveal the presence of an important metal contamination, dominated mostly by Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn and Co however at the level of the mouth where the metal concentrations are very low. From this fact situation does not pose a concern for the ecosystem in the vicinity of the downstream of the estuary, this finding is related can be the size and the fraction of the mouthpiece sediments.
Invited plenary talk given by Prof. Farid El-Daoushy at Inter. Radiation Protection Congress, Afrirpa-2010, Sept. 2010, Nairobi, Kenya.
This talk summarizes the sources, processes and fate of environmental radioactivity (natural and artificial) at the earth\'s surface. It links environmental radioactivity to radiation and environmental protection issues in Africa. The role of global and regional processes on the transport and accumulation of anthropogenic waste in complex ecosystems, e.g. the Nile Basin, are described. These issues help fulfilling the African mission and vision for achieving their golals: ONE PEOPLE, ONE GOAL, ONE FAITH.
Santharam & tarachand mining of beach sand-water resource managementTarachand Veeragattapu
This document summarizes the challenges of mining beach sand deposits in India for heavy minerals while maintaining groundwater and coastal water management. It discusses how the mining and processing of beach sands requires large amounts of water which must be carefully managed. A case study describes hydrogeological investigations conducted at a heavy mineral sand deposit in Srikakulam, India. The study assessed the local geology and groundwater levels, and developed techniques like polymer injection to separate water from waste slurry in order to recycle it and maintain the local water balance during mining operations.
The quality groundwater for irrigation in Fetzara basin, northeast AlgeriaInnspub Net
The document summarizes a study on the quality of groundwater in the Fetzara basin in northeast Algeria for irrigation purposes. Hydrochemical analysis of 25 groundwater samples found that salinity ranged from 1240-6390 μS/cm, with most samples classified as moderately saline. Evaluation of sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and electrical conductivity (EC) found that 40% of samples were classified as C3S1 (high salinity, low sodium water) suitable for irrigation in most soils, while 60% were C4S1 (high salinity, low sodium) with some danger of exchangeable sodium and salinity issues. However, some samples had unsuitable values for sodium percentage, Kelly's index, magnesium hazards
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Corrosion is a mechanism that degrades materials and causes structural failures in infrastructures, which can lead to severe effects on the environment and have direct impact on the population health. In addition, corrosion is extremely complex in the underground environment due to the variability of the local conditions. The delineation and assessment of possible areas of corrosion along Obama-Kolo Creek, in the Niger Delta region was carried out using Earth resistivity measurement. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of soil resistivity upon metals buried underground. In this investigation, an Abem SAS 300B meter was used and 20 sounding points were carried out using the Schlumberger array along the pipeline route. A total spread (AB) of 45m was adopted with the assumption that the depth of penetration is th of the total current electrode spread (AB). The results obtained showed that subsoil resistivity values for depths of 2 – 12m required for the underground pipe laying with resistivities in the range of 8 Ohm-m to 78 Ohm-m along Obama – Kolo Creek with a mean of 43 Ohm-m. The low resistivity encountered throughout the study has been attributed to the influence of saline water intrusion in the area. The average thickness of this area is 7m. Basically, most of the geoelectric graphs showed three layers, H-type curves. Generally, the subsurface soil is made up of subsoil lithology of mainly clayey/sandy clay material with different degree of saturation. This is an indication that any underground metallic material will be exposed to high corrosivity environment, hence appropriate cathodic protection will be required.
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
The document discusses mud volcanoes in the South Caspian basin and estimates the depth of origin of their products. It finds that gases have the deepest roots between 7-15 km, which drive the formation and activity of mud volcanoes. Liquid products like oil are sourced from depths up to 5 km from destroyed petroleum accumulations. Solid products like mud are estimated to originate from depths between 3-4 km based on rock compaction criteria. The majority of mud volcanoes are associated with petroleum structures in the basin.
The Project Of cretaceous Carbonate Reservoirs Formations In south Of Iraqssuser6503a2
The document discusses carbonate reservoirs in southern Iraq. It describes the main Cretaceous carbonate reservoir formations as the Yamama, Ratawi, Shuaiba, and Mishrif formations. These were deposited primarily in continental shelf and reef environments. Limestone and dolomite are the main carbonate rock types. Limestone forms through biochemical and inorganic processes, while dolomite replaces calcite in limestone through inorganic processes. Together, these carbonate rocks provide important reservoirs for petroleum and gas in southern Iraq due to their pore spaces.
