Mesopotamia Notes
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The Sumerians were among the earliest civilizations, emerging in Mesopotamia (modern day Iraq) around 3500 BCE. They developed new agricultural techniques like irrigation and animal domestication, leading to food surpluses and population growth. As populations grew, cities and social hierarchies developed, with different classes of rulers, merchants, artisans, farmers, and slaves. The Sumerians established the first cities and systems of government, law, and organized religion, making them among the first true civilizations.
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The document summarizes the geography, environment, and major civilizations of Africa during the Classical Era, including Nubia, Axum, the Niger River Valley, and the Bantu migrations. It notes that Africa's size and variations in environment led to many separate societies and cultures developing. Key civilizations like Nubia and Axum flourished through trade but later declined due to issues like soil exhaustion, deforestation, and the rise of Islam. The Niger River Valley witnessed large cities without a centralized state structure. Bantu migrations from West Africa spread Bantu languages and agriculture across much of southern and central Africa between 500 BCE to 1200 CE.
PPT EGIPT MESOPOTAMIA SANTILLANA.pptx
Mesopotamia and Egypt were early river valley civilizations that relied on irrigation from the Tigris/Euphrates rivers and Nile River respectively. Writing first developed in Mesopotamia in 3500 BC to record taxes, trade, and populations. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and was ruled by various empires over time, developing agriculture, trade, and urban societies. Egypt similarly relied on annual Nile River floods for irrigation and was unified by King Menes in 3100 BC, establishing Egypt's long-lasting civilization.
River valley civilization presentation
The document discusses the early civilizations that emerged along major river valleys, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. It provides details on the geography, environmental challenges, and cultural developments of each civilization. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia were the first to develop cities and systems of irrigation and governance to deal with flood risks. Egyptian kings built pyramids and organized society with pharaohs at the top. Harappan cities in the Indus Valley were carefully planned with infrastructure like roads. Early Chinese dynasties established control over floods and developed writing, family structures, and a concept of mandates of heaven for political rule.
Mesopotamian Civilization and Architecture
This lecture provides an overview of early Mesopotamian civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It discusses the geography and climate of the region, known as the Fertile Crescent, which allowed for the development of irrigation-based agriculture and urban settlements. Sumerians were the first to settle the region around 5000 BC, developing dams, canals and cities like Uruk and Ur. Writing and other innovations emerged as cities grew in size and complexity between 3500-3000 BC. Social classes and kingship developed, with temples becoming important religious and administrative centers marked by ziggurats.
Fertile Crescent [PDF]
The document provides background information on early civilizations that developed around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. It discusses the Sumerian civilization that emerged around 3500 BC and was composed of independent city-states like Ur and Uruk. It also describes how later empires like the Akkadians, Amorites, Hittites, Assyrians and Chaldeans conquered and united the region at different points in history. The document highlights the civilizations' advances in irrigation, writing systems, legal codes, and religious practices that influenced later societies in the region.
Mesopotamia - History of Human Civilization
The earliest civilization in Mesopotamia was the Sumerian civilization in southern Mesopotamia around 3500 BC. The Sumerians established cities like Ur and developed irrigation systems to farm the fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. One of the earliest empires was established by Sargon I of Akkad around 2300 BC when he conquered the Sumerian city-states. Another important Mesopotamian ruler was Hammurabi of Babylon in the 18th century BC, who created one of the earliest codes of law and expanded his empire. Mesopotamian civilizations made significant contributions to math, science, and law that influenced other ancient cultures.
Mesopotamia unit terms
Mesopotamia, located in present-day Iraq, was the site of one of the earliest known civilizations. Its settlers were herders who began controlling their environment through irrigation canals and growing crops like barley. They lived in city-states like Ur, with mud brick walls for protection, temples as the center of community life, and developed legal systems as populations grew. Mesopotamian achievements included some of the first written laws, use of the wheel, plow, sailboat, and a 12-month calendar based on astronomy.
Mesopotamia POCN02F
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was the site of the earliest civilization. Sumerian civilization arose there around 3000 BCE and was characterized by the growth of cities, specialized workers, writing in the form of cuneiform, and advanced technologies like the wheel, plow, and use of bronze. Sumerian cities were ruled by priests and kings and had complex social hierarchies. Though constantly at war, Sumerian achievements in law, literature, and science influenced later Mesopotamian civilizations like Babylon and Assyria. The Code of Hammurabi established early principles of retaliation, different treatment under the law, and government responsibility.