This document summarizes a study on mapping liquefaction hazard zonation in Dahej, India. It discusses evaluating liquefaction potential at both the macro and micro levels. At the macro level, factors like geology, age of deposits, water table, geomorphology, and seismicity of the area were considered to determine liquefaction susceptibility. At the micro level, soil properties from borehole data like lithology, soil classification, and SPT values at different depths were examined. Twenty-seven representative boreholes were selected for detailed analysis. Maps of geology, geomorphology, and water table were presented. The study area was found to have moderate-high liquefaction potential based on the macro factors analyzed.
About the Interaction between water and Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ba Mineralize...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: One of the most important environmental concerns at mining sites is acid mine drainage (DAM), which is formed by the exposure sulfide minerals to air and water. The consequent production of sulfuric acid reduces the quality of water bodies and may allow the solubilization of potentially toxic metals such as Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn and Al. There is a range of laboratory procedures, classified as static and kinetic. Which have been used to understand the acidification and neutralization potencies of a rock through water/rock interaction process. These procedures seek to describe, quantify and predict the compositional changes of the solid and liquid phases in natural systems. The choice of techniques, methods, procedures and protocols requires the understanding of the problem to be solved or mitigated and is related to the specific geochemical and geological characteristics of the site to be analyzed. The elaboration of experimental procedures involves sampling strategies, selection of methodologies, (Accuracy, precision, sensitivity, speed, cost) and thus equipment and other necessary materials. This work presents the main static and kinetic procedures, highlighting its principles, advantages and limitations for selection and application in carbonate rocks rich in sulphide minerals. PH, Acid-Base Accounting and Net Acid Generation (NAG) are the static methods chosen. While the kinetic procedures chosen for the study of the natural enrichment of toxic metals in sulfate carbonate rocks is leaching columns, the Soxhlet system and reaction reactors. To provide more consistent drainage forecasts and hence better plans for the management of The results of different methods should be analyzed together.
Physicochemical Assessment of Stream Sediments Within Tewure Iju And Elesun A...IJSRED
This document summarizes a study that assessed the physicochemical properties and elemental composition of stream sediments from two locations in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Sediment samples were collected and analyzed for pH, organic carbon, particle size distribution, and concentrations of various metals. The results showed that the sediment pH was alkaline at both locations. Organic carbon and matter levels were low, indicating low carbon retention. Particle size analysis revealed that sand dominated both sites, meaning the areas are well-drained. Manganese and barium had the highest concentrations of the metals analyzed. Trace element analysis found vanadium to be most abundant. The presence of heavy metals could impact the health of local inhabitants and make the streams unsuitable as a water source.
Physicochemical Assessment of Stream Sediments Within Tewure Iju And Elesun A...
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1. Nawal Ezzirari, Lahcen Bahi / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.835-845
Physico-chemical characterization of the landfill of Mohammedia
(Morocco)
Nawal EZZIRARI*, Lahcen BAHI*.
* (Mohammed V-Agdal university, Engineers' Mohammedia school, Laboratory of Geotechnics, Applied
Geophysics, Geology of Engineers and Environment, Rabat.
ABSTRACT
This study focuses on assessment of waste quality. They are limited because of the half dried
metal (leaden, chromium, iron. etc...) in leachates climate of the region and experience a deterioration
from the landfill of the city of Mohammedia. in their quality by intense activities urban,
Leachate have a high concentration of heavy industrial, craft and agricultural facing this area [3].
metals, sediment collected at the landfill are high
concentrations of Cr, Pb and Fe. Moreover, the This work, executed in the laboratory "of
concentrations of these metals detected in Geotechnical Engineering, Applied Geophysics,
sediments collected near to river el Maleh have Geology Engineering and Environment, from the
significant traces of Fe, Cr, Pb and Cd. This is Mohammedia School of Engineers of Rabat, Had for
evidence of heavy metal pollution from the objective to evaluate the quality and the quantity
discharge near the river. In addition, the analysis physico-chimical of superficial waters of river El
and treatment of all physico-chemical data Maleh in relation with the effects of leachate
(temperature, pH, salinity, conductivity, dissolved emanating of the transformation of the old quarry of
oxygen, suspended matter, total organic carbon), clay in public landfill and to identify a plan of
have identified some clues reflect organic rehabilitation of this landfill.
pollution. And for the potential damage caused by
the landfill of Mohammedia on the environment II. MATERIELS AND METHODS
and its proximity to the dam el Maleh hence the II.1. Study site
need to identify a plan to rehabilitate the old The quarry of clay is situated near the river
quarry. It is the object of our study. el Maleh, in the city of Mohammedia (33°33‟N ;
7°23‟W), city of Moroccan Atlantic coast 65 km
Keywords - Morocco, landfill, leachates, physic- south of Rabat and 20 km north of Casablanca.
chemical, characterization, rehabilitation.
The peculiarity of this area is that it is marked by an
I. INTRODUCTION important aspect reddish clay formation elongated
Morocco has a set of areas of quarries, with along the valley of river el Maleh at Southwest; the
their materials and their operating locations, are of career show sometimes silty clay formations whose
interest both economic and environmental. plasticity differs from one place to another [7].
As part of the identification and redevelopment of The quarry site is located in an area not under
areas of quarries, the clay quarry of Mohammedia, is cultivation in complex topography, its neighborhood
located in proximity of the river El Maleh; of an area consists essentially by reliefs covered by vegetation.
of 26 hectares. The population are far from the quarry site
approximately 1200m. On the hydrological plan, the
It extends between the golf course and the edge of the site of the quarry is characterized by the existence of
plateau of part and other one of the valley of Oued river el Maleh and its dam upstream. In the region
and separate the old city with its industrial district there are two types of groundwater :
and its new extensions, the industrial zone of the first
category includes the SAMIR refinery, thermal The superficial groundwater which assures the
central and the SNEP. drinkable water supply of douars almost along the
year. It is fed by the hydrological network which is
The city of Mohammedia, however, although it is represented in the region by some small effluents (
characterized by a highly developed water system, its chaabas ). The site topography is very rugged and the
water resources are facing problems of quantity and water is very deep; it can reach on the site deeper
than 150m. This is a free groundwater [7].
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2. Nawal Ezzirari, Lahcen Bahi / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.835-845
Figure 1 : Geographic position and location of the different stations of study In the quarry of clay of Mohammedia.
II.2. Regional geological framework This plain is limited by the tray of Settat to the
The study area belongs to the field of coastal Southeast, by river el Maleh in the Northeast, in the
Meseta, limited on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, in Southwest there is a primary of Souk Jamaâ, Finally
the South of the plain Guantours and in the East by coastal sahel in the Northwest which constitutes the
the Central Massif of Morocco [3]. outlet downstream of the plain towards the ocean.
It consists essentially of layers of primary age The secondary consists of Permo-Trais facies enough
surmounted by a major unconformity layers of under his usual pelitic clay and red sandstone,
tertiary or quaternary age. conglomerate and basalt flows otherwise, we note the
presence of levels important gypsiferous; the whole
This regional area has an area of about 720km, ground appear only on borders, in particular in the
secondary and tertiary movements have made North in the valley of river el Maleh [3].
deposits more or less powerful in their successive
transgressions which have accumulated during the
Quaternary sandy clay silt.
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3. Nawal Ezzirari, Lahcen Bahi / International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
(IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.835-845
Figure n° 2 : Structural outline [3]
Figure 3 : Excerpt from a geological map 1/500 000 (N et Mn° 70 : paper Rabat).
Figure n° 4 : Synthetic geological cutting through the Coastal Meseta [3].
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.835-845
II.3. Choice of stations II.4. Sampling
Five stations of sampling are distributed on Les échantillons d‟eau de surface ont été
the landfill were chosen so that they are prélevés à l‟aide de flacons en polyéthylène de 250
representative, accessible, witnesses of the actual ml, previously washed in the distilled water and
characteristics of these waters taken from wells at the transported in portable iceboxes (+4 °C).
various sites explored and to determine their overall
physical and chemical processes defining the problem II.5. Physico-chemical analysis of water
of contamination by the leaden and chromium The physico-chemical determinism of
(Figure. 1). They are distributed as follows: waters of the landfill and rievr el Maleh were realized
by the analysis of 11 physical and chemical
– the stations S1 and S2, are located at the landfill; parameters of the water at the level of 5 stations. Five
- the station S3 is between the quarry and the river el of these variables were measured on the ground:
Maleh;
– the stations S4 and S5 are located downstream of The temperature, the pH, the salinity, the
the river el Maleh. conductivity and the dissolved oxygen. The
biological demand in oxygen, the nitrates, the
sulfates, the metallic analysis in Cr and Pb, the
suspension material and the total organic carbon
(COT), were measured in the laboratory. The
techniques of analysis appear in the table 1.