Sumeria
This document discusses the characteristics of early civilizations and provides details about the Sumerian civilization that emerged in Mesopotamia around 3000 BCE. It notes that civilizations have advanced cities, complex institutions, specialized workers, record keeping, and advanced technology. The Sumerian civilization in Ur exhibited these traits and was notable for developing the first irrigation systems, libraries, written contracts, laws, and literature like the Epic of Gilgamesh. Life in Ur revolved around agriculture, trade, and a polytheistic religion centered on temples called ziggurats.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was the site of some of the earliest civilizations due to its fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Natural levees along the rivers allowed for irrigation, farming, and the establishment of cities like Ur and Babylon. Sumerians developed systems of governance, religion, trade, mathematics, and the earliest form of writing called cuneiform to record their achievements, laying the foundations for later civilizations.
Unit 9: Ancient Civilizations
The document provides information on early civilizations that emerged around 5,000 years ago along major river systems such as the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, the Nile River in Egypt, the Indus River in India, and the Yellow and Blue Rivers in China. Writing first appeared in Mesopotamia around 5,000 years ago, marking the beginning of recorded history. Early civilizations had hierarchical societies led by powerful kings. They engaged in large-scale construction projects and developed systems of writing.
World Civilization
The document provides an overview of early human societies from hominids to the emergence of early civilizations. It discusses that hominids evolved dexterity and brainpower starting 2 million years ago. Agricultural innovations began around 10,000 BCE in various regions, leading to permanent settlements and population growth. The first complex civilization emerged in Mesopotamia, with Sumer being the earliest, developing writing, urban centers, and other hallmarks of civilization between 3500-3000 BCE. Sumer established the first city-states and had a theocratic form of government before being conquered by the Akkadian Empire, and then returning to Sumerian rule until being sacked by the Elamites around 2000 BCE.
Early river valley civilizations
The earliest civilizations formed along river valleys like the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. These civilizations developed organized governments, religions, social hierarchies, technologies, and legal systems to manage resources and address environmental challenges like flooding. Notable early civilizations included the Sumerians, who established city-states around 3000 BC and developed innovations like irrigation systems, the wheel, writing, and mathematics. Their culture diffused and empires like Sargon of Akkad's and Hammurabi's Babylonian Empire consolidated power over time. Hammurabi created one of the first legal codes to standardize laws.
Unit 9 - Mesopotamia and Egypt - new
The document provides information about ancient Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations. It discusses how they were river civilizations along fertile lands around major rivers. It also describes the development of cities and empires in Mesopotamia and the different periods of rule in ancient Egypt. Key aspects of their societies, religions, and arts are outlined as well.
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Credible websites can be distinguished from non-credible websites based on several factors. Non-credible websites often lack authorship and copyright dates, have unprofessional or awkward appearances and web addresses, and use .com domains. In contrast, credible websites will provide author credentials and dates, have professional designs, and may use .edu, .gov, or .org domains associated with established institutions.
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2. It then provides background information on the historical Crusades, including the causes and key events such as the Seljuk expansion, requests for help from the Byzantine Empire, and the sieges of Antioch and Jerusalem.
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The document describes a scavenger hunt activity for Roman teenagers. Students will go around the room finding hidden pieces of paper, each containing a reading corresponding to a square on their worksheet. After reading each paper, students will complete the picture in that square and write a caption informing about the teenager's life. The activity aims to teach students about expansion periods of the Roman Empire while having fun completing their worksheet through the scavenger hunt.
Roman teenager part 2
The document provides homework instructions for students to collaboratively learn about problems faced by teenagers in ancient Rome. Students are tasked with finding hidden readings about Roman teenagers, reading one, completing a picture puzzle, writing a caption with a given word, and replacing a hidden object. If finished early, students should also list ways they are similar and different from Roman teenagers.
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The document outlines the activities for a Roman teenager scavenger hunt, including having a passport and pencil ready, studying for a test, and completing questions on the passport. Students will discuss their lives, Roman expansion periods, and then complete a scavenger hunt by finding hidden papers around the room containing readings to fill in a picture and caption describing a teenager's life.
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The document discusses aspects of ancient Greek culture such as religion, mythology, architecture, sculpture, drama, philosophy, and sports. It provides details on Greek gods, temples, artistic styles, theatrical traditions, philosophers like Socrates, and athletic competitions in the Panathenaic Games. The passages aim to educate the reader on various facets of life in ancient Athens and Greece.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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