Table 1 : Methods of analysis of the various physico-chemical parameters [3].
Parameters Methods of analysis Units Sources
Temperature Mercury thermometer, precision in 1/10 °C
pH pHmètre ORION Research, Ionalyser Model 607 with specific electrode O2
electrode ORION Research model 91-05
Salinity Salinometre YSI (model 33); S.C.T meter g/l
Conductivity Conductimetre, YSI (modèle 33); S-C-T meter μS/cm
Dissolved oxygen Oxymetre, ORION Research, Ionalyser model 607, mg/l O2
With specific electrod O2 electrod ORION Research
model 91-05
D.B.O5 Dilution method Norme AFNOR
T 90-103
Nitrates Conversion of nitrates derived nitro-phenol-sulfuric colored, mg/l NO3 Norme AFNOR
Then dosage with spectrophotometry of this derivative¯
NF 90-012
Sulfates Nephelometric method; sulphates are precipitated mg/l de SO4¯¯ Rodier (1996)
In hydrochloric middle in the state of sulfate of barium.
The obtained precipitate is stabilized by the "tween20".
The homogeneous suspensions are measured in the spectrophotomètre
Total Phosphor The fractions of the inorganic phosphor mg/l de Pt Rodier (1996)
Are mineralized in the form of orthophosphates.
The mineralization is made in acid medium in the presence of
Hour persulfate of potassium ( K2ZH2O8) in 120 °C during 2.
After neutralization of PH and adjustment in a given volume,
we proceed to the dosage of the phosphor, Mineralized as for orthophosphates.
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.835-845
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
III.1. Spatial evaluation of the quality of waters of taking
The parameters are represented by the profile of its spatial evolution (Figure.5). This profile allows to
make a global and spatial approach of the contamination of waters of the landfill and at the level of river el Maleh.
The results of analyses realized at the level of the stations of taking are represented in the table. 2 and the figure 5.
Table 2 : Hydrological characteristics of the landfill water and river el Maleh (mean ± standard deviation limits).
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Ta (°C) 22,40±3,92 22,25±3,24 22,87±3,96 21,31±2,72 20,31±2,65
(27,78−5,10) (26,80−16,80) (26,90−15,40) (25,40−17,00) (24,70−16,50)
Te (°C) 23,17±4,63 23,00±4,53 23,50±4,40 22,05±4,12 21,09±4,03
(28,30−4,30) (29,70−14,80) (28,90−15,01) (27,50−15,00) (27,00−15,02)
pH 7,76±0,45 7,65±0,40 7,58±0,27 7,81±0,38 7,82±0,23
(8,44−7,22) (8,52−7,25) (7,83−7,10) (8,30−7,02) (8,02−7,40)
Sa ‰ 6,08±2,05 12,27±3,55 21,58±6,42 27,21±3,94 33,54±1,12
(8,70−2,60) (18,50−8,20) (31,00−12,50) (34,10−22,20) (34,80−31,70)
Ce 0,84±0,27 10,64±8,38 19,84±11,80 30,23±12,62 44,58±7,29
(mS/cm) (1,49−0,59) (27,50−0,79) (48,10−10,51) (52,20−13,10) (54,70−36,40)
OD 6,43±2,86 7,33±3,34 8,21±3,87 8,75±4,39 7,68±4,56
(mg/l) (11,1−2,17) (12,30−4) (13,60−3,5) (15,00−2,5) (15,40−2,95)
MS 73,27±29,14 55,49±25,26 53,79±19,26 55,59±26,65 42,28±28,57
(mg/l) (108,00−31,20) (86,00−12,85) (80,00−29,45) (82,00−10,56) (81,00−14,30)
CO 8,33±1,56 8,88±2,54 9,06±5,08 11,83±8,48 19,96±10,55
(mg/l) (10,50−6,30) (12,14−5,20) (15,40−3,10) (24,60−3,70) (33,40−3,50)
NO (mg/l) 2,40±4,24 2,19±1,93 2,98±4,23 5,04±5,25 4,89±5,88
(12,80−0,38) (5,70−0,67) (12,40−0,13) (13,80−0,80) (13,50−0,27)
DC 20,28±9,34 20,91±7,34 36,31±36,22 26,60±14,49 25,76±12,30
(mg/l) (38,40−10,00) (30,50−11,60) (98,20−10,50) (50,00−9,70) (46,70−12,30)
DB 8,47±4,08 9,86±4,26 10,82±7,85 5,75±2,87 10,67±7,81
(mg/l) (13,10−2,29) (16,90−3,71) (24,40−3,90) (11,50−2,78) (23,50−2,80)
Do : dissolved oxygen; SM : suspended matter; TOC : total organic carbon; NO3- : nitrate ; COD : Chemical demand in oxygen;
BOD : Biological demand in oxygen ; S : station
Histogram of physico-chemical parameters of waters of five
stations of the landfill and river el Maleh
80
70
60
50
Station 1
40
30 Station 2
20 Station 3
10 Station 4
0
Station 5
Figure 5 : Evolution of the physico-chemical parameters of water sampling stations mentioned before.
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.835-845
Stations S1 and S2 high in absolute values (conductivity, salinity,
The waters of the landfill brought by nitrates).
ground-water sheets at the level of stations S1 and S2
are characterized by a high mineralization ( 5,74 mS / However a light decrease is noted. The content of
cm conductivity), owed not only to the contents of NO3-does not know a big variation thanks to the
the ions chlorides, but especially to those of sulphate availability of the oxygen, the presence of which
ions . The situation is relatively good in both stations favors the active admixture of these waters. We note
S1 and S2. It is translated by a reduction in the the presence of urban and industrial discharges at this
content of most part of the chemical parameters level, hence the persistence of the load conveyed
(BOD5, COD, NO3-) and an ascent of the oxygen upstream of the discharge to the river, which is
compared with the other stations. reflected by a value of BOD5 on 10 , 82 mg / l). For
COD, there is an increase of 36.31 mg / l. This can be
Stations S3 explained by the presence of minerals such as
The waters of the station S3 represent the chlorides, sulphates, calcium and abundant in S3, The
transition between the waters of the two stations S1 discount in suspension of numerous décantables
and S2 taken at landfill and those levied at river el elements under the effect of the admixture, can also
maleh S4 and S5, The contents of the majority of the contribute to the increase of the values of the COD.
physical and chemical parameters mainly those in
connection with the nature of the substratum remain
Table. 3 : Concentrations of metals in different sediment samples from different stations expressed in mg / g dry
weight except Fe in mg / g (mean ± standard deviation limits)
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Fe 28,52±9,13 28,51±8,15 23,07±8,82 26,61±10,59 29,29±8,81
(39,82−15,69) (40,28−21,40) (36,69−12,22) (37,91−12,20) (40,57−13,83)
Zn 129,36±22,85 130,13±15,35 109,78±8,80 102,00±6,85 105,80±4,88
(159,90−105,20) (154,60−115,2) (121,40−98,69) (111,20−93,70) (112,10−98,90)
Cu 14,63±12,39 14,04±8,55 13,50±11,27 19,07±5,21 23,03±7,71
(29,80−2,04) (24,67−5,05) (28,50−2,310) (25,40−10,62) (29,30−12,50)
Pb 70,13±30,64 50,78±24,27 21,87±34,91 83,23±29,50 45,88±52,31
(99,87−22,64) (78,40−20,57) (92,90−2,10) (111,70−30,28) (113,10−3,60)
Cr 64,24±41,71 63,18±42,16 59,37±51,75 97,23±41,68 72,29±53,88
(103,50−8,87) (95,96−4,41) (119,80 −1,20) (122,10−13,51) (124,30−5,66)
Cd 0,91±0,87 1,09±1,01 1,08±1,13 1,28±1,39 1,18±1,26
(2,30−0,09) (2,57−0,06) (2,89−0,05) (3,40−0,01) (3,10−0,09)
Stations S4 and S5 translated by a strong fish mortality further to an
asphyxiation of fishes.
We are witnessing at the S4 and S5 to a
significant increase especially in the COD reaching Indeed, these relatively high levels of COD compared
the average value of 26.18 mg / l, together with a to those of BOD5 at this level could certainly
sharp drop in the average level of dissolved oxygen translate the presence of a load dominated by a few
8.21 mg / l. This matter load is accompanied by an biodegradable micropollution (heavy metals) may be
oxidizable chemical pollution marked by increased masked by the organic load.
levels of total organic carbon (11,83 mg/l, in table.
1). III.2. Evaluation of the spatial variation of heavy
metal contamination of samples analyzed
Moreover, in S4 the values of COD (26.60 mg / l) far
exceed those of BOD5 (5,76 mg/l). This established The results of the various samples analyzed are
fact testifies of the ascendancy of a pollution of presented in Table. 3, 4 and Figure 6.
excessive industrial origin at this level there, where
from results a critical situation which is mostly
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.835-845
Table 4 : Order of enrichment of sediments of stations.
Metallic elements Orders of enrichment
Fe S2 > S1 > S3 > S5 > S4
Cu S4 > S1 > S2 > S5 > S3
Pb S4 > S5 > S2 > S3 > S1
Fe S2 > S1 > S3 > S5 > S4
Cu S4 > S1 > S2 > S5 > S3
Pb S4 > S5 > S2 > S3 > S1
Differential semantic graph of the analyzed samples
140
120
100
S1
80
S2
S3
60
S4
S5
40
20
0
Pb Cr Cu Zn Fe Cd
Figure 6 : Differential semantic graphs of the metallic elements in the analyzed samples.
The figure 6 shows the graph of semantic differential case of Fe, Cu, Cr and Zn in comparison with those
metallic elements in the samples analyzed. Indeed, Pb of the S3 station located further releases.
and Cr concentrations show the most important of all This enrichment in metallic elements is to be put in
metallic elements of our study with a maximum of up connection with the contributions of lixiviats
to 40.28 mg / g recorded in the station S5 and 159.90 produced by the landfill of Mohammedia.
mg / g recorded in the station S1.
In all the stations, the average content in Fe (27,20
III.3. Assessment of metal contamination of the mg / g) exceeds that some not polluted sediment
samples analyzed (13,20 mg/g) (Nicolaidou et Nott, 1998). The excess
The highest average concentrations are those of Fe could result from contributions of waste water
of Fe (27.20 mg / g) followed by Zn (115.41 mg / g), of factories near the landfill.
Pb (69.26 mg / g), Cr (54.38 mg / g ), Cu (16.85 mg /
g) and Cd (1.11 mg / g). Stations S1 and S4 have the As well as for Zn (115,41 µg / g), the contents are
highest rates of metallic elements, especially in the Superior to the reference contents (90 µg / g) [18].so
underlining a pollution moderated by Zn. On the
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.835-845
other hand for Cu (16,85 µg / g), the contents are A significant contamination was noted for Cr, Pb and
lower than the reference contents [13].which are 30 Cd. Indeed, the average contents of Cr (54,38 µg / g)
µg / g. raised exceed those of reference. Moreover, the
Sediments of the zone of all the stations exceed the spatial evolution of the contamination revealed an
references of the table. 2 [10] concerning the contents average content of Cr at station S3 (located near the
in Pb, Cd and Zn and is contaminated thus landfill).
significantly in metals.
The level of contamination is considered low to
moderately above stations with values lying above
the guideline values proposed by metal contents [18].
It is upper to 0,15 µg / g for Cd, 30 µg / g for Pb and
90 µg / g for Zn which represent the concentrations
considered as natural in coastal sediments [13].
Table 5 : Results of microbiological analyzes [12]
ug/l Waters of surface between River of Juice of the
the discharge(dump) and the Maleh/ml landfill /ml
river
Total coliform 180 150 000 700 000
Fecal coli- 780 120 000 400 000
Fecal streptococci 1500 80 000 520 000
Staphylococcal pathogenesis 0 60 000 270 000
Salmonella 0 0 0
On the other hand for Pb, the high concentrations lixiviats of the discharge. To note the presence of
were registered at the level of stations S4 and S5 pathogenic Staphilocoques, in high concentration;
(sediments taken at the level of river el Maleh). This this water has to serve, neither to the Human food,
testifies of a pollution in heavy metals resulting from nor to the irrigation, nor even to the bathing [12].
the landfill. As regards waters of the surface between
thedischarge(dump) and the Oued el Maleh, the
For Cd, the contents of the studied stations exceed the results(profits) of analysis indicate the presence of
limit value of 0,15 µg / g which is presented by [13] this Coliforme as well as faecal Stréptocoques: this
and thus stations are significantly contaminated. The water is thus unfit of the consumption [12].
global rate of this metal in fine sediments is far from
being unimportant in the studied stations compared III.4. Rehabilitation of quarries
with the natural contents. Sediments of these stations
are difficult to interpretThe results of these analyses The implementation of the on-site waste
indicate a strong pollution of Oued el Maleh by the
This one (after pouring) consists at first in spreading.
The waste will regularly be arranged by coats from 1
to 3 m weakly compacted, piled on the height of the
rack by moving forward gradually the forehead of the
deposit. The lands of covers must be put according to
the exploitation. This technique ' in skin of onion ' in
for advantage the limitation of the size of zones in
exploitation and this with the aim of limiting the
flights, the presence of animals and the infiltrations
of water in the waste. It is necessary to assure a slope
from 3 to 6 % on all the surface of waste to assure a
streaming of rainwater.
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.835-845
Figure 7 : Rehabilitation plan of the quarry
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.835-845
System of covering and drainage of the lixiviat and S5. These results showed globally that the
Afterward waste will be covered by a physico-chemical parameters recorded at the
clayey cover from 1.5 to 2.5 meters in thickness, specimens showed high levels of heavy metals.
that could allow rainwater to percoler through the
cover and to accumulate in the discharge, and that For suspended solids, we note that the water
waters of lixiviat migrated in the immediate content increases in sediment when these materials
environment of the discharge and seen the nearness are increasing.
of the dam el Maleh that allows to contaminate the
restraint of water of the dam. The leachate that drains by gravity into the river el
Maleh which seep into the ground to reach the
And to avoid any risk of instability of the landfill groundwater a few meters deep.
body and reduce infiltration as quickly as possible,
the water level will be lowered leachate using a The analysis and treatment of all physico-chemical
pumping system which consists of the first phase of data indicate highly polluted waters, taken at river
the work of sanitation consists of installing a el Maleh and at landfill from the leachate. View and
drainage system in the dump body, looks control the proximity of the landfill of the water retention
and discharge lines. In addition, a water purification dam el Maleh, it could contaminated water
plant to be built downstream in the example concise retention which will later will not help either for
discharge Oued Nfifikh in 2003. human consumption or irrigation, or even for
swimming.
The 2nd phase of purification corresponds to the
implementation of a device of waterproofness Therefore, the rehabilitation of the landfill has
which is constituted by several coats of different become a necessity instead of a simple
grading and mineralogical natures. From top to reinstatement of the old quarry in the environment.
bottom, we can distinguish:
Acknowledgements
A plant cover, the lower coat of which is This work was performed in the laboratory L3GIE
constituted by materials of excavation, of Rabat. The authors thank the anonymous referee
A zone rhizosphérique ' muddy clays with for remarks and comments which helped improve
sands and gravels, containing some stones the manuscript.
and blocks),
A coat of waterproofness ( compacted
clays),
A drainage layer capillary (sandy,
siliceous),
A capillary barrier (gravel).
Water-treatment plant
The installation of leachate water
treatment comprises the following steps:
An anaerobic purification (filter size),
An aerobic treatment (activated sludge plant with
aeration),
An additional aerobic treatment (activated carbon
and sand),
A treatment plant denitrification (two ponds).
IV. CONCLUSION
The diagnosis revealed the presence of an
organic and mineral important points downstream
of discharges from the landfill. It gives the classic
image of a high pollution reflecting the impact of
the landfill on the environment. However, this total
load is not constant, it fluctuates in time and space.
The results of the analysis of physico-chemical
parameters of samples of the river el Maleh who are
exposed to before we were used to assess water
quality and degradation of this quality at stations S4
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Vol. 2, Issue 5, September- October 2012, pp.835-845
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